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CHAPTER 4
Perceiving Others
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 1 THE PERCEPTION PROCESS
Interplay
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
What do you see?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Which did you see?
Even after seeing the different options in the cubes, is it still difficult to see them in the original picture?
Why do you think this is?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
The Perception Process
Reality is constructed First-order realities
Physically observable qualities of a thing or situation
Second order realities Involve our attaching
meaning to first-order things or situations.
Second order realities don’t reside in objects or events, but rather in our minds.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
The Perception Process
Example: First-Order Reality: Your friend calls you a
“bonehead.” Your Second-Order Reality: Your friend is being
critical.Friend’s Second-Order Reality: The remark was
an affectionate joke
First-Order Reality: A job interviewer asks whether you are married.
Your Second-Order Reality: The question has nothing to do with the job and is inappropriate.
Friend’s Second-Order Reality: The interviewer is trying to make conversation.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Steps in the Perception Process
Selection We “select” which
data we will attend to.
How does the following stimuli influence our selections? Intensity Repetition Contrast Motives Emotional state
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Steps in the Perception Process
Organization Perceptual Schema
Physical constructs Role constructs Interaction
constructs Psychological
constructs How are these
constructs used to organize information?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Steps in the Perception Process
Punctuation, defined: Determination of
causes and effects in a series of interactions.
Example: Husband and wife argue Husband perceives wife
as a nag Wife complains husband
withdraws from her Each partner’s
“punctuation” affects perception of the dispute.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Steps in the Perception Process
Interpretation: Making sense of our perceptions Considerations:
Relational satisfaction
Expectations Personal experience Assumptions about
human behavior How are these
constructs used to organize information?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Steps in the Perception Process
Negotiation: The process by which communicators influence each other’s perceptions through communication. Narratives: Personal
stories created to make sense of our personal world Narratives include
“heroes” and “villains” When narratives clash, we:
Hang on to our point of view
Refuse to consider anyone else’s
Try to negotiate common ground
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
More about narratives…
Shared narratives offer the best chance for smooth communication
Shared narratives don’t have to be accurate to be powerful.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 2INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTION
Interplay
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Influences on Perception
How we select, organize, interpret and negotiate data is influenced by: Physiological influences
The senses Age Health and fatigue Hunger Biological cycles Neurobehavioral
challenges
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Influences on Perception How we select, organize,
interpret and negotiate data is also influenced by: Psychological influences
Mood Self-concept
Social influences Sex and gender roles Psychological sex types
Masculine Feminine Androgynous Undifferentiated
Occupational rolesInterplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor
Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Influences on Perception
How we select, organize, interpret and negotiate data is also influenced by: Cultural influences
Provide an example of a cultural difference influencing perception.
How do geographical co-cultures influence perception?
What other cultural norms and values (discussed in Interplay chapter 2) may influence perceptions?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 3COMMON TENDENCIES IN PERCEPTION
Interplay
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Perceptual Tendencies
We make snap judgments We stereotype others
Stereotyping: Exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system
Include “primitive categories” Race Sex Age
Three characteristics: Categorizing others on the basis of easily
recognizable, but not necessarily significant, characteristics
Ascribing a set of characteristics to most or all members of a group
Applying the generalization to a particular personInterplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor
Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Consider this…
The authors state: “By adulthood, we tend to engage in stereotyping frequently, effortlessly, and often unconsciously.” Explain your agreement or disagreement with this statement.
How can reasonable generalizations and stereotypes be distinguished from one another?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Perceptual Tendencies
We cling to first impressions, even if incorrect Halo effect: Tendency
to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic.
Confirmation bias: We seek out and organize our impressions to support an opinionInterplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor
Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Perceptual Tendencies
We judge ourselves more charitably than we do others Self-serving bias
We are influenced by our expectations.
We are influenced by the obvious.
We assume others are like us.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 4SYNCHRONIZING OUR PERCEPTIONS
Interplay
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Synchronizing Our Perceptions
Perception-checking in three steps: 1. Describe the behavior you noticed2. Consider at least two possible interpretations of the
behavior3. Request clarification about how to interpret the
behavior
Perception checking Provides accuracy instead of assuming our first
interpretation is correct A cooperative approach to communication Minimizes defensiveness through face-saving Requires both the verbal and nonverbal elements to
matchInterplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor
Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Synchronizing Our Perceptions
Consider cultural influences: Straightforward
approach has the best chance of working in low-context cultures
Members of high-context cultures value social harmony over clarity
How would each of these cultural norms respond to perception-checking?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Synchronizing Our Perceptions
Building empathy Empathy, defined
The ability to re-create another person’s perspective, to experience the world from his/her point of view.
The three dimensions of empathy: Perspective taking Emotional contagion Genuine concern
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
The Value of Empathy
Increased self-esteem
Providing/ receiving comfort
TrustInterplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor
Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Empathy and Ethics
Empathy and ethics What ethical
implications may come into play when you attempt to build empathy with someone or when someone attempts to build empathy with you?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Requirements for Empathy
Open-mindedness People confuse
understanding another’s position with accepting it
Imagination
CommitmentInterplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor
Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
END OF SECTIONInterplay
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
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