Chapter 3 Organization of the Body: Body Systems & Tissues

Chapter 3Organization of the Body: Body Systems & Tissues

Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body

Applied Learning Outcomes

Learn about:

• Body hierarchy

• Tissue organization

• Tissue form and function

• Understand the cellular basis of aging and pathology

Hierarchy of Human Structure

Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body

TISSUES all cells originate from a fertilized egg cell

cells differentiate by mitosis

Organs of the body develop from 1 of the embryological germ layers

Ectoderm outer layer skin & brainMesoderm middle layer bone & muscleEndoderm inner layer digestive organs

Germ layers 4 human tissue types

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nervous

Type 1 - Epithelial Tissue

Location found on the surfaces or linings of organs

Structureclassified based on shape & arrangement

Functionprotectiontemp. reg.

Ex.skin

Type 2 – Nervous Tissue

Location brain, spinal cord, nerves

Structureaxon, cell body & dendrites

Function rapid communication btwn structure & function

Ex.neurons

(conduct)glia

(support)

Location muscleswithin structures heart

Structure contractile tissue; depends on type

Function movement

Ex.skeletalsmoothcardiac

Type 3 – Muscle Tissue

Location muscle that attaches to bone

Structure voluntary striated (visible bands) long & thread like multiple nuclei/cell

Function movement

Ex.abs

quadshamisbiceps

Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle

striationsnuclei

Location within systems, tracts, walls

Structure involuntary NO striations long & narrow1 nucleus/cell

Function movement of substances within the body changing diameter of blood vessels

Ex.digestive & respiratory tracts

Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle

Smooth Muscle

nucleus

Location wall of the heart

Structure involuntary slight striations thick bands (intercalateddiscs)

Function produces heartbeat ; contractions

Ex.heart

Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Location everywhere (most abundant)

Structuredispersed throughout a matrix of gel, protein, or salts

Function protection insulation provides shape transports defends

Ex.bonebloodadiposecartilage

Type 4 – Connective Tissue

Location under the skin

Structure large fat compartments

Function protection insulation support

Connective Tissue Adipose Tissue

Location tendons

Structure dense arrangement of collagen fibers

Function flexible BUT very strong

Connective Tissue Dense Fibrous Tissue

Location bones

Structure hard calcified matrix osteocytes (cells that make bone)

Function supportprotection (vital organs) storage (blood cells) movement

Connective Tissue Bone

Bone

Location between spaces

Structure HARD but flexible matrix chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

Function flexibility support

Connective Tissue Cartilage

Location all over; heart, blood vessels & bone

Structure liquid matrix contains red & white blood cells

Function transportation protection

Connective Tissue Blood

Location in red marrow cavities (long bones) and organs

Structure blood-like tissue

Function produces blood cells

Connective Tissue Hemopoietic Tissue

Concept Check 14. What are germ layers? What does each layer differentiate into?

5. Name the four types of human tissues and provide an example of each.

6. How do the connective tissues bone and cartilage differ?

Concept Check 23. How do the three types of muscle tissue differ in appearance?

5. How do the 2 examples of nervous tissue differ in function?

6. What functions do adipose and dense fibrous tissue provide?

Organs & Body Systems

ORGAN SYSTEMS of the HUMAN BODY

• Cardiovascular

• Digestive

• Integumentary

• Lymphatic

• Muscular

• Skeletal

• Endocrine

• Reproductive

• Respiratory

• Urinary

• Nervous

Skeletal SystemStructure

bones joints (where 2 bones meet) ligaments (connect bone to bone)

Function support movement protect storage

Muscular SystemStructure muscles tendons (connect muscle to bone)

Function movement posture heat

Structure heart, blood vessels

Function regulates blood flow transportation of CO2 and O2 nutrients

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System

Structure tonsils spleen lymph nodes

Function regulates body

fluids and helps fight disease

Lymphatic System

Structure mouth, stomach esophagus, intestine, liver

Function breaks down food absorbs nutrients eliminates waste

Digestive System

Structure kidney, bladder

Function produces, stores, eliminates waste

Urinary System

Structure gonads, mammary glands

Function produce gametes (egg & sperm)

Reproductive System

Structure skin, hair, nails

Function protection temperature regulation

Integumentary System

Structure brain, spinal cord, nerves

Function communication regulates activities via nerves

Nervous System

Structure glands, pancreas, hormones

Function communication regulates activities via glands

Endocrine System

Structure pharynx, trachea, bronchi

Function circulates O2 eliminates CO2

Respiratory System

Wellness and Illness over the Life Span

Cell pathology is the basis of understanding dysfunction of the body’s hierarchy.

Dysfunction – abnormal, impaired, or incomplete functioning of an organism, organ system, organ, tissue, or cell.

Almost all gross diseases are due to dysfunction of one or more tissues in an organ system.

Biopsy – removal

of diseased cells

for study

Atrophy – wasting or decrease in size of a cell, tissue or organ

causes: undernutrition & blood flow

problems

ex.: muscle

atrophy occurs during during nerve

damage or lack of muscle

use

Dystrophy –

“ill growth”,

progressive

changes in a

tissue (long

term

undernutrition,

malnutrition,

decreased

blood flow)

Muscular dystrophy

Fatty change: accumulation of lipids in the cell in response to cellular injury;

(excessive alcohol intake)

Mouse liver

Hyperplasia: abnormal multiplication of the NUMBER of normal cells; increases risk of cancers & distorts function; cells stay same

size

Hypertrophy: abnormal increase in CELL SIZE; distorts structure & function

Metastasis: movement of diseased cells away from their original location to establish themselves in a new area

Necrosis: localized tissue death; results from decrease in blood flow, burns, chemical damage, infections, injury

Summary

Each body part is a piece of a complex organism

Each level is dependent on the levels below

Components must work together to maintain homeostasis M olecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

The Hum an Organism

Concept Check 31. What is the relationship between tissues and organ system

function?

2. Which organ systems function in movement of the body? How do these systems differ?

3. Which organ systems function in communication? How do these systems differ?

Concept Check 4

4. Which systems function in transporting or exchanging gases? How do these systems differ?

5. Define dysfunction?

6. What is the cause of most gross diseases?

Concept Check 57. Compare and contrast atrophy and dystrophy.

8. Compare and contrast hyperplasia and hypertrophy.

9. In order to determine if cancerous tissue has metastasized what surgical technique could you perform?