CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 3 CAMERAS. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Explore the History of motion picture Cameras;...

CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3

CAMERASCAMERAS

CHAPTER OBJECTIVESCHAPTER OBJECTIVES

• Explore the Explore the HistoryHistory of of motion picture motion picture CamerasCameras;;

• Gain an understanding of the Gain an understanding of the Technical Technical equipmentequipment used for motion picture used for motion picture Recording Recording;;

• Transcend basic functions to be able to Transcend basic functions to be able to manipulate the features of manipulate the features of Digital Video Digital Video EquipmentEquipment to create to create Highly Controlled Highly Controlled ImagesImages;;

• Survey Survey Movements in the Traditional ArtsMovements in the Traditional Arts that can be applied to that can be applied to Video ProductionVideo Production..

HISTORY OF HISTORY OF THE MOTION PICTURESTHE MOTION PICTURES

Pre-CinemaPre-Cinema• Persistence of vision - 130 A.DPersistence of vision - 130 A.D• Magic lantern -1600sMagic lantern -1600s• Thaumatrope - 1825 Thaumatrope - 1825 • Zoetrope -1834 Zoetrope -1834 • Series photography – 1878Series photography – 1878

Eadweard Muybridge Eadweard Muybridge

FILMFILM• 35mm film35mm film

• 16mm16mm

• 8mm8mm

• Super-16Super-16

• Super-8Super-8

• 70mm70mm

VIDEOVIDEO

• 19261926

First public First public demonstration of a demonstration of a video systemvideo system

• 19271927

First video First video broadcastbroadcast

VIDEO STORAGE: VIDEO STORAGE: VideotapeVideotape

• 2-inch reel-to-reel2-inch reel-to-reel

• 1”1”

• U-MaticU-Matic

• VHSVHS

VIDEO STORAGE:VIDEO STORAGE: VideotapeVideotape• Digital BetacamDigital Betacam

• DVC-ProDVC-Pro

• Mini-DVMini-DV

• DVCamDVCam

• Digital-SDigital-S

• Digital-8Digital-8

VIDEO STORAGE VIDEO STORAGE Drive and Optical StorageDrive and Optical Storage

• Memory cardsMemory cards

• Hard drivesHard drives

• In-camera read-write media (DVD)In-camera read-write media (DVD)

VIDEO SYSTEMSVIDEO SYSTEMS

• NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) -NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) - “Standard Television” “Standard Television”

525 lines; 4:3 aspect ratio525 lines; 4:3 aspect ratio

• High-Definition Video –High-Definition Video –1,080 lines; 16:9 aspect ratio1,080 lines; 16:9 aspect ratio

• PAL (Phase-Alternating Line) –PAL (Phase-Alternating Line) – 625 lines of horizontal resolution625 lines of horizontal resolution

• 24P24P – – 24 frames per second using progressive 24 frames per second using progressive

scanning scanning

THE CAMERA TEAMTHE CAMERA TEAM • Director of Director of

photography (DP)photography (DP)

• Camera operatorCamera operator

• Focus pullerFocus puller

• Clapper/LoaderClapper/Loader

• Dolly gripDolly grip

• Second unitSecond unit

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASImaging for Digital VideoImaging for Digital Video

• CCDCCD – Charge-Coupled Device – Charge-Coupled Device

• CMOSCMOS – Complementary – Complementary

Metal-Oxide-Metal-Oxide-SemiconductorSemiconductor

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASLensLens

Magnification:Magnification:• Compound Lenses Compound Lenses

(zoom lenses)(zoom lenses)• Prime Lenses Prime Lenses

(fixed focal- (fixed focal-

length lenses)length lenses)• Wide-angle lensWide-angle lens• Telephoto lensTelephoto lens

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASLensLens

FocusFocus• Focal pointFocal point• Auto focus Auto focus • Setting focusSetting focus• Proper exposureProper exposure• Creative exposure Creative exposure • Internal light meterInternal light meter• Manual aperture overridesManual aperture overrides

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASLensLens

f-stopsf-stops

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASLensLens

Depth of fieldDepth of field

“Courtesy of RiverDream Productions”

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASLensLens

• Maximum sharpness settingMaximum sharpness setting

• Macro settingMacro setting

• Lens hood Lens hood

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASThe Camera BodyThe Camera Body

• Power switchPower switch

• Batteries and Batteries and A/C powerA/C power

• Start/Stop Start/Stop Button. Button.

"REC." "REC."

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASThe Camera BodyThe Camera Body

• The Tally LightThe Tally Light

• The Viewfinder The Viewfinder Eyepiece Eyepiece View screenView screen

• MicrophoneMicrophone

• The Headphone JackThe Headphone Jack

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASThe Camera BodyThe Camera Body

• The Playback Control ButtonsThe Playback Control Buttons

• The Media Storage The Media Storage

• The Handgrip The Handgrip

• Time Code IndicatorTime Code Indicator

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASThe Camera BodyThe Camera Body

• Shutter SpeedShutter Speed• GainGain• Aspect RatioAspect Ratio

4:34:3

16:916:9• Image StabilizationImage Stabilization• Backlight FeatureBacklight Feature• White BalanceWhite Balance

TRIPODSTRIPODS

ADVANCED CAMERAADVANCED CAMERASUPPORT SYSTEMSSUPPORT SYSTEMS

• Steadycam Steadycam

• Jib armJib arm

• Camera cranesCamera cranes

• Vehicle mountsVehicle mounts

• Marine housingsMarine housings

APPROACHES IN APPROACHES IN CINEMATOGRAPHY CINEMATOGRAPHY AND VIDEOGRAPHYAND VIDEOGRAPHY

Determine the “look” of a projectDetermine the “look” of a project

Four Distinct ApproachesFour Distinct Approaches• RealismRealism• Expressionism and Film NoirExpressionism and Film Noir• ImpressionismImpressionism• SurrealismSurrealism

APPROACHES IN APPROACHES IN CINEMATOGRAPHY CINEMATOGRAPHY AND VIDEOGRAPHYAND VIDEOGRAPHY

RealismRealism

• Sharp focusSharp focus• Realistic lighting Realistic lighting

APPROACHES IN APPROACHES IN CINEMATOGRAPHY CINEMATOGRAPHY AND VIDEOGRAPHYAND VIDEOGRAPHY

Expressionism Expressionism andand Film Noir Film Noir

• Dark in visual toneDark in visual tone• Stylized lighting cast from severe Stylized lighting cast from severe

anglesangles• Bizarre and fantastic storiesBizarre and fantastic stories• ““Film Noir” Film Noir”

APPROACHES IN APPROACHES IN CINEMATOGRAPHY CINEMATOGRAPHY AND VIDEOGRAPHYAND VIDEOGRAPHY

ImpressionismImpressionism

• ““Golden Age of Hollywood”Golden Age of Hollywood”• Diffused imagesDiffused images• Impression of some emotional Impression of some emotional

statestate• Twinkling eyes and fog-filteredTwinkling eyes and fog-filtered• A romantic memory A romantic memory

APPROACHES IN APPROACHES IN CINEMATOGRAPHY CINEMATOGRAPHY AND VIDEOGRAPHYAND VIDEOGRAPHY

SurrealismSurrealism

• ““Beyond reality” or “above reality”Beyond reality” or “above reality”• Concrete irrationalityConcrete irrationality• Psychoanalytic psychology; Dream Psychoanalytic psychology; Dream

analysisanalysis

EXERCISESEXERCISES

1.1. Design and shoot a Design and shoot a Two-MinuteTwo-Minute Master Master SceneScene. Use the technical information in this . Use the technical information in this chapter to realize the chapter to realize the Principles of the Visual Principles of the Visual LanguageLanguage you learned in Chapter 2. you learned in Chapter 2.

2.2. Shoot some camera tests. Can you create a Shoot some camera tests. Can you create a Shallow Depth of FieldShallow Depth of Field? How can you take ? How can you take that same composition and convert it into one that same composition and convert it into one with a with a Deep Depth of FieldDeep Depth of Field? Practice ? Practice Hand-Hand-HeldHeld camera work. Describe how you could camera work. Describe how you could improvise a improvise a Dolly ShotDolly Shot with available resources. with available resources.

3.3. Of the artistic approaches introduced in this Of the artistic approaches introduced in this chapter, which is your favorite artistic approach: chapter, which is your favorite artistic approach: Realism, Expressionism, Impressionism, Realism, Expressionism, Impressionism, or or SurrealismSurrealism? Write a scene in this style and ? Write a scene in this style and outline how you portray this approach outline how you portray this approach VisuallyVisually..

Copyright 2008 Taylor and FrancisCopyright 2008 Taylor and Francis