Chapter 24 Industrialization & Imperialism. Motives for Imperialism Social Darwinism- racist belief...
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- Chapter 24 Industrialization & Imperialism
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- Motives for Imperialism Social Darwinism- racist belief that
the fittest will and should survive and conquer the weaker. If I
can conquer you, I have the right to conquer you. Its the way of
nature. 1. Nationalism 2. Economic Competition 3. Missionary work
4. Political Power 5. Racist White supremacist ideas
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- 5 MOTIVES. 1. ECONOMIC- make money, trade, raw materials, new
markets, investments, export technology, etc. 2. POLITICAL- gain
power, competition w/ other European nations, expand territory,
military force, prestige, win colonies, nationalistic pride,
security 3. RELIGIOUS- spread Christianity, protect missionaries,
spread European values and beliefs, educate, end slave trade 4.
EXPLORATORY- explore unknown, scientific research, medical
searches, adventure, 5. IDEOLOGICAL- based on cultural values such
as white supremacy, the idea that other cultures were primitive,
that Europeans should civilize other nations, the strongest will
survive (Social Darwinism)
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- How Industry = Imperialism Industrialization from 1850 in
Europe changed the nature of European overseas expansion to
Imperialism Raw Materials- for MACHINES New markets- for trading
mass produced goods Industrial technology- allowed further
infiltration of foreign lands
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- Two Cases: India and Java Comparison
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- Example #1: Dutch Advance on Java Dutch established Batavia
1619 at first Dutch paid tribute to Mataram gained monopoly on
spice trade 1670s Dutch began to intervene in wars of succession,
using Dutch command of native soldiers Each war of succession led
to more land ceded to Dutch 1750 Complete Dutch dictated
kingdom
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- Example #2: INDIA After the Mughal lost power, the East India
Company basically took over This was a British Company Had their
own army, lead by UK officers Sepoys- Indian soldiers who worked in
the East India Companys military India became the Jewel in the
Crown Most important British colony Supplied the raw materials for
many British factories
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- Sepoy Mutiny May 10, 1857, the sepoys (Indian soldiers in East
India Co. military) rebelled An uprising in Northern India Took
more than a year for the East India Company to regain control of
the country Indians lost due to lack of unity Many princes stayed
out of the fighting because they had alliances with the British
Hindus vs. Muslims (Mughals) Sikhs were against the Mughals so they
supported the British
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- The Results of the Mutiny The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point
The British tightened its control over India The Raj- the name
given to the time of British rule in India (1757- 1947) Racist
attitudes were increased as a result Distrust between Indians and
the British increased
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- Cultural Blending 18 th century, mixed relationships widely
accepted 19 th century greater social division- mixed marriages
lessened
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- Social Reform in the Colonies: 3 Changes Until the early 19 th
Century- Dutch and British encouraged caste division-no push for
change. But India was the first conscious attempt to diffuse
Western culture into a colony #1: 1770- Rampant corruption resulted
in famine in Bengal restructured EIC cleaned courts limited Indian
control in govt #2 Evangelical Christians moved to end slavery,
reform India #3 Introduced Western education, English language,
eradication Indian superstition, sati- influence of Ram Mohun
Roy
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- Impact of Colonialism Positive Effects for India Positive
Effects for India 3 rd largest railroad built 3 rd largest railroad
built Developed modern economy, united India Developed modern
economy, united India Roads, telephone lines dams, bridges,
irrigation Roads, telephone lines dams, bridges, irrigation
Sanitation improved Sanitation improved Education improved
Education improved British military kept peace British military
kept peace Missionaries began to introduce Christianity to India.
Missionaries began to introduce Christianity to India. Negative
Effects for India Negative Effects for India British held most of
the power British held most of the power Indian industry not
allowed to compete with Britain (ran Indian textiles out of
business) Indian industry not allowed to compete with Britain (ran
Indian textiles out of business) Cash crops (ie cotton) instead of
food production- famine Cash crops (ie cotton) instead of food
production- famine Racist attitudes Racist attitudes
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- Rivalry: Conflict and Compromise
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- The SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
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- Nations Compete for Overseas Empires Who was Dr. Livingstone? A
minister from Scotland looking for source of the Nile Thought dead
Henry Stanley found him in n1871 How Belgium took control of the
Congo 1879- Stanley signed treaty with Congo Valley chiefs King
Leopold II of Belgium gained control over lands He said he was
trying to abolish slave trade. Forced labor (rubber trees), heavy
taxes, other abuses- caused concern around the world Soon France,
Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain were in a race to acquire
African colonies.
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- Colonial Wars & Apex of Imperialism economic competition
rivalry over colonial holding by early 19 th century Array of new
weaponry allowed push further into interior of Africa, Pacific
Islands, China, Japan Peoples fiercely resisted with little
success; guerilla resistance, sabotage, banditry best methods of
resistance
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- The Berlin Conference WHY AFRICA? At first Europe was looking
for trade routes Copper, tin, gold, and diamonds in Africa
attracted Europe Countries began to scramble for parts of Africa to
control HOW COULD THEY AVOID A WAR OVER TERRITORY? THE BERLIN
CONFERENCE 1884-1885 Was a meeting to set guidelines for the
division of Africa No African leaders were present Africa was
divided with no regard to African language or ethnic barriers Only
Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent
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- Patterns of Dominance: Continuity & Change
Industrialization created an unevenness of power- Europe vs
Everyone else Tropical Dependencies: small group of Europeans
dominated large populations of natives Settlement colonies: (A)
White Dominion, large land, small population of empire (B) Both
Dependent & Settlement with large white populations competed
with large native population
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- How Europe Administered the Colonies Exploited existing
rivalries Divided into tribes Europeans used local leaders for
local/mass bureaucracy or imported Indian Sepoys to maintain
control
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- Changing Social Relations Education was church based rise of
Asian/African middle class increasing conflict between colonizer
and colonies Increasing European population in colonies fed more
division; wives and families of Europeans arrived Interracial
marriage was disapproved of as a result of white racial supremacy
and Social Darwinist theories: mental, moral superiority of whites
over the rest of humankind
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- Methods of Economic Control District officers policed,
collected taxes Colonizers attempted to teach methods of
agriculture tried to increase production, lower cost of purchase of
goods Advantages of Industry (railroads, etc) were brought to
colonies mostly in order to benefit Europe
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- D. Settler Colonies in South Africa & Pacific Presence of
large numbers of European settlers and indigenous populations
altered the political/cultural dynamics from India Devastating
demographic, geographic changes
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- South Africa Cape Town established by Dutch; enslavement,
syncretism between populations 19 th Century Britain competes for
South Africa; annexed in 1815 1830s British interference sent Boers
on Great Trek; 1850 established Boer Republics Boers Wars began
with discovery of diamond, gold in Republics, with British victory
System of Apartheid (racial segregation in S. Africa) allowed due
to British guilt
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- Other Regions
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- Pacific Tragedies Colonization in the Pacific mirrored that of
the Americas Indigenous populations vulnerable to diseases,
corruption, led to disintegration, suffering a.New Zealand 1790s
timber, whaling brought disease, alcoholism 1840s adapted farming,
worked in mills, trade 1850s British claim islands to expand empire
Maori fight, driven to exterior; adapt with education use of legal
system
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- Hawaii Hawaii not official colony until annexed by US in 1898
Captain Cooks voyages mixed results Early Hawaii leadership
realized benefits of westernization: merchants, trade, missionary
activity, extensive school systems Epidemic effects caused
importation of Asian workers Weak leadership allowed US planters to
manipulate political system for economic, military benefit