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Chapter 22Respiratory System
Lecture 7
Marieb’s HumanAnatomy and
Physiology
Marieb Hoehn
2
Lecture Overview
• Overview of respiration
• Functions of breathing
• Organs of the respiratory system– Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses– Pharynx– Larynx– Trachea– Bronchial tree– Lungs
3
Respiratory System
• *pulmonary ventilation• *external respiration• transport• internal respiration• cellular respiration
Respiration (in the respiratory system) is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells. It consists of the following events (in the order you should know):
We breathe: 1. To provide O2 for cellular respiration and 2. To rid our bodies of CO2 (waste gas)
Functions of the respiratory system
4
Other Functions of the Respiratory System
• Speech and vocalization
• Provides scaffold for sense of smell
• Control of pH
• Helps produce angiotensin II
• Movement of blood and lymph
• Useful in urination, defecation, and childbirth
5
Organs of the Respiratory SystemUpper respiratory tract – nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx (larynx – some texts)
Lower respiratory tract – larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
Conducting portion carries air; nose to the terminal bronchioles
Respiratory portion exchanges gases; respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
‘ynx’ pronounced like ‘inks’
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
6
Location of Lungs
Apex
Base
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
7
Upper Respiratory Tract
What types of epithelium would you expect to find? Why?
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
8
Anatomy of the Nasal RegionFigures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007
The nose: 1) warms, 2) cleans, and 3) humidifies air
Please don’t do this!
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10
Paranasal Sinuses
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Mucus membrane-lined, air-filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones that drain into the nasal cavity
Sinuses:
1. Reduce skull weight
2. Serve as resonating chambers
11
Mucous in Respiratory Tract
Irritation of any sort greatly increases mucus production
The Mucus Escalator
Respiratory mucosa lines the conducting passageways and is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying air.
Cilia move mucus and trapped particles from the nasal cavity (>10 µm) to the pharynx, and lower respiratory tract (1-5 µm) to pharynx
12
Larynx (Voice Box)
(Laryngeal prominence; Adam’s Apple)
Elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
C4-C5
C6
Larynx
anterior
posterior
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
13
Larynx
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
PosteriorProtective
Sound
Covered by folds of laryngeal epithelium that project into glottis
Vocal folds (cords)
Vestibular foldsInelastic
Elastic
15
Vocal Folds (Cords)
Sound originates in vocal folds (cords) but is modified to create recognizable speech by:
- Pharynx- Mouth - Nasal cavity- Sinuses
Pitch of sound: diameter, length, and tension of vocal folds. Diameter and length are fixed; tension is controlled by voluntary muscles.
Closed
Open
Posterior
Posterior
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
16
Movement of the Vocal Folds
Figures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007
InhalationSpeech
17
Trachea & Primary Bronchi
Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
C-rings of cartilage: 16-20 incomplete rings completed posteriorly by trachealis muscle keep trachea open (patent)
(T5)
(T6)Anterior
Posterior
Note that the trachea is
anterior to the esophagus
20
The Lungs
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
3 lobes 2 lobes
Note that the number of secondary bronchi = number of lung lobes
21
Transverse Section of Lungs
Note that the pleural space is a ‘potential’ space and under a vacuum
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
23
Bronchial TreeFigure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
24
Bronchial Tree
Trachea
Bronchi Alveolar structures BronchiolesPrimary
Secondary (lobar)
Tertiary (segmental)
Intralobular
Terminal
Respiratory
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
(Cartilage + sm
ooth muscle)
(Smooth muscl
e)
(No ca
rtilage,
few/no sm
ooth muscl
e)
Know this chart
Which parts here constitute the conducting portion of the respiratory tree?
25
Bronchial Tree
Carina
Bronchi - Primary; w/ blood vessels - Secondary (lobar); two on left, three on right - Tertiary (segmental); supplies a broncho- pulmonary segment; 10 on right, 8 on left
Bronchioles - Intralobular; supply lobules, the basic unit of lung - Terminal; 50-80 per lobule - Respiratory; a few air sacs budding from theses Figure from: Martini,
Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Bronchioles are to the respiratory system what arterioles are to the circulatory system Intralobular
26
Lobules of the Lung
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
(Intralobular)
Terminal and respiratory bronchioles are lined with cuboidal epithelium, few cilia, and no goblet cells
The Lobule is the basic unit of structure and function in the lung
28
Alveoli
Septal (Type II) cells produce surfactant to keep the walls of the alveoli from collapsing
29
Review
• Respiration – The entire process of gas exchange between the
atmosphere and the body– Made up of five events
• We breathe– To take in O2
– To eliminate CO2
• Organs of the respiratory tract– Upper; nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx– Lower; larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
30
Review
• Functions of the nose/nasal cavity – Warm and humidify air– Trap particulate matter
• Sinuses– Mucous-lined, air filled cavities; communicate
with nasal cavity– Lighten skull and provide resonating chamber
• Pharynx– Back of mouth (throat)– Passage of food/air; aids in speech
31
Review
• Respiration – The entire process of gas exchange between the
atmosphere and the body– Made up of five events
• We breathe– To take in O2
– To eliminate CO2
• Organs of the respiratory tract– Upper; nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx– Lower; larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
32
Review
• Functions of the nose/nasal cavity – Warm and humidify air– Trap particulate matter
• Sinuses– Mucous-lined, air filled cavities; communicate
with nasal cavity– Lighten skull and provide resonating chamber
• Pharynx– Back of mouth (throat)– Passage of food/air; aids in speech
33
Review• Larynx (voice box)
– Cartilaginous structure– Passageway for air entering trachea– Keeps foreign objects out of trachea– Contains vocal cords (folds) for speech (to what
ligament does the arytenoid cartilage attach)
• Trachea– Air passage with cartilaginous rings; trachealis– Cartilage prevents collapse
• Bronchial Tree– Bronchi (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)– Bronchioles (Intralobular, terminal, respiratory)– Alveolar structures (ducts, sacs, alveoli)
34
Review• Bronchi
– Cartilage and smooth muscle– Primary; divisions of trachea; extrapulmonary– Secondary; lobar – 2 on left, 3 on right– Tertiary; segmental
• Bronchioles– Smooth muscle mainly– Intralobular; supply structural unit of lung (lobule)– Terminal; 50-80 per secondary lobule– Respiratory; have air sac budding off
• Alveolar structures– Neither smooth muscle nor cartilage– Ducts, sacs, alveoli– Highly vascular; site of gas exchange (O2, CO2)
35
Bronchial Tree
Trachea
Bronchi Alveolar structures BronchiolesPrimary
Secondary (lobar)
Tertiary (segmental)
Intralobular
Terminal
Respiratory
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
(Cartilage + sm
ooth muscle)
(Smooth muscl
e)
(No ca
rtilage,
few/no sm
ooth muscl
e)
Which are conducting, which are respiratory?
36
Review
• Lungs – Right and left separated by heart and mediastinum
– Surrounded by pleura separated by pleural cavity
– Hilum is area where respiratory tubes and blood vessels pass
– Left lung has two lobes (with cardiac notch)
– Right lung has three lobes
– Lobules• Formed by connective tissue division of lobes
• Basic structural and functional units of lung
• Contain terminal bronchioles, alveolar structures, nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
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