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7/30/2019 Chapter 20 - Coordination in Mammals (Part 1)
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CHAPTER 20
COORDINATION
20.1 NERVOUS SYSTEM
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SUB-TOPIC
20.1 Nervous system
20.2 Mechanism of muscle contraction20.3 Hormones in mammals
20.4 Hormones in plants
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OBJECTIVES
(a)Describe the organization of the nervous
system.
(b)Explain the general role of the sympathetic
and parasympathetic nervous system.
(c) Explain the generation of action potential,transmission and characteristic of nerve
impulse along an axon.
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OBJECTIVES
(d)Describe the structure of synapse and
explain the mechanism of synaptic
transmission across synapses.
(e)Compare the transmission of impulse at the
synapse and along the axon.
(f) Explain the mechanism of action of drugs on
the nervous system.
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The basic unit of the nervous systemneuron
Dendrites receive stimuli
Nerve cell body
@ nucleus transmits thestimuli
Axon transmits the impulse toanother dendrite
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE :
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Sensory neurons or receptors receive a stimulus from:
ears - hearing
eyes - sight
nose - smell
skin - touch
mouth - taste
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE :
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Can be found inside my head. Makes my body work.
Makes me think and feel.
Makes sure our hearts keep beating and our
lungs keep working without us having to think
about it.
Part of it makes our muscles work. The biggestpart of it makes us think, see, hear, feel and taste.
Answer:
Brain
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE :
What is it?
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We each have a backbone, called a spine.
It can be found in the spine.
It joins the brain at the top of our neck.
All through our body there are nerves which connectto it. This is called the nervous system.
Messages from the nerves travel to it, which sends
them to the brain. Neurons are long, wiry cells that carry
electrical messages through the nervous system and thebrain.
Answer:
Spinal cord
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE :
What is it?
7/30/2019 Chapter 20 - Coordination in Mammals (Part 1)
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THE ORGANIZATION OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central NervousSystem (CNS)
Central NervousSystem (CNS)
Peripheral NervousSystem (PNS)
Peripheral NervousSystem (PNS)
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Central Nervous System(CNS)
Central Nervous System(CNS)
BrainBrain Spinal CordSpinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
THE ORGANIZATION OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Central Nervous System(CNS)
Central Nervous System(CNS)
BrainBrain Spinal CordSpinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
THE ORGANIZATION OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Central NervousSystem (CNS)
Central NervousSystem (CNS)
BrainBrain Spinal CordSpinal Cord
Peripheral NervousSystem (PNS)
Peripheral NervousSystem (PNS)
SensoryNeurons
SensoryNeurons
Motor NeuronsMotor Neurons
The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
THE ORGANIZATION OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Central Nervous System(CNS)
Central Nervous System(CNS)
BrainBrain Spinal CordSpinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Sensory NeuronsSensory NeuronsMotor NeuronsMotor Neurons
The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
THE ORGANIZATION OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Central NervousSystem (CNS)
Central NervousSystem (CNS)
BrainBrain Spinal CordSpinal Cord
Peripheral NervousSystem (PNS)
Peripheral NervousSystem (PNS)
SensoryNeurons
SensoryNeurons
Motor NeuronsMotor Neurons
Somatic NervousSystem
(voluntary)
Somatic NervousSystem(voluntary)
Autonomic NervousSystem
(involuntary)
Autonomic NervousSystem(involuntary)
The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
THE ORGANIZATION OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Central Nervous System(CNS)
Central Nervous System(CNS)
BrainBrain Spinal CordSpinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Sensory NeuronsSensory NeuronsMotor NeuronsMotor Neurons
Somatic Nervous System(voluntary)
Somatic Nervous System(voluntary)
Autonomic NervousSystem (involuntary)
Autonomic NervousSystem (involuntary)
The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
THE ORGANIZATION OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Central NervousSystem (CNS)
Central NervousSystem (CNS)
BrainBrain Spinal CordSpinal Cord
Peripheral NervousSystem (PNS)
Peripheral NervousSystem (PNS)
SensoryNeurons
SensoryNeurons
Motor NeuronsMotor Neurons
Somatic NervousSystem
(voluntary)
Somatic NervousSystem(voluntary)
Autonomic NervousSystem
(involuntary)
Autonomic NervousSystem(involuntary)
Sympathetic
Division
Sympathetic
Division
Parasympathetic
Division
Parasympathetic
Division
The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
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A General
Sense thepathway of the
nervous system
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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Made up of highly specialized cells whose
function is to:
Receive stimuli
Convert the stimuli into electrical
impulses
Transmit the impulses
to
Receptors
Transduction
Effectors
Objective:
(a) Describe the organization of the nervous system
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Sensory input
Brain & spinal cord
Motor input
Peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
Central nervous
system (CNS)
Sensory receptor
Effector
Motor neuron Sensory neuron
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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Receives & processes
information
Initiates action
Consist of:Brain
Spinal cord
Central NervousSystem (CNS)Central NervousSystem (CNS)
Objective:(a) Describe the organization of the nervous system
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Outside of the brain and
spinal cord
Transmit signals between
CNS & the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
Objective:
(a) Describe the organization of the nervous system
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Can be divided into:.
Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Informs the CNS of the state of the body interior
and exterior
.
Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors(muscles/glands)
Sensory Neuron
Motor Neuron
Objective:
(a) Describe the organization of the nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)
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Figure 28.1B
Brain
1 Sensoryreceptor 2 Sensory neuron
3
4
Ganglion
Motorneuron Spinal
cord
Interneuron
CNSNerve
PNS
Quadricepsmuscles
Flexormuscles
Objective:
(a) Describe the organization of the nervous system
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Divided into:
.Controls voluntary movements
Activates skeletal muscles
Motor NeuronsMotor Neurons
Somatic Nervous System
Objective:
(a) Describe the organization of the nervous system
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.
Controls involuntary responses
Heart rate, peristalsis, sweating, respiration
Actions are controlled in the medulla and the
hypothalamus in the brain
Influences organs, glands, & smooth muscles
Autonomic Nervous System
Objective:
(a) Describe the organization of the nervous system
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Consist of 2 types of neurons:
Preganglionic neuronCell body in CNS
MyelinatedProjects to the autonomic ganglion
Postganglionic neuronCell body in autonomic ganglionUnmyelinatedProjects to the effector
Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System
Clusters of
neurons
Objective:
(a) Describe the organization of the nervous system
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2 divisions:
Sympathetic
Fight or flight
Energetic and
stressful activities
Primes body for
intense skeletal
muscle activity
Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System
Objective:
(b) Explain the general role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
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Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
Leisure and
maintenance activitiesDigestion, defecation,
and diuresis
Objective:
(b) Explain the general role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
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A t i ti
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Antagonistic
Control
Both act on the sametarget but often giveantagonist effect
Eg: heart rate
Sympathetic stimulation causes
HR to increase
Parasympathetic stimulation
causes HR to decrease
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Figure 28.13
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
Brain
Constrictspupil
Stimulatessalivaproduction
Constrictsbronchi
Slowsheart
Stimulatesstomach,pancreas,and intestines
Stimulatesurination
Promoteserection ofgenitals
Spinalcord
Eye
Salivaryglands
Lung
Heart
LiverStomach
Adrenal
gland
Pancreas
Intestines
Bladder
Genitals
Dilatespupil
Inhibitssalivaproduction
Relaxesbronchi
Acceleratesheart
Stimulatesepinephrineand norepi-nephrine release
Stimulatesglucoserelease
Inhibits
stomach,pancreas,and intestines
Inhibitsurination
Promotes ejacu-lation and vaginalcontractions
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SUMMARY:
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PRIOR KNOWLEDGE :
Sensory receptors are in sense organs, such as eyes, ears, mouth,nose, skin and different regions of the brain respond todifferent signals.
Sensory neurons carry messages toward the CNS from sensoryreceptorsall over body.
Sensory receptorsact as energy transducers. A transducer is a
device for converting a non-electrical signal into an electricalone. In this case, the electrical signal produced is the actionpotential of a nerve.
Objective:
(c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerveimpulse along an axon.
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THE GENERATION OF NERVE RESTING
POTENTIAL AND ACTION POTENTIAL
All living cells have an electrical charge
difference across their cell surface membrane
Due to the difference in the concentration of ions
on the outside and inside of a cell
Known as
Membrane Potential
Objective:
(c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve
impulse along an axon.
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Depends on the ionic gradients exist across the
plasma membrane of the neuron
Develops when the charge is more negative withinthe cell than from the outside
The voltage measured across the plasma membraneis about -70 mV
Resting Potential
The membrane potential
of a neuron that is nottransmitting signals
Objective:
(c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerveim ulse alon an axon.
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Resting potential is caused by the cell
membranes ability to maintain
a +ve charge
on its OUTER surface
a -ve charge
on its INNER(cytoplasmic) surface
Plasmamembrane
Microelectrodeinside cell
Axon
Neuron
Microelectrodeoutside cell
Voltmeter
70 mV
Objective:
(c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerveim ulse alon an axon.
Resting Potential
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Inside the neurons,
Higher K+
ions concentrationLower Na+ ions concentration
Outside the neurons,
Higher Na+ ions concentration
Lower K+ ions concentration
Objective:
(c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerveim ulse alon an axon.
Resting Potential
The membrane potential
of a neuron that is nottransmitting signals
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Resting potential is generated and
maintained with help from
Active transportSodium-potassium pumpsPump K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell
OUTSIDE OF CELL
Na+
Na+
channel
Na+ Na+Na+
Na+K+ K+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
K+Plasmamembrane
Protein
Na+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+ K+
K+
K+K+
K+
Na+ - K+pump
Na+
Na+
K+
channel
INSIDE OF CELL
Objective:
(c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerveim ulse alon an axon.
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Passive transport (diffusion)
Passive ions channels (Na+ and K+)OUTSIDE OF CELL
Na+
Na+
channel
Na+Na+
Na+
Na+K+ K+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
K+Plasmamembrane
Protein
Na+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+ K+
K+
K+K+
K+
Na+ - K+pump
Na+
Na+
K+channel
INSIDE OF CELL
Objective:
(c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerveim ulse alon an axon.
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Passive K+ ion channel
Most common type of passive ion channel
Neuron membrane is highly permeable to K+ ionsPassively diffuse out according to the
concentration gradient
Potassium ion pumped into (active transport) the
neuron can diffuse out
Objective:
(c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerveim ulse alon an axon.
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Passive Na+ ion channel
Allows a slow diffusion of Na+ ions into the membrane
Permeability to Na+ ions is lower than to the K+ ions
Na+ ions pumped out of the neuron cannot easily pass back
into the cell
This results in the resting potential condition or the :
POLARIZATION STAGE
Objective:
(c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerveim ulse alon an axon.
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During resting potential:
Sodium-potassium pump
Pump Na+ out and K+ in actively
Passive ions channels
Pumps more K+ out than Na+ passively
Voltage-gated ions channels CLOSED
Objective:
(c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerveim ulse alon an axon.
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Figure 28.4
Resting state: voltage gated Na+
and K+ channels closed; resting
potential is maintained.
1
2
3
4
A stimulus opens some Na+
channels; if threshold is reached,
action potential is triggered.
Additional Na+ channels open,
K+ channels are closed; interior of
cell becomes more positive.
5 The K+ channels close
relatively slowly, causing
a brief undershoot.
Na+ channels close and
inactivate. K+ channels
open, and K+ rushes
out; interior of cell more
negative than outside.
Neuron
interior
Actionpotential
Thresholdpotential
Resting potential
1
2
3
4
5
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
1 Return to resting state.
1
Neuron
interior
K+
K+NEXT LECTURE
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