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Chapter 2: L2 and FL learning (Armendariz-Montani). Patricia Vargas Multimedia October 2010. Index. Learning L2/FL Learning L2/FL Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis Interference/transference concepts Causes for interference What is transferred Conditions for L2 and FL learning - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 2:L2 and FL learning
(Armendariz-Montani)
Patricia VargasMultimedia
October 2010
2
IndexMain concepts
• Lateralization• Fundamental Difference
Theory• Languages studies• Linguistic deprivation• Extreme deprivation
Learning L2/FL
• Learning L2/FL• Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis• Interference/transference concepts• Causes for interference• What is transferred• Conditions for L2 and FL learning• Creative Construction Hypothesis/Natural Order Acquisition• Role of input in L2/FL learning• Interlanguage• Fosilization• Age factor in L2/FL learning• Consciousness during the learning process• Variability in the interlanguage
Individual differences and cognitive variables in the L2/FL learning
• What are learning styles?• Classification of learning
styles• The affective filter• Learning and communica
tion strategies• Learning strategies• Types of learning strategi
es• Communication compete
nce
• Communication strategies
3
Lateralization
Process in which neurological changes are produced.
Changes determine that the two brain hemispheres work independently and develop specialized functions.
4
Fundamental difference theory
Robert Bley-Wroman developed the fundamental difference theory:
Same limitations occur in L1 acquisition during the critical period (by Lenneberg) as well as L2 acquisition.
Adults need to resort to analysis to solve problems and build a grammatical structure.
This theory may explain the differences present between the L1 acquisition and L2 learning:
achievements humans make after puberty are inferior than those of younger people.
It may be explained by the fact that the neurological tissue involves metabolical costs that the brain has to reduce.
5
Language studies• There are four distinguished stages in the development of
Psicolinguistics studies.
• According to Michael Long, these studies helps us make connections between process and product in the development of the interlanguage - immature language:
B.J Skinner (1957) with his stimulus-response theory. Noam Chomsky: we are born with the language faculty -UG. Piaget,Vigotsky and Bruner’s theories are mainly based on the functional
dimension of language. They studied the language from a socio-cultural point of view and concluded that we learn by doing
Connectionnist theories of McClelland, Rumelhart, Pinker, etc. According to Pinker, learning is achieved when there is a change or adjustment in the weight of connections responding to a stimulus. Thus, L2 learning is likely to occur if there is a linguistic production or input as comprehensible as the response expected from the exposure to the language.
6
Linguistic deprivation• As the first linguistic community is the family, children may find that school is a
quite different communicative context, especially in these aspects: communicative referents and type of affective and attitudinal bonds established between the participants in the language community.
• According to Berstein, lower class children have a restringed code, that is values and norms are do not necessarily are explicitly conveyed and therefore are taken for granted.
• they may be less informed compared to other classes and less curious than those who master elaborated codes –such as longer phrases and grammatically complex structures, and may find it difficult to respond to non-emotional and abstract language used at school.
• In contrast to low class learners, middle class children are more able to be keep up with the requirements of formal academic education, thus adapting more easily to the school environment.
• the breach between school and family contexts will mostly depend on the social class students belong to, so we need to take into account this key factor in order to facilitate learning.
7
Extreme deprivation
Children who for diverse reasons have been unable to develop language for the lack of exposure to a linguistic environment.
Although non linguistic cognitive skills of some of these linguistic-deprived children were relatively “normal”, grammatical skills were deeply disrrupted.
So it proved that grammatical aspects of the language are succesfully acquired only during the critical period.
8
Learning L2/FLL1 acquisition L2 or foreign language learning
Motivation Higher degree Lower degreeEnvironment It offers a wide variety of opportunities for use of the
languagesUse of
languageFrequent use that requires comprehensive
production all dayInstruction No need of formal instruction, only positive
evidence from competent speakers.Variables External: methodology, social factors, nature of
inputInternal: L1 degree of transference, cognitive andpersonality factors (age, learning styles andstrategies, kind of motivation)
9
Contrastive Analysis Hipothesis
Knowledge of the main features of students’ L1: Compulsory for teachers comparison of the main grammatical and phonological aspects of students’s L1’s.
Interference: produced during the learning process, when the speaker uses phonetic, morphological, syntactic or lexical typical of L1.
Transference of typical habits of L1 into L2 or foreign language may facilitate or not new formation of habits:
Positive transference Negative transference
previous habits facilitatelearning of L2 or foreign
language.
Zerotransference previous habits
deteriorate learning ofL2/foreign language.
10
Interference/Transference
concepts According to Kellerman:
Interference Transference
linguistic outcome motivated byanother language
psychological process that precedesinterference
11
Interference due to...
Factors
structural extralinguistic
Degree of knowledge ofL2
L2 or foreign languageprestige
Lack of phonemesbetween the two systems
Contact between thelinguistic groups
Different rules Attittude towards culturaldifferences
Change of morphemesand syntax
Motivation
Little knowledge of thelexical system
Personality factors
12
What is transferred...
•Forms and meanings of the learner’s own language and culture
•Distribution of these forms and meanings to the foreign culture and language, through the production as well as comprehension.
13
Condition for L2 or foreign language
learningLong and intensive
practice and production
Automatization of the linguistic features of
the second or foreign language
14
Creative Construction Hypothesis and Natural
Order Acquisition Both adults and childern older than five years old had the same order or acquisition in syntax, whether during the L1’s acquisition or L2 learning process.
But process was different from that of children younger than five acquiring a language
Creative Construction HypothesisFollowing universally innate mechanisms, speakers formulate
certain hypothesis about the linguistic system of the target language, until the differences between input-output are resolved
favourably.
15
Role of input in L2/FL learning
According to Chomsky :
Does the grammatical complexity of input need to be beyond the level of production, following the natural order hypothesis?
Does it need to be sequenced according to logical and formal criteria?
INPUTLinguistic
production of speakers
16
Interlanguage
• Autonomous linguistic system resulting from the learner’s attempt to produce the target language.
• It requires access to the latent linguistic structure (Lenneberg,1967), which has given given form to the language acquisition device.
• From the latent to realization stage.
17
Fosilization
• L2 learner will tend to keep linguistic items, rules and subsystems in their interlanguage, regardless their age, practice, systematization they receive about or in the target language.
• Reason: learners may not have mastered yet these aspects, or having the knowledge, they cannot use them for different factors:•stress•anxiety•extreme relaxation
18
Age factor in the L2/FL learning
• Oyama’s Sensitive period: learning of L2/FL is more difficult than in the Critical Period.
•Moreau and Richelle’s Privilege period: it extends up to the age of ten.
•According to Selinger: there are multiple critical periods for phonetics, syntax and semantics.
All languages have a modular structure
They are not necessarily learned in the same way nor simultaneously with the same effectiveness
19
Consciousness during the learning process
• Learning without explicit metalinguistic knowledge
•According to Robinson, teaching seems to be effective for the learning of simple grammatical rules, pragmatic and lexical aspects.
•However, complex aspects are learned in conditions where attention and meaning are combined.
•We should always provide meaningful exposure to the target language and orientation for the discovery of rules.
20
• systematic: predictable, based on the linguistic an d communicative context. observable through the whole process, in which the learners eventually monitor their own production
• asystematic: frequent in the first developmental stages of L2/FL, and it continues in the following stages, unitl it transforms into systematic.
Variability in the interlanguageDynamic system: it develops from one stage to the other
21
Individual differences and cognitive variables
in the L2/FL learning
22
Learning stylesInduring tendencies or preferences within an individual
Learning styles might be thought of as “cognitive, affective, and physiological traits that are relatively stable indicators of how learners perceive, interact with, and respond to the learning environment.”(Keefe 1979:4)
23
Classification of learning styles
Field dependence/independence
Contextual global or sequential detailed/linear
Impulsive experimental /analytical reflective
Conceptual/concrete
Responding to input: visual auditory kinesthetic
24
The affective filter personality
affective variables
Learning another language makes us reflect about ourselves and our relationships with the others.
It requires not to avoid opportunities to speak a foreign language.
We need empathy and interest to risk something in any
communicative process
25
Learning and Communication Strategies
Learning strategies:
It relates to input -to processing, storage and retrieval, to taking in mesages from others.
Communication strategies:
It pertains to output, how we productively express meaning, how we deliver messages to others.
26
Learning strategies
Metacognitive strategies that involve
planning for learning, thinking about the learning process as it is taking place, monitoring one’s own production or comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity is completed.
Cognitive they involve more
direct manipulation of the learning material itself.
Socioaffective they have to do with
social-mediating activity and transacting with others.
27
Learning strategies
Metacognitive
advance organizers
directed attention
selective attention
self-management
functional-planning
self-monitoring
delayed production
self-evaluation
Cognitive
repetition
resourcing
translation
grouping
note taking
deduction
elaboration
transfer
Socioaffective
cooperation
question for clarification
asking for repetition
28
Communication competence
According to Chomsky: linguistic competence, which is related to psychological as well as sociolinguistic factors
Four aspects can be distinguished: Grammatical competence: including lexis
Sociolinguistic competence: related to the rules of interaction among the speakers
Discursive competence: includes cohesion and coherence
Strategic competence: techniques that the learners resorts to when there is a break in communication
29
Communication strategiesParaphrase
•approximation•word coinage•circumlocution: the learner describes the characteristics or elements of the object or action instead of using the target language item or structure.
Borrowing•literal translation•language switch
Mime
Appeal for assistance
Avoidance
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