Chapter 19

EARLY LATIN AMERICA

Chapter 19

Iberian Peninsula

Latin American lands provided valuable goods such as silver, gold, and crops

Iberians- Spanish and PortuguesePeninsula-consisted of Muslims and

Christians Christian Kingdoms

Portugal-Atlantic coast Aragon- East side of Peninsula Castile- Center of Peninsula

Uniting the Empire

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile Unify Spain Get rid of the religious and cultural division Granada- the last Muslim Kingdom in Iberian

Peninsula Isabella ordered Jews in her realm to either convert

to Christianity or leave 200,000 Jews leave (hurt the Castilian economy) 1942- Ferdinand and Isabella willing to support

Columbus (not Spanish) hoped to reach East Indies by sailing west. (the Granada war was over and the religious unification was established)

Settling in Americas

Many commoners who settled in the Americas sought to recreate themselves as nobility with natives as their serfs

Slavery was already present in Spain so slave trade was extended to the Americas

Conquest- 3 periods 1. 1942-1570- main lines of administration and economy were

set out Human destruction and transforming new societies (p. 419 map)

2. 1570-1700- consolidation and maturity 3. 18th century- reform that strengthened the colonial

relationship to the Americas caused dissatisfaction and revolt

Caribbean

First area of Spanish exploration and settlements

Set the model for other settlements in the Americas

After Columbus’ expedition- a return expedition the next year established a colony on the island Santo Domingo, or Hispaniola Puerto Rico (1508) Cuba (1511) 1513 settlements in Panama and northern coast of

South America

Labor

Taino- people of the Caribbean provided surplus of labor

Encomienda- indigenous people granted to individual Spaniards for labor Use them for labor or to tax them Gold hunting, slaving and European diseases

depopulated the islands

Conquests

50-500 menDone individully (with government approval)2 paths- 1 to Mexico and 1 to South AmericaHernan Cortes- 600 men to Mexico in search

of kingdom in center of land, took over Tenochtitlan

Moctezuma II- Aztec emperor, captured and killed

Able to defeat Aztecs by diseases, battle and aid from Aztec enemies

Mexico City

Conquerors

Few were military menGave shares to those who were part of the

conquest. Shares not equal for all people (horses, family, friends got more)

Declared themselves as nobles Advantages of natives- horses, guns, steel

weaponsBy 1570- bureaucrats, merchants, and

colonists replaced conquerors

New Spain- most of interior of Mexico dominated by the Spanish

Fransico Pizzaro- Inca empire (Peru)- est Lima

Francisco Vazquez de Coronado- southwest US up to Kansas (in search for gold)

Pedro de Valdivia- conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and est Santiago

Spanish American Cities

Grid plan or checkerboard formTown hallMajor churchGovernor’s palace in the centerP.420 picture

Depopulation

Immigration to Latin America (women and African slaves) turned an area of conquest into an area of settlement

Labor needs of the Islands, African slaves imported

Mistreatment and destruction of Native Americans

Bartolome de Las Casas- conquistador turned priest Tried to end abuses of natives

Diseases

Small pox, influenza and measles War and diseases brought population in

central Mexico from 25 million to 2 millionThis decline matched the increase in

European livestock flourishing on newly created Spanish farms

Exploitation of Indians

Mexico and Peru- indigenous nobility supported by Spanish authority remained as middle man to collect taxes or collect labor

Mita system- churches, roads, miningGold- Caribbean, Colombia, and ChileSilver-more than gold Mexico and Peru

Heart of Silver

Potosi- modern day Bolivia- largest silver mine

Produced 80% of Peruvian silver first used NA slaves, then created labor draftMita mining systemExtracticed silver out of rock using mercuryHuancavelica- mountain of mercury “great marriage of Peru”

Mines supplied by distant regions

Used supplies from neighboring regions for food, mules, clothing, coca leaves to stop hunger and ease the weariness with high altitudes

Haciendas

Family owned rural estatesProduced grains, grapes, livestockNA provided laborProduced for consumers in Latin AmericaBecame basis for power are local aristocracy

in many regionsCoca and sugar (shipped to Europe)

Self Sufficient Colonies

Ecuador, New Spain, and PeruSweatshops- produced by womenAmerica self sufficient- Europe only needed

for luxury itemsSpain restricted trading with other nations-

had to go through Spanish city SevilleRegistered ships, passengers, kept charts,

collected taxes Consulado- merchant guild of Seville, monopoly

Shipping

Convoy systemTwo fleets sailed annually to trade goodsMet at Havana, CubaShips- galleons, large heavy armedTwo galleons would also sail from Manila in the

Philippines to Mexico loaded with Chinese silks, porcelain, and lacquer

Ports in Havana and Colombia provided shelter for treasure ships

Coast guardPirate raids

Galleons

Spanish Authority

American empire under rule of the crown based on the Pope.

Pope awarded West Indies to Castile to bring people into the Christian community

(Most Spanish conquistadors did not uphold this regulation)

Treaty of Tordesilla (1494) split spheres of influence between Portugal and Castile

Bureaucratic System

Recopilacion- basis of Spanish laws in West IndiesKing ruled through Council of the Indies in SpainTwo viceroyalties- (Spanish colonial district) one

based in Mexico City and one in LimaViceroys- (direct representatives of the king) nobles

who represented the king Contained 10 judicial systems controlled by audiencias

(supreme court) Previous military experience

Local level- appointed magistrates applied the law, collected taxes, assigned the work of American communities

Religious Structure

Franciscans, Dominicans and JesuitsWidespread conversion to Catholicism Took Pope’s declaration seriouslyCatholic church influenced architecture Printing press- religious texts and academic

textsSchools run by clergySor Juana Ines de la Cruz- author, poet,

musician. Welcomed at the court of the viceroy in Mexico City- gave up secular concerns to focus on faith

Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

Portuguese Colony

1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral- expedition to India but landed on coast of Brazil

Little attention to Brazil for 30 yearsPressure from French competitors 1532- coast cleared from competitorsSettlers set up colonies along coast

Brazil Slave Economy

1600s7000 Slaves imported yearlyLeading sugar producerSocial hierarchy

White planters married local merchants and to few Portuguese bureaucrats

Bottom of society- slavesMissionaries

Jesuits – construction of churches and schools and net work of missions

Fall of Sugar Boom

Competition for sugar lowered Brazilian economy

Dutch, English and French sugar coloniesPaulistas- Portuguese, traveled interior of

Brazil Started gold mining Minas Gerais- 1 of Brazil’s 26 states. Mountainous,

region for gold strikes People left coast line- Gold Rush Rio de Janeiro- colonial capital 1763, close to mines of

Mias Gerais Boost economy of Portugal

Multiracial Societies

Indians, Europeans, AfricansEuropeans- conquerors, voluntary immigrantsIndians- conquered peopleAfricans- slavesMasters vs servantsChristians vs pagans

Mixed Races

Indians Concubines and female servants Marriages with indigenous women were not unknown Few European women= mixing with Native population Mestizos- higher in social ranking

Slaves Slave owners sometimes exploited female slaves Sometimes freed their mulatto child

Result- large population of mixed backgroun

Sociedad de castas

Sociedad de castas- race, and place of birth play a part in social ranking Whites on top Slaves, natives on bottom

People of mixed origins were known as castas 1650-5-10% of population 1750- 35-40% population

Peninsulares- those born in SpainCreoles- those born in New World

Creoles

Dominated local economiesSaid legitimate Europeans (possibility of

Indian ancestry)Top in society but second under peninsularesStrong sense of self idenitity

Spain Problems

Foreign warsIncreasing debtDecline in populationInternal revolts

Spanish Probs

Threatened by growing monarchs in France, England

Since 16th century- English, French, Dutch ship raids

Could not take Mexico or Peru but Caribbean became a target

Buccaneers- no allegiance to anyone raiding Caribbean ports late 16th century

England took Jamaica-1654France took western Hispaniola (Haiti)Other islands fell too

Silver payments decreasedColonies self sufficientAnnual fleet became irregularIncreasing control from local aristocrats in

coloniesBUT Spain kept its colonies for another

century

Bourbon reforms

Charles II dies (no heir)Who will be king?Philip of Anjou- Bourbon, relative to king of

FranceWar of Spanish Succession- (1702-1713)

European powers Treaty of Utrecht

Recognized Bourbon family as rulers of Spain French merchants allowed to operate in Seville England trade slaves in Spanish America

Philip V of Spain and the Duke of Vendôme commanded the Franco-Spanish charge at the Battle of Villaviciosa by Jean Alaux (1840).

Bourbon Reforms

Make Spain more powerfulGovernment more effectiveAnyone opposed to new order would be

punished Jesuits- primary target

Alligence to Rome (Catholic)Creoles expelled from their bureaucratic

offices Revealed by Jose de Galvez’s 7 year investigations in

MexicoSpain and France allies- constantly at odds

with England

Bourbon Reforms= elite upset

Control over economy Monopolies over essential items

Tobacco, gunpowderElites will become upset with Bourbon

reforms: Creoles Removed from government Created a militia with Creole officers opening of commerce

Portugal Reforms

Marquis of Pombal- Prime Minister of Portugal

Influenced by English political techniquesWanted to strengthen royal authority in

BrazilFinancial reforms- eliminate smuggling goldDevelop Amazon regionExport cacao Cotton plantationsStopped slavery