Chapter 17 Challenges of the Cities Immigration: Push & Pull Factors Push Factors: Scarce Land...

Chapter 17 Challenges of the Cities

Immigration: Push & Pull Factors

Push Factors:•Scarce Land •Farm jobs lost to machines•Political and religious persecution•Revolution•Poverty & hard lives

Pull Factors:•Promise of freedom & better life•Family or friends already settled in the United StatesFactory jobs available

The New Immigrants

Where They Came From1840-1860:• 93% Northern & Western

Europe• 2% Eastern & Southern

Europe• 3% Americas• 1.5% Asia• 2% All others

Where they came from 1880-1900:•59% Northern & Western•33% Eastern & Southern Europe•6% Americas•1%Asia•1% All others

The New Immigrants:• Immigrants from Southern and eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America poured into the

U.S. after the Civil War.• Most immigrants settled in ethnic neighborhoods in the cities while they assimilated into

American Culture.• A new surge of nativism arose in response to the so-called new immigrants.Boom in the Cities:• Cities grew rapidly in the late 1800’s and many poor people lived in crowded slums.• Under pressure from reformers, cities passed building codes and improved city services.• Church groups, along with idealistic reformers like Jane Adams, worked to improve the

life of the poor city residents.City Life Transformed:• Skyscrapers, public transportation, and public parks became a part of the city scene in the

later 1800s.• Newspaper circulation grew as publishers introduced new features, comics, and

sensational “yellow journalism.”• Leisure activities such as sports and entertainment helped unite Americans.Education & Culture:• 6.4 % Graduation Rate. 93.6% Did not Graduate• In the Late 1800’s, education improved in the United States.• American literature and art ranged from dime novels to new works of realism.Health:• Average life expectancy was 47.3. African American Males was 32.5.• Causes of high Death Rate: Cardiovascular problems, Tuberculosis, Influenza &

pneumonia, Gastritis & Colitis, and Malignant tumors

Chapter 17 Challenges of the Cities Review

Immigration and Internal Migration

Rapid Growth of the Cities

Urban Problems of Poverty, Crime, and Disease

Nativism leads to immigration restrictions and violence against immigrants

Political Machines develop to offer services to city dwellers in exchange for votes

Characteristics of Characteristics of UrbanizationUrbanization

During the Gilded AgeDuring the Gilded Age1.1. Megalopolis.Megalopolis.

2.2. Mass Transit.Mass Transit.

3.3. Magnet for economic and social Magnet for economic and social opportunities.opportunities.

4.4. Pronounced class distinctions.Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core - Inner & outer core

5.5. New frontier of opportunity for New frontier of opportunity for women.women.

6.6. Squalid living conditions for many.Squalid living conditions for many.

7.7. Political machines.Political machines.

8.8. Ethnic neighborhoods.Ethnic neighborhoods.

NewArchitectural

Style

NewArchitectural

Style

NewUse ofSpace

NewUse ofSpace

NewClass

Diversity

NewClass

Diversity

New EnergyNew Energy

New Culture(“Melting Pot”)

New Culture(“Melting Pot”)

New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism”

New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism”

New Levels of Crime,

Violence, & Corruption

New Levels of Crime,

Violence, & Corruption

Make a NewStart

Make a NewStart

NewSymbols ofChange &Progress

NewSymbols ofChange &Progress

The City as a New “Frontier?”

The City as a New “Frontier?”

William Le Baron William Le Baron JenneyJenney

1832 – 19071832 – 1907

““Father of Father of the Modernthe ModernSkyscraper”Skyscraper”

W. Le W. Le Baron Baron

Jenney: Jenney:

CentralCentralY.M.C.A., Y.M.C.A., Chicago, Chicago,

18911891

Louis SullivanLouis Sullivan 1856 – 19241856 – 1924

The ChicagoThe ChicagoSchool ofSchool ofArchitecturArchitecturee

Form Form followsfollowsfunction!function!

Louis Louis Sullivan: Sullivan: Bayard Bayard Bldg., Bldg., NYC, NYC, 18971897

D. H. BurnhamD. H. Burnham

1846 – 19121846 – 1912

Use of steelUse of steelas a superas a superstructure.structure.

D. H. Burnham: D. H. Burnham: Marshall Fields Dept. Marshall Fields Dept.

Store, 1902Store, 1902

Frank Lloyd WrightFrank Lloyd Wright 1869 – 19591869 – 1959

““Prairie Prairie House”House”School of School of ArchitectureArchitecture

““OrganicOrganicArchitectureArchitecture””

Function Function follows form!follows form!

Frank Lloyd Wright:Frank Lloyd Wright:Allen-Lamb House, 1915Allen-Lamb House, 1915

F. L. Wright FurnitureF. L. Wright Furniture

F. L. Wright Glass ScreensF. L. Wright Glass Screens

Prairie wheat Prairie wheat patterns.patterns.

New York City Architectural New York City Architectural Style: 1870s-1910sStyle: 1870s-1910s

1.1. The style was less innovative thanThe style was less innovative thanin Chicago.in Chicago.

2.2. NYC was the source of the capital NYC was the source of the capital for Chicago.for Chicago.

3.3. Most major business firms had Most major business firms had their headquarters in NYC their headquarters in NYC their their bldgs. became “logos” for their bldgs. became “logos” for their companies.companies.

4.4. NYC buildings and skyscrapers NYC buildings and skyscrapers were taller than in Chicago.were taller than in Chicago.

Western Western

Union Union Bldg,. Bldg,. NYC - NYC - 18751875

SingerSingerBuilding Building

NYC - NYC - 19021902

Grand Central Grand Central Station, 1913Station, 1913

John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge,

18831883

Statue of Liberty, 1876Statue of Liberty, 1876(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

““Dumbell “ Dumbell “ TenementTenement

Jacob Jacob Riis: Riis:

How the How the

Other Half Other Half LivedLived(1890)(1890)

Tenement Slum Tenement Slum LivingLiving

Lodgers Huddled Lodgers Huddled TogetherTogether

Tenement Slum Tenement Slum LivingLiving

Struggling Immigrant Struggling Immigrant FamiliesFamilies

Mulberry Street – Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”“Little Italy”

St. St. Patrick’s Patrick’s

CathedralCathedral

Hester Street – Jewish Hester Street – Jewish SectionSection

19001900RoshRosh

HashanaHashanahh

GreetingGreetingCardCard

Pell St. - Chinatown, Pell St. - Chinatown, NYCNYC

Urban Growth: 1870 - Urban Growth: 1870 - 19001900

Industrial Age TimelineDate Event

J.P. Morgan forms U.S. Steel Corporation

J.D. Rockefeller forms Standard Oil Co.

Homestead Strike against Carnegie Steel Co.

Andrew Carnegie establishes his first steel mill

Knights of labor is formed

Haymarket Square riot in Chicago

Farmers Alliance founded

Construction begins on the Brooklyn Bridge, by John Roebling

Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago.

Boss Tweed convicted of corruption in New York.

The World Exhibition opens in Amsterdam highlighting new inventions

James Naismith invents basketball.

Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress.

Alexander Graham Bell invents the Telephone

Date Event

1901 J.P. Morgan forms U.S. Steel Corporation

1863 J.D. Rockefeller forms Standard Oil Co.

1892 Homestead Strike against Carnegie Steel Co.

1875 Andrew Carnegie establishes his first steel mill

1869 Knights of labor is formed

1886 Haymarket Square riot in Chicago

1877 Farmers Alliance founded

1868 Construction begins on the Brooklyn Bridge, by John Roebling

1889 Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago.

1873 Boss Tweed convicted of corruption in New York.

1883 The World Exhibition opens in Amsterdam highlighting new inventions

1891 James Naismith invents basketball.

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress.

1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the Telephone

Date Event

1863 J.D. Rockefeller forms Standard Oil Co.

1868 Construction begins on the Brooklyn Bridge, by John Roebling.

1869 Knights of labor is formed.

1873 Boss Tweed convicted of corruption in New York.

1875 Andrew Carnegie establishes his first steel mill.

1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the Telephone.

1877 Farmers Alliance founded.

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress.

1883 The World Exhibition opens in Amsterdam highlighting new inventions.

1886 Haymarket Square riot in Chicago

1889 Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago.

1891 James Naismith invents basketball.

1892 Homestead Strike against Carnegie Steel Co.

1901 J.P. Morgan forms U.S. Steel Corporation.