Chapter 14. Prosperity and Productivity After recovering from demobilization, the economy soared. ...
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- Chapter 14
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- Prosperity and Productivity After recovering from
demobilization, the economy soared. Business expansion led to wage
increases. Purchasing power increased 32 percent. Workers became
interested in many new products, including electric
appliances.
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- As productivity soared, owners needed to keep up with demand.
Scientific Management: The idea that every kind of work could be
broken down into a series of smaller tasks.
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- Automobiles Henry Ford lowered the cost of cars by using
scientific management. He began in 1903 and produced the model T in
1908. Ford would create the assembly line to help create factory
goods faster.
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- The assembly line allowed all car makers to drop their prices.
This allowed ordinary Americans to buy one. 1909 - $850 and by 1924
- $290 1920s: Automobiles were the largest U.S. business and
consumed huge amounts of glass, rubber and steel.
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- Impact of New Products Electric appliances made housework
easier. Fewer servants were hired. Cars allowed people to run
errands. Limited the need for delivery services.
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- Transportation By 1930, cars, trucks and buses had almost
completely replaced horse-drawn vehicles. Trains and trolley cars
also lost riders. More than 400,000 miles of new roads were built
during the 1920s.
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- Transportation Billboards, drive in restaurants, filling
stations and tourist cabins appeared on the nations highways. The
automobile enabled rural residents to have greater contact with
their neighbors. Also more access to shopping and leisure
activities.
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- Family Life Before automobiles, teenagers spent most of their
time at home with families. Critics said the automobile reduced the
peoples sense of community. Pollution, traffic jams and parking
problems became issues as did the rising accident rate.
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- Creating Consumers G.M. began making cars that were more
expensive and luxurious. To pay: Installment plan Allowed for
consumers to pay over time. By 1926, 75% of consumers purchased
cars through credit.
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- Creating Consumers This practice soon spread to other items
such as kitchen appliances, pianos, and sewing machines. Planned
obsolescence: Made products to go out of style and then replaced
them with new products.
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- Creating Consumers Debt began to rise because people were
trying to keep up. Example: Woman and designer clothes.
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- Advertising Big business in the late 1920s. $3 billion a year
was spent by the late 20s. Magazines, billboards and over the
radio. Most targeted women. Used slogans, jingles and celebrity
testimonials.
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- Growing Retail Industry Chain-style grocery stores began to
replace traditional corner markets. Quick freezing techniques and
cellophane allowed foods to last longer. Foods could be shipped
over longer distances and stored longer.
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- Section 2: Life in the Twenties Prohibition: stopped the sale
of alcoholic beverages. Progressives wanted to change crime, family
violence and poverty. Eighteenth Amendment: prohibited the sale,
manufacture or transportation of alcohol.
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- Prohibition In the country, it was enforced. In the cities, it
was ignored. Americans went to speakeasies, clubs or bars where
alcohol was sold. Citizens also made their own liquor or bought it
in Canada.
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- Al Capone Bootlegging became a big business. Al Capone: Ruled
Chicagos underworld with mobsters. Capone would fight a war with
other gangs in Chicago to gain control.
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- Al Capone St. Valentines Day Massacre: 1929 Capones gang would
kill several members of a rival gang. Elliot Ness was hired by the
Prohibition Bureau to put an end to the mobsters. Nicknamed the
Untouchables
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- Al Capone Ness ended Capones reign in 1931. Capone was arrested
for tax evasion.
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- End to Prohibition Positives: A. Alcoholism declined B. Alcohol
related deaths declined. Negatives A. Widespread breakdown of law
and order. Twenty-First Amendment: 1933 Repealed the 18 th
Amendment.
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- Youth Culture Change in women. Dress Stylish Adventurous
Independent Career-minded
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- Women Stopped wearing heavy corsets and started wearing shorter
skirts and transparent silk hose. Wore bobbed or short hair.
Participated in sports Drove cars. Flappers: Women who adopted
these new styles.
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- Women Work: Wanted economic independence. A. Drove Taxis. B.
Ran telegraph lines. C. Flew airplanes. D. Hauled freight.
Traditional: Nursing, Teaching, Domestic service.
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- College Life Between 1900 1930, enrollment tripled. Most
students came from middle and upper class families. Affected
popular culture: Many advertisements focused on collegiate
lifestyles.
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- Leisure Fun and Fads New Leisure activities and fads spread in
the 1920s. Dance Marathons Beauty Contests Flagpole Sittings
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- Mass Entertainment Turned to radio, movies and professional
sports. Radio: First stations in Detroit and Pittsburgh (KDKA). By
1929, more than 800 stations reached 10 million homes. Broadcast
church services, local news, music and sporting events.
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- Movies Epic plots and complex characters were used. First movie
with sound was in 1927. 1929, 80 million Americans went to theatres
each week.
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- Sports Professional and college level football attracted a
great audience. Baseball would remain the nations most popular
sport. Even through the Black Sox Scandal Chicago White Sox players
accepted money to lose the 1919 World Series. Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb
and Lou Gehrig had great seasons in 20s and attracted millions of
new fans.
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- Ruth
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- Cobb
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- Celebrities and Heroes People became instantly famous through
movies and radio. People usually copied personal habits. Athletes
also gained stardom.
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- Religion Many Americans were worried about declining moral
standards. Revivalism Movement preached and wrote about the evils
of popular entertainment.
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- Section 3: A Creative Era Jazz emerged during the early 1900s.
In the entertainment district of New Orleans known as Storyville.
Louis Armstrong adapted his music to the blues in his jazz.
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- Jazz Moves North Late 1910s, thousands of A.A. moved north.
Many moved to Chicago and New York.
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- Popularization of Jazz As jazz became more popular, other
artists started to incorporate it. White musicians began to weave
jazz into their songs. Jazz also influenced classical
composers.
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- Popularization of Jazz New audience = young men and their
flappers. Jazz clubs such as Harlems Cotton Club catered to this
new audience. Brought in the most famous jazz musicians: Duke
Ellington, Ethel Waters, and Cab Calloway.
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- Popularization of Jazz Jazz expressed the sadness, pain and joy
of black America. After WW1, many A.A. traveled to France for
greater racial tolerance. Jazz would become popular in Paris, where
they experienced their own Jazz Age.
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- Harlem Renaissance In the 1920s, A.A. expressed a growing pride
in their heritage. In Harlem, New York, this pride was the
brightest. This neighborhood became the cultural center of A.A.
life.
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- Harlem Renaissance So many creative writers, musicians and
artists in Harlem led to the period known as the Harlem
Renaissance.
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- Theater The work of black performers and playwrights brought
new respect to A.A. theater. Produced several successful Broadway
plays and musicals. Paul Robeson: One of the most successful actors
of the 1920s.
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- Theater Rose McClendon was another A.A. female actor of the
1920s.
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- Literature A.A. novelists and poets produced work of
bitterness, defiance, joy and hope. Nella Larson: Described the
quest for racial identity in Quicksand. Langston Hughes: Focused on
the everyday experiences of African Americans.
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- The Lost Generation The Harlem Renaissance coincided with the
rise of writers who focused on the horrors of WW1. Ernest Hemingway
was one of these writers. Scott Fitzgerald was another.
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- Painting and Photography Painters of the 1920s depicted urban,
industrial settings. Alfred Stieglitz helped popularize photography
by taking pictures of people, airplanes, skyscrapers, and crowded
city streets.
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- Architecture Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright inspired
many. Sullivan designed buildings in which each part of the
structure had a functioning purpose. Wright developed the prairie
style which used rectangular shapes and horizontal lines.