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Chapter 14:
Kinesiology
Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2
The Anatomical Planes
Movements and descriptions of the body use anatomical planes as references.
Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3
Anatomical Plane Definitions
Coronal (Frontal): A vertical plane running from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
Sagittal (Lateral): A vertical plane running from front to back, dividing the body into left and right portions
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Anatomical Plane Definitions (cont.)
Axial (Transverse): A horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions (see text Figure 14-12)
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Directional Terms
Medial is toward the midline; lateral is away from the midline
Proximal refers to nearest to the trunk; distal is farthest away from the trunk
Inferior means below; superior means above
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Directional Terms (cont.)
Cephalad or cranial means toward the head; caudad or caudal is toward the tailbone
Anterior is toward the front; posterior is toward the back
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Articular System
A series of joints that allow movement of the human body
Joints provide two main functions: motion and stability
There are three classifications: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses
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Synarthroses
A joint that lacks a synovial cavity and is held closely together by fibrous connective tissue
An immovable joint Three structural types: sutures,
syndesmoses, and gomphoses
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Amphiarthroses
Type of joint in which bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
A slightly movable joint
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Diarthroses
A type of joint that connects bones by hyaline cartilage separated by a joint cavity
Freely movable joints Six different types: pivot, gliding,
hinge, condyloid, ball-and-socket, and saddle
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Movements of Diarthroses
Ranges of motion vary from a single direction to complete motion in three dimensions.
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Flexion and Extension
Flexion decreases and extension increases the angle between bones.
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Abduction and Adduction
With abduction, a limb moves away from the midline. Moving a limb toward the midline is called adduction.
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Rotation
Rotation describes bones that turn around their axes, either toward, away from, or around the midline.
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Circumduction
With circumduction, an entire limb or portion of a limb moves in a circle around an axis.
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Supination and Pronation
Supination is the turning of the palm upward; pronation turns the palm downward. The foot performs similar movements, but not as completely.
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Plantar Flexion and Dorsiflexion
The foot is extended with toes pointing downward in plantar flexion.
The foot is flexed with the toes upward toward the lower leg in dorsiflexion.
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Inversion and Eversion
With inversion, the sole of the foot is turned inward; eversion turns it outward.
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Protraction and Retraction
Protraction refers to moving a body part forward, and retraction backward, within a transverse plane.
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Elevation and Depression
Elevation is lifting a body part upward, and depression is moving a body part downward, along a frontal plane.
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Opposition
Opposition describes movement of the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers.
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