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Learning Objectives Learning Objectives
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning2
Explain the historical development of the modern Democrat and Republican Parties
Define “critical elections” and party realignment and dealignment in the United States and cite examples of their occurrence
Identify and explain the three broad functions of political parties
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning3
Describe the historical and legal factors that contributed to the development of the two-party system in the United States
Assess the role that third parties have played in U.S. elections
Illustrate how party organizations operate at the national, state, and local levels, including how they define party platforms and help their candidates win elections
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning4
Analyze the decline in political parties over the past few decades and assess the future prospects for the parties
Review the role of state governments in managing elections
Evaluate the effect of various constitutional amendments on the expansion of voting rights in the United States
Distinguish between the wide array of voter registration systems implemented in the 50 states
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning5
Assess the influence of different factors in influencing voter turnout, including personal demographics and the type of election contest
Analyze the trends in U.S. voter turnout over time and how turnout in the United States compares to that in other democracies
Explain the many forms of political participation beyond voting
The Development of The Development of Political Parties in the United StatesPolitical Parties in the United States
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Founders designed a federal system without political parties Promote corruption and bias
Political Parties Seek to win elections to influence government Guided by a political philosophy Values/ideas lead to specific issue positions
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The Development of The Development of Political Parties in the United Political Parties in the United StatesStates
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The First Parties in America British Tory Party
Supporters of the English crown
British Whig Party Advocates of independence
Federalists and Anti-Federalists Pitted against each other over ratification debate
The Development of The Development of Political Parties in the United Political Parties in the United StatesStates
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George Washington despised parties His supporters organized the Federalist Party
Democratic-Republican Party Opposed an overly strong national government Challenged the Federalists
The Development of The Development of Political Parties in the United Political Parties in the United StatesStates
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The Development of The Development of Political Parties in the United Political Parties in the United StatesStates
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1796 election Federalists endorsed Adams who won the
presidency Democratic-Republicans endorsed Jefferson
who won the vice-presidency
1800 election Resulted in a tied Electoral College vote Process modified to recognize political parties
The Development of The Development of Political Parties in the United Political Parties in the United StatesStates
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Twelfth Amendment Deferred to the reality of political parties Formally separated Electoral College vote for
president and vice president Helped avoid the earlier problems of a bipartisan
presidency and/or a tied vote
The Development of The Development of Political Parties in the United Political Parties in the United StatesStates
The Development of The Development of Political Parties in the United StatesPolitical Parties in the United States
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The 1800 election marked the beginning of the end Federalist party Became extinct after the election of 1820
Lack of competition fragmented the Democratic-Republicans
1824 election No candidate received a majority of electoral votes
The Development of The Development of Political Parties in the United StatesPolitical Parties in the United States
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A Second Party System Emerges Andrew Jackson formed the Democratic Party Adams supporters formed National Republican
Party Election of 1828
Jackson elected based on his populist campaign Changed the nature of campaigns Presidential election influenced by masses
The Development of The Development of Political Parties in the United StatesPolitical Parties in the United States
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning15
National party conventions established Delegates choose presidential and VP candidates Draft the party platform Coordinate party activities across the states
Whigs and Democrats were national parties Civil War was demise of Whig party Republican Party replaced the Whig party
The Development of The Development of Political Parties in the United StatesPolitical Parties in the United States
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning16
Modern Party System in America Five critical elections
1828: Jackson’s populist campaign 1860: Slavery was the defining issue 1896: Geographic party dominance 1932: The Great Depression 1968: “Dealignment”
The Functions of Political PartiesThe Functions of Political Parties
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Contesting Elections Recruiting and Nominating Candidates
Want candidates that represent the party well
Provide Framework for Voters Voters associate political parties with broad
approaches to governing
The Functions of Political PartiesThe Functions of Political Parties
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Party identification Feelings of attachment to a particular party Helps form attitudes on issues and voting decisions Normal vote
Research shows There are more party identifiers than independents Number of Democrats and Republicans is equal
Party Identifiers Who Say They Will Party Identifiers Who Say They Will Support the Party LineSupport the Party Line
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Party Identification: the Most Democratic Party Identification: the Most Democratic States and the Most Republican StatesStates and the Most Republican States
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The Functions of Political PartiesThe Functions of Political Parties
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Providing Organization for the Operations of Government Leadership in Congress is based on majority party Partisanship influences policy decisions Divided Government
Difficult to advance policy goals Obama’s 2008 victory temporarily ended divided
government
Why a Two-Party System?Why a Two-Party System?
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning23
Factors that contribute to a two-party system Electoral College Winner take all process for members of Congress Ideological nature of public opinion in America Laws and regulations governing campaigns favor
major parties
Why a Two-Party System?Why a Two-Party System?
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning24
Minor and Third Parties Most fail to register 1% of the popular vote in
presidential elections Obstacles
Sense that the vote would be wasted Historical/cultural institutionalization of two-party system Most voters identify with one of the two major parties Limited media attention or coverage
Party OrganizationsParty Organizations
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National party organizations Established by Andrew Jackson Run by national committee/national committee chair Oversee presidential campaigns and congressional
elections Today involved in raising money and campaigning
Strategy, planning, and advising handled by campaign staff
Are Parties in Decline?Are Parties in Decline?
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U.S. political parties may be in decline Others argue certain aspects are declining Scholars argue that parties are showing
resurgence in relevance Parties remain alive and active regardless of
view
VotingVoting
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Representative democracy Citizens choose those responsible for making and
enforcing public policy Majoritarianism
Choice supported by most voters prevails Consent of governed is satisfied
Voting Ensures majority will rule Requires elections on regular basis
The Ways in Which The Ways in Which Americans Participate in PoliticsAmericans Participate in Politics
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning28
VotingVoting
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Toward Universal Suffrage Originally limited to white men with property Civil War Amendments Fifteenth Amendment
Poll tax, literacy test
Nineteenth Amendment Twenty-third Amendment Twenty-fourth Amendment Twenty-sixth Amendment
VotingVoting
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Voter Registration Laws Massachusetts first to require people to register Most state registration systems adopted after
Civil War Individuals must meet qualifications to vote Self-initiated voter registration Motor Voter law
Exercising the FranchiseExercising the Franchise
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Factors that lead people to vote Interest in politics Sense of “civic duty” Perception of impact on outcome Social group pressure
Exercising the FranchiseExercising the Franchise
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning32
Who Turns out to Vote? Youth nonvoting
Less rooted in a community
Wealthy and educated citizens more likely to vote Education sharpens the mind Improves ability to understand problems
Exercising the FranchiseExercising the Franchise
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning33
Methods of Casting a Ballot Hand-counted paper ballots Mechanical lever machines Computer punch cards Optical scan cards Electronic voting systems
Differences in Voter Turnout Among Demographic Differences in Voter Turnout Among Demographic Groups in the 2008 Presidential ElectionGroups in the 2008 Presidential Election
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning34
Exercising the FranchiseExercising the Franchise
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Why Don’t More People Vote? High turnout shows healthy democratic system Rational choice theory
Costs outweigh benefits
Five factors that characterize a high-stimulus election
Presidential elections produce highest turnouts
Voter Turnout in U.S. Congressional Voter Turnout in U.S. Congressional and Presidential Electionsand Presidential Elections
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning36
Exercising the FranchiseExercising the Franchise
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U.S. Voting Compared to Other Democracies Large number of elections in America Tuesdays are workdays Voting in U.S. requires advance registration Perception of impact has declined Extensions of franchise lead to declines in turnout Voting in the United States is not compulsory The decline in “social capital”
Exercising the FranchiseExercising the Franchise
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning38
Is Nonvoting a Problem? Yes
Low turnout is a symptom of a weak democracy Awards advantages to affluent society groups
No Voting for sake of voting produces poor choices Voting is voluntary May be an indication of satisfaction
Participation beyond VotingParticipation beyond Voting
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Three forms of protests Legal protests
Marches, sit-ins, rallies
Acts of nonviolent civil disobedience Blacks protesting segregation during the 1950/1960s
Illegal violent protest activities Response to white police officers beating black man in
Los Angeles
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