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Chapter 13
Addictive Behavior
CHAPTER
OUTLINE Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Key TermAddiction: Compulsive and uncontrollable behavior(s) or use of substance(s)
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Addictive BehaviorsAlmost anything can be addictive:
Work, shopping, television, the Internet, computer games, exercise, food, drugs
Other addictions includeGambling, pornography, sex, people, places
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Addictive BehaviorsThe most serious type is chemical dependency on drugs; examples include
Socially “accepted” substancesCoffee, tobacco, alcohol
Illegal substances Cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA, ecstasy, heroin, marijuana
OthersPrescription drugs
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Risk Factors for AddictionThe behavior is reinforced
The addiction is an attempt to meet a basic need
Stress
Peer pressure
Acceptance within a value system
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Risk Factors for AddictionPain from serious illness
Pressure to perform or succeed
Low self-esteem
Genetic susceptibility
Society accepts addictive behaviors
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
What Is a Drug?A drug is any substance that alters the user’s ability to function
Over-the-counter drugs
Prescription medications
Illegal substances
Many drugs lead to physical and psychological dependence
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
DrugsAny drug can be misused or abused
Misuse: the intentional or inappropriate use of over-the-counter or prescribed medications
Abuse: the intentional or inappropriate use of a drug resulting in physical, emotional, financial, intellectual, or social consequences
The body often develops tolerance to drugs, requiring a higher dose with subsequent use
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
The Influence of Drug AbuseMore than 50% of adolescent suicides are drug-related
Drug abuse can open the gate to other illegal activities
70% of federal inmates and 80% of state inmates have abused drugs
60% of the world’s production of illegal drugs is consumed in the U.S.
Americans spend more than $65 billion each year on illegal drugs (more than for all U.S. crops)
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
MarijuanaMost widely used illegal drug in the U.S.Low doses yield a sedative effectLarger doses produce physical and psychic changesShort-term effects include
Tachycardia, difficulty in concentration, decreased coordination, memory impairment, confusion, increased heart attack risk
Long-term effects includeThe amotivational syndrome, brain atrophy, brain damage, immune system dysfunction, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, sterility, impotence
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Critical ThinkingThe legalization of marijuana for medical purposes is being heatedly debated across the United States. Do you think this decision should rest with the government, medical personnel, or the individuals themselves?
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
CocaineMore than 5.7 million Americans use cocaine25% of first time users will become addictedAddiction becomes a lifetime nightmarePopularity based on the almost immediate feeling of euphoria
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
CocaineInitial high
Alleviates fatigue, raises energy, decreases need for food and sleepBut increases risk of sudden death
Then comes the “crash”Physiological and psychological depression leaving a desire for additional drug
Long-term consequences includeDigestive disorders, malnutrition, insomnia, anxiety, cocaine psychosis (“coke bugs”), tremors, seizures, strokes, cardiac arrhytmias
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
MethamphetamineFastest growing drug problem in the U.S.A central nervous system stimulantPrimary effect
Produces a feeling of well-being and increased motor activityBut decreases appetite, fatigue, and sleep
Chronic users experienceInflammation of the heart lining, schizophrenia-like mental disorder, and brain cell damage
Users are frequently involved in violent crime, homicide, and suicide
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
MDMA (Ecstasy)Most common club drug in the U.S.A stimulant and hallucinogenic drugPromoted as a drug that increases energy, pleasure, and self-confidenceUsers may experience
Faintness, blurred vision, chills, sweating, nausea, muscle tension, and teeth-grinding
Long-term effects includeConfusion, depression, sleep disorders, anxiety, aggression, paranoia, and verbal and visual memory impairment
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
HeroinA sedative drug synthesized from morphine (opium)
An extremely addictive and tolerance-developing drug
Induces an almost immediate state of euphoria
An overdose can cause convulsions, coma, and death
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
HeroinShort-term use symptoms include
Bone and muscle pains, muscle spasms and cramps, runny nose and eyes, drowsiness, slurred speech, nausea, and violent yawning
Long-term symptoms includeHallucinations; nightmares; constipation; sexual difficulties; and increased risk for lung, liver, and cardiovascular disease
SIDS is more frequently seen in children born to addicted mothers
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
AlcoholAlcohol abuse is one of the most significant health-related drug problems in the U.S.
Alcohol intake impedes peripheral vision, impairs the ability to see and hear, decreases reaction time, hinders concentration and motor performance, and causes impaired judgment of distance and speed of moving objects
Alcohol use also lessens fear, increases risk-taking behaviors, stimulates urination, and induces sleep
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
13.1Long-Term Risks Associated with Alcohol Abuse
13.2Average Number of Drinks by College Students per Week by GPA
College Students and Alcohol Misuse
44% of students engage in binge drinking (5 or more drinks in a row)
Alcohol is a factor in 28% of all college dropouts
25% of students report academic problems as a result of alcohol misuse
29% of students admit driving while intoxicated
More than 50% of students participate in games that involve heavy drinking
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
The Impact of Binge Drinking
Key TermSynergistic action: The effect of mixing two or more drugs, which can be much greater than the drugs acting by themselves
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Alcohol and Dating
Decide ahead of time what action to take if your date puts you in an uncomfortable situationMost people think they are in control of their drinking habits and do not realize they have a problem until they become alcoholics
How to Cut Down on DrinkingDetermine that you want to cut down on drinking
Set reasonable limits
Learn to say no politely and firmly
Drink slowly
Dilute your drinks
Do not drink on your own
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Treatment of AddictionRecognize that there is a problem
Recovery almost always requires professional help
Consult a physician, counseling center, or local mental health clinic
Contact the National Center for Substance Abuse Treatment at 1-800-662-HELP for 24-hour substance abuse treatment centers in your area
Successful treatment includes psychotherapy, medical care, and behavior modification
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Cigarette SmokingCigarette smoking became popular in the mid 1800s
Harmful effects of cigarette smoking became known in the 1960s
More than 1,200 toxic chemicals have been found in tobacco smoke
Tar contains about 60 chemical compounds that are proven carcinogens
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Key TermsNicotine: Addictive compound found in tobacco leaves
Tar: Chemical compound that forms during the burning of tobacco leaves
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Morbidity & MortalityThe World Health Organization estimates that 10% of the 6 billion people presently living will die from smoking-related illnesses
Cigarettes kill 26 times as many people as all illegal drugs combined (about 435,000/year)
Cigarette smoking is the single largest preventable cause of illness and premature death in the U.S.
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Morbidity & MortalityThe most common carcinogenic exposure in the workplace is cigarette smoke
Secondhand smoke causes an estimated 35,000 to 40,000 yearly deaths from heart disease in nonsmokers
About 3,000 people die each year from lung cancer because of secondhand smoke
Pipe and cigar smoking and chewing tobacco also increase the mortality rates from heart disease and lung, lip, mouth, and larynx cancer
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Every day, 1,200 Americans die from smoking 13.4The Health Effects of Smoking
Smoking-Related ProblemsCauses heart disease, cancer, stroke, aortic aneurysm, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and peptic ulcers On average, each cigarette shortens life expectancyby 7 minutes87% of lung cancer and 30% of all cancers are caused by smokingSmoking affects the cardiovascular system by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, susceptibility to atherosclerosis, blood clots, coronary artery spasm, cardiac arrhythmia, and arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking-Related ProblemsAs far as the extra load on the heart is concerned, smoking one pack of cigarettes per day is the equivalent of carrying between 50 and 75 pounds of excess body fat
Smoking is the most prevalent cause of injury and death from fire
Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide which reduces the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
Carbon monoxide and nicotine can cause damage to the arterial wall, enhancing atherosclerosis
Smoking causes increased adhesiveness and clustering of platelets, increasing blood thickness that may precipitate a heart attack
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
13.3A Normal and a Diseased Alveoli
Critical ThinkingCigarette smoking is the largest preventable cause of premature illness and death in the United States. Do you think the government should outlaw the use of tobacco in all forms? Or does the individual have the right to engage in self-destructive behavior?
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Economic ImpactSmokers use the health care system twice as much as nonsmokers
A smoking employee costs an employer up to an additional $4,611 annually
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Critical ThinkingYou are in a designated nonsmoking area and the person next to you lights up a cigarette. What can you say to this person to protect your right to clean air?
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smokeless TobaccoUse has increased during the last 15 years
Leads to health problemsGingivitis and periodontitis
Four times greater risk of oral cancer
Increased cavities, sore gums, bad breath, and stained teeth
Diminishes smell and taste
Increases heart rate and blood pressure
Just as addictive as cigarette smoking
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking CessationNicotine is perhaps the most addictive drug known to humans
75 to 90% of smokers would like to quit
Most important factor in quitting is sincere desire to do so
20% of smokers who try to quit succeed the first time
More than 91% of successful ex-smokers have been able to quit on their own
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Steps to Smoking Cessation1. Decide positively that you want to quit2. Initiate a personal diet and exercise program3. Decide on the approach you will use to stop smoking
Cold turkeyCutting down gradually
4. Keep a daily log of your smoking habit for a few days5. Set the target date for quitting6. Stock up on low-calorie foods7. Quit!
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Life after CigarettesWithdrawal symptoms should be expected
Physiological addiction is broken in about 3 days following the last cigarette
Psychological addiction takes longer, possibly years to break
Benefits begin right after smoking cessation
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Following Smoking CessationRisk for illness starts to decrease the moment you stop smokingSore throats, sores in the mouth, hoarseness, cigarette cough, and risk for peptic ulcers decreaseCirculation to the hands and feet improveGastrointestinal, kidney, and bladder functions improveEverything tastes and smells betterYou will have more energyYou gain a sense of freedom, pride, and well-being
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Critical ThinkingIf you ever smoked or now smoke cigarettes, discuss your perceptions of how others accepted your behavior.
If you smoked and have quit, how did you accomplish the task, and has it helped in how you are viewed by others?
If you never smoked, how do perceive smokers?
Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Alcohol Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
End of Chapter
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