Chapter 12: Molecular Genetics Bell Ringer: Please name your favorite scientist or contributor to...

Chapter 12: Molecular Genetics

Bell Ringer: Please name your favorite scientist or contributor to science, and list something that they accomplished

Chapter 12 Tentative Itinerary

Today - Start 12.1

Tomorrow - Finish 12.1

Thursday 2/20 - 12.1 quiz, start movie

Friday 2/21 - finish movie

Monday 2/24 - 12.2-12.3

Tuesday 2/25 - coding lab

Wednesday 2/26 - 12.2-12.3 quiz, protein lab

Thursday 2/27 - start 12.4

Friday 2/28 - finish 12.4, assign review

Monday 3/3 - correct chapter review, further review

Tuesday 3/4 - Chapter 12 test

•Griffith

•Avery (McCarty an McCluget)

•Hershey and Chase

•Chargaff

•Rosalind Franklin

•Watson and Crick

•Griffith

•Avery (McCarty an McCleod)

•Hershey and Chase

•Chargaff

•Rosalind Franklin

•Watson and Crick

•Griffith

•Avery (McCarty an McCleod)

•Hershey and Chase

•Chargaff

•Rosalind Franklin

•Watson and Crick

What makes up DNA?

Nucleotides: subunits of nucleic acid, consists of carbon (sugar), phosphate and a nitrogenous base.

P

C

N

Erwin Chargaff

* There are four different nitrogenous bases in nucleotides* Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine and Thymine* Chargaff analyzed the amount of each in various species of living organisms* Found that the amount of Cytosine is nearly equal to the amount of Guanine*The amount of Thymine is nearly equal to the amount of Adenine

*Chargaff’s rule: C=G and T=A

•Griffith

•Avery (McCarty an McCleod)

•Hershey and Chase

•Chargaff

•Rosalind Franklin

•Watson and Crick

Double Helix- a twisted a ladder shape

•Griffith

•Avery (McCarty an McCleod)

•Hershey and Chase

•Chargaff

•Rosalind Franklin

•Watson and Crick

Photo 51 + Chargaff’s Rule + some math = Discovering the Structure of DNA

purine- double ringed nitrogenous bases; adenine and guanine

pyrimidine- single ringed nitrogenous bases; cytosine and thymine/uracil

Histone- Group of proteins

Nucleosome- DNA wrapped around a histone

•Griffith

•Avery (McCarty and McCleod)

•Hershey and Chase

•Chargaff

•Rosalind Franklin

•Watson and Crick

semi-conservative replication- proven by John Cairns through autoradiography, parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules with one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA

3 Main Stages:I. Unwinding- DNA helicase, enzyme that unwinds and unzips the DNAII. Base Pairing- DNA polymerase, adds nucleotides to the 3’ end- Okazaki fragments = 100-200 nucleotide long strands of DNA which are connected by DNA ligaseIII. Joining- DNA polymerase removes RNA primers and links the two strands

Central Dogma

DNA RNA Proteins

What is RNA?

*DNA = deoxyribose nucleic acid, 2 strands

*RNA = ribose nucleic acid, 1 strand

*Nucleotide base Thymine in DNA is replaced with Uracil in RNA

*Three types of RNA:-Messenger RNA (mRNA)-Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Transcription

*The process of synthesizing or creating mRNA from DNA

*RNA polymerase is an enzyme that binds to DNA, reads the sequence, and produces an RNA copy of the segment -RNA polymerase I creates rRNA-RNA polymerase II creates mRNA-RNA polymerase III creates tRNA

*mRNA is shorter than the strand of DNA it copies-introns = intervening sequences skipped over-exons = sequences from the DNA that remain in the mRNA

What is this Code?

Codon- three base code in DNA or mRNAAnticodon- three base code that complements a codon, is read 3’ to 5’

Page 338

Translation

* The creation of a protein from a ribosome translating the mRNA sequence

*mRNA travels to a ribosome; to do this, it must leave the nucleus and find a ribosome in the cytoplasm

*Ribosome translates the sequence in the mRNA to synthesize a protein

Gene Regulation- ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to changes in the environmentoperon- a section of DNA that contains genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway

*operons require an operator, a promoter, a regulatory gene, and the genes coding for proteins

trp operon- responsible for transcribing the enzymes necessary for tryptophan synthesis; is repressed when there is tryptophan in the environment, is activated in an absence of tryptophan

lac operon- responsible for transcribing the enzymes necessary for lactose digestion; is repressed until an inducer is present to pull the repressor off the promoter

Hox Genes

Mutations

*Occur as mistakes in DNA replication, one base change can have enormous repercussions in the cell/organism

* 3 kinds you need to know:-substitutions-frameshifts (insertion/deletions)-duplications

SubstitutionsMissense Mutation- a substitution which leads to the change in charge of the amino acidNonsense Mutation- a substitution that creates a stop codon in the middle of the sequence

FrameshiftsDeletions- deletes a base, shifts the codons downwardInsertions- inserts a base, shifts the codons upward

DuplicationsDuplication- repeating of a codonTandem Repeats- repeating of a codon further with every generation

THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT

*Normal*

THE BIZ FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT

THE BIG RAT

THB IGF ATC ATA TET HEW ETR AT

THE BIG ZFA TCA TAT ETH EWE TRA

THE BIG FAT FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT

THE BIG FAT FAT CAT ATE THE WET RATTHE BIG FAT FAT FAT CAT ATE THE WET RATTHE BIG FAT FAT FAT FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT

THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT

*Normal*

THE BIZ FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT

THE BIG RAT

THB IGF ATC ATA TET HEW ETR AT

THE BIG ZFA TCA TAT ETH EWE TRA

THE BIG FAT FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT

THE BIG FAT FAT CAT ATE THE WET RATTHE BIG FAT FAT FAT CAT ATE THE WET RATTHE BIG FAT FAT FAT FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT

Deletion

Missense

Nonsense

Insertion

Duplication

Tandem Repeats

Mutagens

Things that cause mutations