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Chapter 12Large Motor
and Outdoor Play
Through outdoor play children develop their small muscles, eye-hand coordination, balance and coordination, large muscles,
general health, a sense of freedom, an understanding of nature, creativity, social play skills, multisensory integration and learning, ability to explore and solve problems, and their
imaginations.©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Physical Fitness Michelle Obama’s Let’s Move
Campaign tells us Physical activity is an essential
component of a healthy lifestyle In combination with healthy eating,
physical activity can help prevent a range of chronic diseases, including heart disease, cancer, and stroke, which are the three leading causes of death
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Physical Fitness (continued)
Michelle Obama’s Let’s Move Campaign tells us Physical activity helps control weight,
builds lean muscle, reduces fat, promotes strong bone, muscle and joint development, and decreases the risk of obesity
Children need 60 minutes of play with moderate to vigorous activity every day to grow up to a healthy weight
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Motor Development and Physical Fitness Developing physical skills can be
compared to learning to read and write or learning math or science concepts It has equal importance
Requires indoor and outdoor activities Motor development includes
Large muscle development Small muscle development
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Did you know? Large motor activities develop skill and
strength in arms, legs, and torso, help release tension, and promote relaxation
Being active for 60 minutes each day has been shown to Increase concentration and focus Improve classroom attendance and
behavior Boost academic performance
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Types of Movement Locomotor movement
Movement in space Moving the whole body from one place
to another
Nonlocomotor movement Movement in place Feet remain stationary while other
parts of the body move
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Types of Movement (continued)
Manipulative movement Gross motor movements involving
force imparted to or received from objects
Any gross motor skill in which an object is involved
Kinesthetic The use of the body to learn about
physical capabilities, develop body awareness, and gain understanding of the world
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Physical Development Goals Strength: The physical energy
available for movement or resistance Stamina/endurance: The capacity for
sustained use of strength or physical energy
Flexibility: Ease and range of movement
Agility: The ability to move with speed, grace, and precision
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Developmental Stages in Infants Young infants can reach, play with
their hands and feet, lift their heads, and put things in their mouths
Older babies go from rolling over and sitting, to scooting, bouncing, creeping, pulling themselves up, and standing
One-year-olds can walk steadily and climb stairs
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Developmental Stages in Toddlers Toddlers test their physical skills by
Jumping from heights Climbing Hanging by their arms Rolling Rough-and-tumble play
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Developmental Stages in Preschool
Preschool children like to experiment with their physical skills such as Kicking Throwing Catching Running Jumping Galloping Hopping on one foot Skipping
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Developmental Stages in Primary Years During the primary years, children
increase the following as they take on the challenges of organized sports Agility Strength Endurance
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Did you know? Children’s mental spatial transformation
abilities benefit from active movement Allows them to tap into well-established
and fine-tuned links between action and cognition primarily used for keeping track of the environment during movement and for tracking objects such as blocks during manipulation of them
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Large Motor Play Equipment for Indoors Blocks Hollow Blocks Balls Hoops Scarves Streamers Beanbags Big boxes
Swim noodles cut in half or in pieces
Tape lines and shapes on the floor
Tents made out of blankets
Obstacle courses made with objects in the classroom
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
An Effective Outdoor Playground
Active play Sand and water Gardening Dramatic play Shaded area for
relaxing and protection from the elements
Exciting entry
Paths to get from place to place
Sufficient storage areas located throughout near the location where materials will be used
Access to toileting, hand washing, and drinking water
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Outdoor Play Equipment Permanent climbers
Take-apart climbers for older children
Sturdy wooden crates and barrels
Tire swings Slides
Balance beam Tricycles,
wagons, and other wheeled toys
Plastic hoops Balls of various
sizes Mounted steering
wheel
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Reflect on This Do you think slides are a safe piece of
equipment for an outdoor play space? Why?
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Nature Deficit “One U.S. researcher suggests a
generation of children is not only being raised indoors, but is being confined to even smaller spaces. . . . [T]hey spend more and more time in car seats, high chairs, and even baby seats for watching TV. When small children do go outside, they’re often placed in containers—strollers—and pushed by walking or jogging parents.” (Louv, 2008)
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Nature Play Simple experiences with nature can be
powerful opportunities for teaching and learning with young children. Observing and talking about the many sensory aspects of nature—the sounds and smells of wind and rain, changing colors of the seasons, the tastes of fruits, vegetables, and herbs—inspire interest and appreciation of the beauty of nature (Torquati and Barber, 2005).
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Nature Inspired Creativity Nature excursions also can inspire creativity in
artwork Children can draw or paint pictures about their
experiences
Can use collections of natural materials to create artistic masterpieces Berries for dyes Dried stalks for tracing or relief rubbings Acorns, seeds, sticks, and pebbles for collages
You may even find real clay to dig up and sculpt
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Infants Outside An outdoor space for infants can be as
simple as placing a blanket or mat in an unused section of a larger playground Or an area with appropriate infant-sized
equipment
It is important that infants have access to the outdoors where they can experience the change in temperature, color, smell, sounds, and textures
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Technology Causes Sedentary Play Noninteractive media can lead to
passive viewing and overexposure to screen time for young children
The APA recommends that children ages 2 and younger should not be exposed to television Children older than 2 should limit daily
media exposure to only one to two hours of quality programming per week
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Technology Causes Sedentary Play Studies show a relationship between
television viewing and the risk of being overweight in preschool children, independent of socio-demographic factors
Children need at least 60 minutes of play with moderate to vigorous activity every day Does not have to occur at once
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Let’s Move CampaignIdeas for Parents Give children toys that encourage physical
activity like balls, kites, and jump ropes Encourage children to join a sports team
or try a new physical activity Limit TV time and keep the TV out of a
child’s bedroom Organize a family walk a few times a week Walk around the block after a meal Make a new house rule: No sitting still
during television commercials
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Let’s Move CampaignIdeas for Parents (continued)
Find time to spend together doing a fun activity
Issue a family challenge to see who can be the first to achieve a Presidential Active Lifestyle Award by committing to physical activity five days a week for six weeks
Be sure that children get the sleep they need Most children younger than 5 need to sleep
for 11 hours or more per day Children 5-10 need 10 hours of sleep or more
per day
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Guidance Most injuries occurring on playgrounds are
the result of falls More injuries on climbers than other
playground equipment
Supervision is key to safe outdoor play Teachers should stay involved, have
specific duties, and be sure to check hiding places such as under the climber
Remove temptations such as a barrel that has rolled over by the fence making it easy to climb
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Guidance (continued)
To teach safety rules, be sure to show as well as tell Remind children of the rules often
Young children are usually egocentric Can’t understand other children’s wants and
needs
Children want autonomy so they need to do things for themselves
Children operate in the here and now Do not remember what you told them five
minutes ago
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Common Safety Rules for Outdoor Play Wear shoes when
outside Make room for others Hold on to grips and
rails Stay away from
swings Keep fingers away
from moving parts Always climb up and
slide down
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Indirect Causes of Conflict Space:
Not enough space, too much open space (promotes rough-and tumble play), or overlapping use zones for play equipment causing children to run into each other
Group size or ratio: Too many children on the playground at once, the
age range is too broad, or not enough staff
Equipment: Not enough play spaces so children are crowded,
lack of loose parts such as balls and sand buckets, or are not age appropriate
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Teaching Tips Include large motor activities and outdoor
play each day Follow large motor and outdoor activities
with quiet activities Model active and enthusiastic participation
in large motor and outdoor activities Demonstrate the movement or skill you
want children to learn Encourage experimentation through open-
ended questions Individualize teaching to meet differing
needs
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Teaching Tips Encourage and reinforce each child’s
efforts Practice the movement in fun and unique
ways to build the skill over time Recognize the importance and
possibilities of outdoor play Create rich, challenging outdoor
environments Plan special activities for outdoor time Provide props and loose parts to extend
children’s play Observe and document children’s learning
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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