View
222
Download
0
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
Chapter 1.1
Digital Computers :
Hardware Organization
The Sequential Computer
Data Memory
Arithmetic Unit
ControlUnit
Program Memory
Program Interface
Inp
ut
Inte
rfac
e
Ou
tpu
t In
terf
ace
Input-Output Devices
Printer
Process Control I/O
The Sequential Computer
Data Memory
Arithmetic Unit
ControlUnit
Program Memory
Program Interface
Inp
ut
Inte
rfac
e
Ou
tpu
t In
terf
ace
Memories00000 00001 00010 00011
00100 00101 00110 00111
01000 01001 01010 01011
01100 01101 01110 01111
10000 10001 10010 00011
10100 10101 10110 10111
11000 11001 11010 11011
11100 11101 11110 11111
The Sequential Computer
Data Memory
Arithmetic Unit
ControlUnit
Program Memory
Program Interface
Inp
ut
Inte
rfac
e
Ou
tpu
t In
terf
ace
Instructions Format
OPC OP1 OP2 RES NEXT
OPC OP1 OP2 NEXT1 NEXT2
Information handling instructions
Control instructions
Data Memory
Arithmetic Unit
ControlUnit
Program Memory
Program Interface
Electronic Lock
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
KFL =
KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
Data Memory
Arithmetic Unit
Control Unit
Program Memory
ND =
SC =
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = SC =
COPY #0 ND P2
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 0SC =
COPY #0 ND P2
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 0SC =
COPY #0 SC P3
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 0SC = 0
COPY #0 SC P3
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 0SC = 0
EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4
(KFL = 0) = TRUE
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 0SC = 0
EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4
(KFL = 0) = TRUE
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 3
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 0SC = 0
EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4
(KFL = 0) = FALSE
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 3
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 0SC = 0
(0 * 10) = 0
MUL SC #10 SC P5
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 3
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 0SC = 0
(0 + 3) = 3
ADD SC KDA SC P 6
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 3
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 0SC = 3
(0 + 3) = 3
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
ADD SC KDA SC P 6
KFL = 1KDA = 3
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 0SC = 3
COPY #0 KFL P7
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 0SC = 3
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 0SC = 3
(0 + 1) = 1
ADD ND #1 ND P8
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 1SC = 3
(0 + 1) = 1
ADD ND #1 ND P8
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 1SC = 3
(1 # 3) = TRUE
NE? ND #3 P3 P9
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 1SC = 3
(0 = 0) = TRUE
EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 2
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 1SC = 3
(1 = 0) = FALSE
EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 2
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 1SC = 3
(3 * 10) = 30
MUL SC #10 SC P5
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 2
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 1SC = 30
(3 * 10) = 30
MUL SC #10 SC P5
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 2
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 1SC = 30
(30 + 2) = 32
ADD SC KDA SC P6
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 2
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 1SC = 32
(30 + 2) = 32
ADD SC KDA SC P6
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 2
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 1SC = 32
COPY #0 KFL P7
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 1SC = 32
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 1SC = 32
(1 + 1) = 2
ADD ND #1 ND P8
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 2SC = 32
(1 + 1) = 2
ADD ND #1 ND P8
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 2SC = 32
(2 # 3) = TRUE
NE? ND #3 P3 P8
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 2SC = 32
(0 = 0) = TRUE
EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 1
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 2SC = 32
(1 = 0) = FALSE
EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 1
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 2SC = 32
(32 * 10) = 320
MUL SC #10 SC P5
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 1
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 2SC = 320
(32 * 10) = 320
MUL SC #10 SC P5
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 1
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 2SC = 320
(320 + 1) = 321
ADD SCKDA SC P6
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 1
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 2SC = 321
(320 + 1) = 321
ADD SCKDA SC P6
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 1KDA = 1
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 2SC = 321
COPY #0 KFL P7
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 2SC = 321
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 2SC = 321
(2 + 1) = 3
ADD ND #1 ND P8
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 3SC = 321
(2 + 1) = 3
ADD ND #1 ND P8
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 3SC = 321
(3 # 3) = FALSE
NE? ND #3 P3 P9
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 3SC = 321
(321 # 321) = FALSE
NE? SC #321 P1 P10
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA = 1
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 3SC = 321
COPY #1 DDA P1
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 3SC = 321
COPY #0 ND P2
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
KFL = 0KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
ND = 0SC = 321
COPY #0 ND P2
p1 COPY #0 ND P2p2 COPY #0 SC P3p3 EQ? KFL #0 P3 P4p4 MUL SC #10 SC P5p5 ADD SC KDA SC P6
p7 ADD ND #1 ND P8p8 NE? ND #3 P3 P9p9 NE? SC #321 P1 P10p10 COPY #1 DDA P1
p6 COPY #0 KFL P7
Instructions Format
with P-Register
OPC OP1 OP2 RES
OPC OP1 OP2 NEXT
Information handling instructions
Control instructions
KFL =
KDA =
DDA =
4 5 6
1 2 3
* 0 #
7 8 9
Data Memory
Arithmetic Unit
Control Unit
Program Memory
ND =
SC =
p1 COPY #0 NDp2 COPY #0 SCp3 EQ? KFL #0 P3p4 MUL SC #10 SCp5 ADD SC KDA SC
p7 ADD ND #1 NDp8 NE? ND #3 P3p9 NE? SC #321 P1p10 COPY #1 DDA
p6 COPY #0 KFL
p11 JUMP P1
The
sequential Computer
Data Memory
Arithmetic Unit
ControlUnit
Program Memory
Program Interface
Inp
ut
Inte
rfac
e
Ou
tpu
t In
terf
ace
The
“Von Neumann” Compute
r
Data Memory
Arithmetic Unit
ControlUnit
Program Memory
Program Interface
Inp
ut
Inte
rfac
e
Ou
tpu
t In
terf
ace
Memories
00000 00001 00010 00011
00100 00101 00110 00111
01000 01001 01010 01011
01100 01101 01110 01111
10000 10001 10010 00011
10100 10101 10110 10111
11000 11001 11010 11011
11100 11101 11110 11111
Cost of Memory
Accesstime
10-710-8 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 S
Relative cost per bit
Semiconductor memories
Magnetic memoriesOptical memories
1
1000
Semiconductor Memories
(RAM, ROM, PROM)
083
Semiconductor Memories
• Read access time < 100 nS.
• Cost strongly influenced by access time
• RAM (“Random Access Memory “/ “Read And Modify”):
– volatile !
– Read and write access times equal
• ROM (“Read Only Memory”):
– non volatile
– Can only be written in factory
• PROM (“Programmable Read Only Memory”):
– non volatile
– Can be written by the user
– Write access time >> read access time
Peripheral Memories
14
Writing on magnetic memories
i
0 0 0 0 011 11
Reading from a magnetic memory
e
0 0 0 0 011 11 0 0 0 0 011 11
Manchester Code
0 00 0 1 11 11i
t
Data blocks
Header Data Block Check
0101010101...010101XXXXXXXXX
Check = f(data block)
Synchronization sequence
Disk Organization
Sector
Track
Cylinder
Tracks/cylinder
Cylinders
Sectors/track
Bytes/sector
Total Capacity(in bytes)
Double Density
2
80
9
512
737 280
High density
2
80
18
512
1 474 560
Format of 3.5” diskettes for PC’s.
Tracks/cylinder
Cylinders
Sectors/track
Bytes/sector
Total Capacity(in bytes)
4
16 383
Variable
512
12 072 517 632
Format of 12 GBytes Hard Disk.
Total # sectors 23 579 136
Hard-
disk drive (2)
17
Compact Disk Technology
Laser
Photodetector
Rewritable
CD Technology
Laser
Photodetector
DVD Technology
Laser
Photodetector
Laser
Photodetector
The
“Von Neumann” Compute
r
Data Memory
Arithmetic Unit
ControlUnit
Program Memory
Program Interface
Inp
ut
Inte
rfac
e
Ou
tpu
t In
terf
ace
Minimal Memory Hierarchy
Registers
Central Memory
Disks
CD-ROM
Size (log scale)
SpeedMostlyVolatile
Non-Volatile
RAMIn CPU
RAM(+small ROM)
Traditional “Von Neumann” Computer
Input-Output
Equipment
Central
Memory
Central Processing
Unit
PeripheralMemories
Personal Computer
047
Central Processor
76
Processor Board
79
Recommended