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MICROWAVE ENGINEERINGChapter 1 (Part 2)
EKT 345
1.3 Microwave Components
1. Directional Couplers
2. Detectors
3. Mixers
4. Quadrature hybrids
5. Circulators and isolators
6. Attenuators
7. Power dividers
8. Filters
9. Antennas
1.3.1 Directional Coupler
� A component which allows two microwave circuits to be combined
into one integrated system in one direction, while being completely
isolated from each other in opposite direction.
Cont’d…
http://www.asia.ru/en/ProductInfo/1140822.html
www.aptecelectronics.com
Cont’d…
Cont’d…
� dual directional coupler
� Monitor forward and
reflected power at the
same time
� Obtaining data from a
device indicates the input
match
1.3.2 Detectors
� Reliable, trouble free system
� heart of detector – diode
� Obtain maximum power transferred
� Filter – eliminate high frequency
ripple, allow dc at the output
www.hitechtech.com
www.anritsu.com
Cont’d…
� Detector sensitivity curve
� RF power applied to the
detector’s input, another is the
DC output voltage.
� The DC voltage produced at the
output for a specific power
input – how much power
required to produce
certain voltage
Cont’d…
� To control or to convert an RF signal to a DC
voltage for display purposes.
� Others
� Monitoring an RF line
� Leveled power – swept measurement
� View signals at certain frequencies:
�Eg: above 100MHz
Cont’d…
Cont’d…
1.3.3 Mixers
� The frequencies is not the
one needed – too low or
too high
� To produce new
frequencies
Cont’d…
� Configurations:
a. Single diode mixer
b. Balance diode mixer
c. Image rejection mixer
Cont’d…
� Applications
� a receiver front end
� an up-converter in a transmitter
� a balanced modulator
� down convert signal for NF measurement
1.3.4 Quadrature Hybrids
� a directional coupler whose two outputs equal in amplitude and separated from one another by a constant 90º phase.
http://www.webstore.com/T2OT6-Narda-Microwave-4035
http://www.rfglobalnet.com/doc.mvc
Cont’d…
�Applications
� Mixer
� Matched detector
� RF and DC combination
� Combining amplifiers
� SPDT pin switch
1.3.5 Circulators and
isolators
� Both use the unique
properties of ferrites in a
magnetic field
� Isolator passes signals in
one direction, attenuates
in the other
� Circulator passes input
from each port to the next
around the circle, not to
any other port
Circulator illustration
Cont’d…
www.saisum.com
www.made-in-china.com
Cont’d…
Circulator construction
1.3.6 Attenuators
� To less the value
� To diminish the power of a
signal while keeping the
waveform of the signal intact.
An attenuator introduces a
known amount of loss when
functioning between two
resistive impedances: Input
Impedance, Zin and Output
Impedance, Zout
� Fixed, variable and pin
attenuators
http://article.wn.com
Cont’d…
� Fixed attenuators
� Use in reducing voltage and in dissipating power
� Use in improving impedance matching
� Temperature compensation
� Measuring gain/loss of a device
Cont’d…
� Variable attenuators
� Continuously attenuators
� Piston, variable card, T, variable coupler, low-loss
cut-off, lossy wall
� step attenuators
� pin attenuators
� Variable attenuator that provides either step or
continuous attenuation without the use of piston
etc – use pin diode
� Attenuation – this amount that by which the
input signal is decreased when the pin diodes are
fully biased (maximum current drawn)
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