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Introduction To AcademicIntroduction To Academic
WritingWriting
Adapted fromAdapted from: Harris B Leonhard,: Harris B Leonhard, Discoveries in Academic Writing,Discoveries in Academic Writing, ThomsonThomsonHeinle Publishers, 2002Heinle Publishers, 2002
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Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
define academic writingdefine academic writing
identify the differences between personal andidentify the differences between personal and
academic writingacademic writing
identify the characteristics of effective academicidentify the characteristics of effective academic
writingwriting apply appropriate tone for related audienceapply appropriate tone for related audience
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Academic WritingAcademic Writing
What is academic writing?What is academic writing?
Personal writing versus academic writingPersonal writing versus academic writing
Effective academic writingEffective academic writing
OrganizationOrganization
Audience and toneAudience and tone
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What is Academic Writing?What is Academic Writing?
A generic term for all writing done in highA generic term for all writing done in high
school and college classes.school and college classes.
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Academic WritingAcademic Writing
In academic writing, the words and grammarIn academic writing, the words and grammar
and the way of organizing ideas are differentand the way of organizing ideas are different
from what you are used to in other types offrom what you are used to in other types of
writing.writing.
Elements such as format, sentence structureElements such as format, sentence structureand organization are essential in academicand organization are essential in academic
writing.writing.
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Academic Writing vs Personal WritingAcademic Writing vs Personal Writing
Sentences in Academic Writing are formal. NoSentences in Academic Writing are formal. Noabbreviations, slangs, contractions.abbreviations, slangs, contractions.
However, in personal writing, sentences areHowever, in personal writing, sentences areinformal and abbreviations, slangs,informal and abbreviations, slangs,contractions and incomplete sentences arecontractions and incomplete sentences are
allowed.allowed.
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Differences between Personal and Academic WritingDifferences between Personal and Academic Writing
PersonalPersonal
(Informal/Colloquial)(Informal/Colloquial)
AcademicAcademic
(Formal/Technical)(Formal/Technical)
AudienceAudience close friends and familyclose friends and family professors, lecturersprofessors, lecturers
ToneTone informal, friendlyinformal, friendly formal, objective, seriousformal, objective, serious
VocabularyVocabulary slang, idioms, contracted formsslang, idioms, contracted forms academic, wide range, concise, accurateacademic, wide range, concise, accurate
StyleStyle simple or compound sentencessimple or compound sentences simple, compound, complex sentences,simple, compound, complex sentences,sentence varietysentence variety
LanguageLanguage fragments, run-on sentences,fragments, run-on sentences,misspellings, punctuation errorsmisspellings, punctuation errors
should have no errorsshould have no errors
ContentContent conversational, maybe repetitiveconversational, maybe repetitive depth of thought, unifieddepth of thought, unified
OrganizationOrganization maybe less structured than formalmaybe less structured than formalwritingwriting
clear, coherent, well plannedclear, coherent, well planned
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3 major characteristics of3 major characteristics of
Effective Academic WritingEffective Academic Writing
convincing contentonvincing contentclear organizationlear organizationeffective use of the languageffective use of the language
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Convincing ContentConvincing Content
The content is informative and thought-The content is informative and thought-
provoking.provoking. use specific and logical details, examples, facts,use specific and logical details, examples, facts,
statistics and case studies to support generalizing.statistics and case studies to support generalizing.
The support is relevant.The support is relevant.
the support relates directly to the thesis and shouldthe support relates directly to the thesis and should
not digress away from the main point.not digress away from the main point.
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The content shows depth ofThe content shows depth of
thought.thought.
shows elements of criticalshows elements of critical
thinkingthinking
analysis of informationanalysis of information
interpretation of factsinterpretation of facts
making judgmentsmaking judgments
drawing conclusionsdrawing conclusions summarizingsummarizing
defending opinionsdefending opinions
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The writer must have a clear purpose andThe writer must have a clear purpose and
strong control over the content.strong control over the content.
the message is clear, logical and to thethe message is clear, logical and to the
point.point.
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Clear OrganizationClear Organization
Introduction
BodyConclusion
Most writing in English is linear with onecentral point or theme with every partcontributing to the main line of argument:
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Clear OrganizationClear Organization
Two approaches used inTwo approaches used in academicacademic writing: deductivewriting: deductiveand inductive approachand inductive approach
Deductive: Generalization is stated first followed byDeductive: Generalization is stated first followed bysupporting details and facts.supporting details and facts.
Inductive: Supporting details stated first followed byInductive: Supporting details stated first followed bygeneralization.generalization.
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Effective Use of English LanguageEffective Use of English Language
Sentences must be clearly written.Sentences must be clearly written.
Include subject-verb agreement, spelling,Include subject-verb agreement, spelling,
punctuation.punctuation.
StyleStyle Use complex and compound-complex sentences.Use complex and compound-complex sentences.
Avoid too many simple sentences .Avoid too many simple sentences .
Frequent use of conjunctions such asFrequent use of conjunctions such asfor, and, nor,for, and, nor,but, or, yetbut, or, yetandandsoso..
Use a wide vocabulary range.Use a wide vocabulary range.
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Effective Academic WritingEffective Academic Writing
Audience and ToneAudience and Tone
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Importance of AudienceImportance of Audience In academic writing, writers need to considerIn academic writing, writers need to consider
who their readers/audience are.who their readers/audience are. An important feature is the control of audienceAn important feature is the control of audience
and tone (formality).and tone (formality).
Correct level of formality helps writersCorrect level of formality helps writersconnect with the audience.connect with the audience.
(eg with friends informal language (eg with friends informal language
indicates close relationship)indicates close relationship)(eg with lecturers formal language (eg with lecturers formal language indicates respect)indicates respect)
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AudienceAudience
When planning to write, do you stop to thinkWhen planning to write, do you stop to thinkwho are your audience?who are your audience?
Also, what is the purpose for writing?Also, what is the purpose for writing?
When you know your audience andWhen you know your audience and
the purpose for writing, it will bethe purpose for writing, it will be
easier to set the tone of youreasier to set the tone of yourwriting.writing.
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ToneTone
Different audience and purpose requireDifferent audience and purpose requiredifferent set of tone: objective,different set of tone: objective,
persuasive, enthusiastic, seriouspersuasive, enthusiastic, serious
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Objective language:Objective language: Language used in formalLanguage used in formal
report.report.
Example:Example:
a. A hazard exists if contact is made with this parta. A hazard exists if contact is made with this part
while it is whirling.while it is whirling.
b. Warning. Turn off all power before you removeb. Warning. Turn off all power before you remove
the cover. The blade underneath could slice offthe cover. The blade underneath could slice off
your fingers!your fingers!
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Persuasive language:Persuasive language: Language used in formal proposalLanguage used in formal proposalfor thesis or final year project.for thesis or final year project.
Example:Example:The purpose of this study is to discover a more efficientThe purpose of this study is to discover a more efficient
way to produce hydrocarbons.way to produce hydrocarbons. The financial support forThe financial support for
this study will benefit many users. The researchers willthis study will benefit many users. The researchers will
be able to investigate the problems comprehensivelybe able to investigate the problems comprehensively
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Enthusiastic languageEnthusiastic language: Writing in favor of a particular: Writing in favor of a particularsubject for possible recommendation or acceptance.subject for possible recommendation or acceptance.Example: sharing a new finding with intended readersExample: sharing a new finding with intended readers
The discovery of medicinal properties in this bacteriaThe discovery of medicinal properties in this bacteriawill eradicate Alzheimers Disease.will eradicate Alzheimers Disease. This is a veryThis is a very
important and exciting discovery in the world ofimportant and exciting discovery in the world ofmedicine.medicine.
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Serious languageSerious language: Language used to convey the: Language used to convey theseriousness of an event/item or a discovery.seriousness of an event/item or a discovery.
Example:Example:
Our study has shown that if we do not recycle, naturalOur study has shown that if we do not recycle, natural
resources will be depleted in 2010 and planet Earth willresources will be depleted in 2010 and planet Earth will
be barren. This will cause economic and environmentalbe barren. This will cause economic and environmental
disasters.disasters.
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The EndThe End
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