Chapter-08-Polymer Testing 2E - Hanser Publications

Fig.: 8.1Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

component

excitation E (t)(”in”)

response A (t)(”out”)

E

t

direct:– amplitude– phase– frequency– propagation time– damping– reflection

indirect:propertiesmaterial/component:– fibers– interfaces– damages

waveoscillation

– electromagnetic– acoustic– thermal

a

a

a

s

s

s

PEAl

Fe

10

10

10

10

10

2

1

0

-1

-25 10 20 50 100

U (kV)

;

(cm

)

as

-1

Fig.: 8.2Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

focus

+

X-ray tube

manipulator

x

zy

samplewith defect

intensity

detector(fluorescence)

deepest shadowpartial shadow

videocamera

computer forimage recording and processing

Fig.: 8.3Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.4Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

electron beam

sample

X-ray pin beam

diaphragms

detector array

X-r

ay tu

bede

tect

ors

with

aper

ture

dia

phra

gms

Fig.: 8.5Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

source

collimationsample

scattering film

beam block

Iabs

Iref

beam block0.3

-0.3

0.0

scat

terin

g an

gle

(°)

XY scan

Fig.: 8.6Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

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ctio

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gnal

Fig.: 8.7Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.8Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

0.25

0.20

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.

crack orientation crack orientation

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inte

nsity

(CP

S)

d

(a.u

.)

.in

tens

ity (C

PS

)

d (a

.u.)

Fig.: 8.9Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

laser beam

transparent film

diode array

Fig.: 8.10Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.11Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

laser

beamsplitterscanner

x y

objective

focal plane

confocal pinhole

filterdetector(photo multiplier)

Fig.: 8.12Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

100 µm

8020

0

200

80604020

00 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

distance (µm)

z (µm)

y (µm)

z (µ

m)

0

400600

800

200400

600800x (µm)

Fig.: 8.13Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

L

2L

Moire fringes distance

Fig.: 8.14Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

observer

laserbeam splitter

photographic platehologram

object virtual image

beam splitterphotographic plate

hologram

laser

Fig.: 8.15Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

beam splitter

laser

lens 3

lens 4

lens 1

lens 2

CCD camera

computer

object

Fig.: 8.16Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

illumination beam

reference beam

lens systemdiaphragm detectorsample

X2X3

Fig.: 8.17Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Y

XZ

Fig.: 8.18Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

A A

10

8

6

4

2

veneer stripewood plate

150 mm

A-A

OLI A

OLI

hole

dia

met

er (m

m)

0.5

mm

2.5

mm

Fig.: 8.19Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

thermalexpansion

control unit

monitor with ESPI pattern

defect withheat emission

sample object beam

lens

lens

laser

beam splitter

reference beam

CCD camera

Fig.: 8.20Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

impact

delamination

Fig.: 8.21Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

thermal extension of acomponent without defect

stringer thickness of outer skin 4 mmstringer fracture

with delamination

local extension

1 2 3stringer fracture

1 2 3stringer

Fig.: 8.22Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

100

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500460

380340

420

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340380420

460500

Fig.: 8.23Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

quartz bar

microwavesensor

waveguide

moldingcavity

Fig.: 8.24Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

L = L ─ LIIT

Tn =1 n n0

TL L L

microwaverefraction index nresonator length LII

II0

Fig.: 8.25Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

E

receiver

selective coupler

rectangular waveguide

reflector

sample

sample holder

transmitter

Fig.: 8.26Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

field intensity vector E

rotation angle

0 90 180 degree 360

rotation angle

orientation angle

reso

nato

r len

gth

anis

otro

py

diel

ectri

c th

ickn

ess

Fig.: 8.27Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

gate

+

Fig.: 8.28Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

10 10 10 10 10 10-2 -1 0 1 2 3

10

10

10

0

-1

-2

f (kHz)

10 min

20 min30 min

40 min50 min

60 min

tan

Fig.: 8.29Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.30Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Y

X

Z

manipulatorPCsoftware

transducer

water bath

samplecomponent

defectEE

DE

RSE

RSEDEEE

time

ampl

itude

trans

duce

rem

itter

and

sen

sor

Fig.: 8.31Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

0 10 20 30 40 50

1

2

x (mm)

EE

RSEDE

t (µs

)

Fig.: 8.32Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

x coordinate

A

B

C

EE

RSE

time

and/

or d

epth

Fig.: 8.33Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.34Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

(°)

V (

a.u.

)0

theoryexperiment

PP 5 wt.-% GF= 2.25 MHz

= 45° = 10.7°

2

Fig.: 8.35Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.36Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

composite

composite

fiber

ultrasound emitterand sensorultrasound emitter

and sensor

Fig.: 8.37Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

0 90 180 270 3600 90 180 270 360 (°)

0 90 180 270 360 (°) (°)

ba c

sign

al

sign

al

sign

alFig.: 8.38

Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

sensor450 kHz

emitter450 kHz

embeddedactuator

air-ultrasoundtransmission

sensor450 kHz

actuator =ultrasound emitter

excitationat 450 kHz

Institute for AircraftConstruction

embeddedactuator

Fig.: 8.39Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

60

50

40

30

20

10

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

(°)

sample

sensor

emitter

0

s0

a0

A (a

.u.)

Fig.: 8.40Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

1530

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Fig.: 8.41Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

550

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510

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20010 20 30 40 50

x (mm)

10 20 30 40 50

x (mm)

A (a

.u.)

ba

A (a

.u.)

Fig.: 8.42Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

500

400

300

200

1000 50 100 150 200 250

x (mm)

A (a

.u.)

Fig.: 8.43Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

crack

sample

generatedultrasound

optical system

exciting laser detecting laser

detector

confocalFabry-Perot

Fig.: 8.44Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.45Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

joint lineLcal

AE sensorµ30S

approx. 60 mmlength approx. 160 mm

40

30

20

10

00.25 0.75 1.25 1.75

positioning (mm)

a

cb 40

30

20

10

00.25 0.75 1.25 1.75

frequ

ency

Fig.: 8.46Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

frequ

ency

positioning (mm)

80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98

1.2

1.00.8

0.60.4

0.20

180015001200

900

600

300

f (kHz)

0

Fig.: 8.47Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

0 J0.5 J 1.0 J1.5 J2.0 J2.5 J

22 24 26 28 30 32 34

89

88

87

86

85

f (kHz)

1.000

0.998

0.993

0.9880 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

experimentrepetition experiment

E (J)k

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Fig.: 8.48Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.49Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

76.0

75.5

75.0

74.5

74.0

73.50 600 1200 1800 2400

t (s)

reso

nant

freq

uenc

y (H

z)

Fig.: 8.50Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

(%)

0 wt.-% GF5 wt.-% GF

30 wt.-% GFV

(m

s )

Lam

b

Fig.: 8.51Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

-1

-30

-25

-20

-15

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-5

0

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(%)

0

5

10

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20

25

30

I II III IV

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

(M

Pa)

non-

linea

r par

amet

er

Fig.: 8.52Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1. cycle2. cycle3. cycle4. cycle

(MPa)

phas

e sh

ift (a

.u.)

Fig.: 8.53Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

225 kHz~

Fig.: 8.54Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

excitation

defect

component

scan

laser vibrometer

laser vibrometer linear behavior

non-linear behavior+ +

Fig.: 8.55Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

0 50 100 150 200 f (kHz)

-140

-160

-180

-200

f (kHz)

damage-free delaminations

0 50 100 150 200

-140

-160

-180

-200rel.

ampl

itude

(dB

)

rel.

ampl

itude

(dB

)

Fig.: 8.56Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.57Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

0 10 30 5020 40

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.00

f (kHz)

a

b c

v (

mm

s

)2

2-2

Fig.: 8.58Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

02468

101214161820

0 2 5 7 10 12 15 17

35 mm

245 mm

t (min)

025

50 100 150 200

2551015

20

354555

55

45

35

0 5 10 15 20t (min)

60

50

40

30

20

140

mm

a b

c d1.3 mm2.2 mm3.3 mm3.9 mm5.0 mm6.1 mm

T (°

C)

cont

rast

250

1.3 mm2.2 mm3.3 mm3.9 mm5.0 mm6.1 mm12 mm

Fig.: 8.59Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

IR detector

t0 t1/2

100 %

50 %

0 %t = 0

0.1388 L2

a =t1/2

flash

Fig.: 8.60Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.61Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

IR camera

thermal wavedefect

component on defect reflectedthermal wave

PC

framegrabber

D/A board

dimmerpack

phase/amplitudeFFT

optical wave

halogen spotlight

Fig.: 8.62Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.63Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.64Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

optical wave

defect component

thermal wave

component

defect

elastic wave thermal wave

sonotrode

Fig.: 8.65Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.66Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

31 2

4

5

coupling position80 mm

pos. defect depth

1 delamination 0.2 mm

2 delamination 0.9 mm

3 delamination 1.5 mm

4 delamination 2.2 mm

38 m

m

5 intact d = 5 mm

Fig.: 8.67Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

pos. 3

pos. 2

pos. 4

pos. 5Tamb.

burst300 ms

1 2 3t (s)

pos. 5

pos. 4

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0f (kHz)

a b

T (a

.u.)

A (a

.u.)

Fig.: 8.68Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

a b c d e

Fig.: 8.69Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 8.70Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

ultrasound converter

stringer fracturedelamination of outer skinstringer

ab

dc

Fig.: 8.71Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

63

62

61

60

59

580.22 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42

dielectric loss

bad glued joints

good glued joints

reso

nant

freq

uenc

y (H

z)

Fig.: 8.72Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

defect detection

defect characterization

evaluation of relevance according to operating safety(defect or damage?)

defect propagation, damage mechanisms(which criterion propagates defect or damage?)

prediction using NDTdata for safe reamaining

service lifetime consequency:prevention of

damage-relevant defects

Fig.: 8.73Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition