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CH 13 The Spread of Chinese Civilization. Japan, Korea and Vietnam. “ sinicization ”. In general contexts, Sinicization refers to the process of "becoming Chinese". Borrowing from the neighbors. Japan has always looked to China as an influence During 7 th to 9 th centuries this was intense - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CH 13The Spread of Chinese
Civilization
Japan, Korea and Vietnam
“sinicization”In general contexts, Sinicization refers to the process of "becoming Chinese"
Borrowing from the neighbors
Japan has always looked to China as an influence
During 7th to 9th centuries this was intense
Taika reforms tried to make Japanese government more like China
Intellectuals and aristocrats absorbed Chinese culture
The common people looked to Buddhism for comfort
The Taika reforms were resisted by the aristocracy
After a takeover attempt the Taika reforms were abandoned, local lords started their own armies
The Heian Era- Court Life
A new capital was started at KyotoThere were strict rules for lifePoetry flourished, Chinese script was
modifiedWomen were very involved in court life
Lady MurasakiThe Tale of Genji
This was the first novel published anywhere, it is a story of love and intrigue in the Imperial court
The Decline of Imperial Power
Aristocratic families began to take more and more control
Fujiwara family came to dominatePeasants and artisans lost even more
power
The Warrior Elite
Warrior leaders (BUSHI) governed and taxed their lands for themselves, not the court
They created their own armies- SAMURAI “one who serves”
By 11th century samurai were widespread
The warrior code valued honor and courage above all
Seppuku (ritual suicide) was considered the way to maintain honor in defeat
Peasants lost even more powerThey became serfsThey could not move up in
classMany looked to pure land
Buddhism for comfort
Declining influence of ChinaBy 838 the Japanese cut ties
with Tang ChinaThe Gempei wars caused great
sufferingThe Minamoto emerged
victoriousMilitary govt. (Bakufu)
established at KamakuraJapan became a feudal state
After the Minamoto the Hojo family came to power (Shogun)
The emperor and Minamoto became puppet rulers
Civil wars followed for 10 years Japan broke into 300
competing states run by warlords (Daimyos)
TOMOE GOZEN
Comparing Japanese and European Feudalism
Both rose due to weak central governments.
Both were based on mutual obligations and military needs
There were differences- In Japan family and social bonds were very strong
Losing in battle was the worst disgrace
Military divisions/ Social Change
15th and 16th century Warfare became deadlier and constant
Daimyos gained more power, the economy grew.
A new class of wealthy merchants emerged.
Women lost almost all power with rare exceptions
KOREA
KoreaThe Tang ruled Korea till
668,remained independent till early 20th century
During Silla alliance period China had its greatest influence
Art, learning and manufacture were borrowed
Some Koreans studies for Confucian exams, but most jobs were determined by family connections
Most of Korean society was dominated by a small aristocratic elite
All groups below them served them- ‘low born’ virtual slaves
Periodic revoltsThe burdens on the
commoners caused periodic revolts
A century of conflict till YI dynasty established in 1392
Maintained ties with ChinaIt lasted till 1910
SOUTHEAST ASIA VIETNAM
Southeast Asia - VietnamChina pushed south into their
territoryViet people resisted the Chinese,
they had a strong culture and were far from the Chinese center
They took what they wanted from Chinese culture
The Han dynasty demanded tribute, later they conquered and ruled directly
Viets were sent to school in ChinaThere were some revolts,
peasants never wanted Chinese control
Trung sisters led a revolt in 39 C.E.
"All the male heroes bowed their heads in submission;Only the two sisters proudly stood up to avenge the country."15th century Poem
The great distance from China helped
By 939 Korea was independentLocal scholar gentry never had
the same power as in ChinaLocals Viet officials favored the
peasants and village rulers instead of the ruling dynasty
Struggle for Control
Two main powers Trihn- centered in HanoiNguyen- centered in HueFought for 200 years
SummaryJapan, Korea and Vietnam were
influenced most because they had large farming centers
Writing, bureaucracy, religion, art were all influenced China
Each culture was mixed in how much they borrowed
Korea- political submission and cultural dependence
Vietnam- conquest and control for a 1000 years
Japan escaped direct rule, but Japan adopted many aspects of Chinese arts and government, then modified them
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