Cesar Millan - “ DOG WHISPERER “. by Chris Browne & MacDuff

Cesar Millan - “ DOG WHISPERER “

by Chris Browne

& MacDuff

http://www.comics.com/comics/raisingduncan/

KIDNEY & URINARY

DISORDERSin the

SCOTTISH TERRIERGeorge Procento MD

Scottish Terrier Club of Chicago MARCH 11, 2007

NERA1992 - 2004

• CMO (CranioMandibular Ostopathy) ~age 4 mo.

• LUXATING PATELLAE & CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY ~age 8 yrs.

• KIDNEY FAILURE ~age 12 yrs.

CMO (CranioMandibular Ostopathy)

STCC Jan. 2005

LUXATING PATELLAE & CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY

STCC Jan. 2006

KIDNEY DISEASEEPIDEMIOLOGYANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYTYPESCAUSESSYMPTOMSTREATMENTPROGNOSISPREVENTION

Photo - Courtesy of Laurie Keenan

German Postcard – “Der Buecherfreund" ("The Bibliophile")

Echte Photographie

RESEARCH

EPIDEMIOLOGY:study of the Incidence,

Prevalence,& Distribution

of disease in large populations

with intention of contributing to thediscovery of Causes, Control,

Treatment and/or Cure.

http://www.stca.biz/2005HealthSurveyData.htm#Ref5

9/27/2006

The following article, which discusses responses to the 2005 Health Survey, is raw data. The reader is strongly cautioned that the results here presented represent a unique snapshot of a small number of dogs reported upon by a small number of owners at a particular moment in time. The results may or may not hold true for the larger population of all Scottish Terriers or for any dogs of other breeds. While the observations reported may hold true in the overall population of Scottish Terriers, no probability calculations have been done.Louis A. Mitchell, M.D. Chairman, STCA Health Trust Fund “SURVEY” vs. “STUDY”*

*CASE-CONTROL / DOUBLE-BLIND

2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report

2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report

2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report

Table 7: diseases that respondents reported as their foremost concern; either among their own dogs or within the general Scottie population as a whole. “. . . obviously based on opinion and not fact . . . “Another difference between these two lists is the appearance of several non disease issues in the list of major Scottie health issues. Specifically, there were references to the STCA standard and various breeding practices as being a major health issue.2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report

2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report

2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report

. . . Disease and Illness index that was distributed along with the survey was used as a starting point. After attempting to assign codes to as many reported illnesses as possible, the complete list of illnesses and the coded index was reviewed by Marcia Dawson, DVM.

. . . Dr. Dawson also verified that all of the reported illnesses had been assigned to an appropriate illness code. The database file contains a complete list of the illness codes that were used as well as the original illness data from each survey form. Table 22 is therefore a report on the most frequently assigned illness codes.

2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report

2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report

Great Scot Magazine

2005Scottish Terrier Health

Survey of 1687

Companion Scotties

Great Scot Magazine

2005Scottish Terrier Health

Survey of 1687

Companion Scotties

Lady of the Loch by Kate Maynard

ANATOMY

Only two animals in all of nature get prostate cancer:dogs and humans.Intact male Scotties normally have a prostate up to 4 times larger than other breeds

KIDNEYS: 0.5 % of total body weight ; receive 20 % of blood from heart

PHYSIOLOGY

“NEPHRON”

NERA’s BLOOD TEST

July 2004 (~age 12Y)

NERA’s BLOOD TEST

July 2004 (age 12Y)

BUN: 62 H (nl: 6-25)

CREAT.: 3.3 H (nl: 0.5-1.6)

POTAS.: 5.6 H (nl: 3.6-5.5)

OSMOL.: 338 H (nl: 277-311)

ALBUMIN: 2.4 L (nl: 2.7-4.4)

PHOS.: 7.2 H (nl: 2.5-6.0)

ALK.PHOS.: 850 H (nl: 5-131)

AMYLASE: 2026 H (nl: 290-1125)

TYPES of KIDNEY FAILURE:

ACUTE: sudden,catastrophic damage to kidneys; (e.g. infection; toxic insult); may be fatal if not diagnosed in time or successfully treated (less than 25% undamaged kidney; or doesn’t rebound with supportive care)

CHRONIC: slow, but progressive decline of kidney function; development of secondary problems (Calcium/Phosporus; Hypertension, etc.) Therapy : Dietary? Medication?

END-STAGE: loss of appetite; weight; quality-of-life

Pompeii79 A.D.

Reggie, Jillian & Velcro2006 A.D.

Barney Bush - 21st Century

* LEPTOSPIROSIS( ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

PHOTOGRAPH )

• SPIROCHETE

• ZOONOSIS

• VACCINE

CAUSES of CANINE KIDNEY FAILURE:

• GENETIC PREDISPOSITION CYSTIC KIDNEYS; RENAL DYSPLASIA / HYPOPLASIA

• LEPTOSPIROSIS *

• URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS RECURRENT / UNDIAGNOSED / UNTREATED

• MEDICATIONS ANTIBIOTICS - GENTAMICIN, TETRACYCLINE, SULFA ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES - ASPIRIN, IBUPROFEN, CARPROFEN (Rimadyl) CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY (Cisplatin) XRAY IV-CONTRAST ANESTHETICS

• OBSTRUCTIVE STONES CANCER - BLADDER*

• MUSHROOM POISONING

• GRAPES & RAISINS *

• AUTOMOBILE ANTIFREEZE * ETHYLENE GLYCOL

GRAPE / RAISIN TOXICITY IN DOGS• RESULT: ACUTE RENAL FAILURE (ARF) & DEATH !• ACTUAL MECHANISM OF TOXICITY UNKNOWN• Theories:

• metabolic disruption• nephrotoxic mycotoxin (fungus?)• idiosyncratic reaction (individual-dog specific)

• Dogs that have developed ARF - exposed in various ways:• grapes purchased from grocery store• grapes growing in backyard• grape pressings from wineries• seedless and seeded varieties

• Some of the grapes involved were tested for • pesticides, heavy metals, and mycotoxins(fungus)• ALL TESTS WERE NEGATIVE FOR IDENTIFIED CAUSE

• Unclear if the skin of the grape must be ingested for ARF to occurDOGS are the primary species affected

• whether other species are affected remains unknownTYPICAL CASE:

• 80-lb (36-kg) dog, ingests 1 lb (0.45 kg) of grapes. LOWEST DOCUMENTED TOXIC GRAPE or RAISIN DOSE is 0.32 to 0.65 oz/kg.

• 20lb. Scottie ~ 9 kg. > ~ 3 oz. of grapes (~ 4-5 grapes)

NOGRAPES OR RAISINS

FOR DOGS !

AUTOMOBILE ANTIFREEZE:

DEADLY TO PETS !

AUTOMOBILE ANTIFREEZE:

DEADLY TO PETS !

Automotive Antifreeze has a sweet taste and can be attractive to pets. Ethylene glycol is the most dangerous and also the most common form of antifreeze. Very small amounts can be lethal to pets. As little as four teaspoons of antifreeze can be fatal to a 10 lb. dog (20 lb. Scottie - 8 tsp. / 40ml. / 1.3 ounces)

MECHANISM?: forms OXALATE CRYSTALS in nephrons / blocking tubules & obstructing kidney function

Antifreeze Poisoning Prevention Tips• Clean up antifreeze spills immediately• Check your car regularly for radiator leaks• Always store antifreeze containers in areas inaccessible to pets• Never allow your pets to have access to the area when you are draining antifreeze from your car• Propylene glycol is a less toxic form of antifreeze and should be used instead of ethylene glycol (although NOT completely NON-TOXIC; Might ALSO cause KIDNEY DAMAGE/FAILURE (different mechanism?)

POSSIBLY LETHAL

TO DOGS

DEFINITELY LETHAL !

SYMPTOMS of KIDNEY FAILURE

• IMPAIRED BALANCE of: FLUID / ELECTROLYTES / ACID-BASE• BUILDUP OF METABOLIC & OTHER TOXINS• BUILDUP OF POTASSIUM / PHOSPHORUS• LOSS OF IMPORTANT BLOOD PROTEINS

• LOSS OF APPETITE• WEIGHT LOSS• INCREASED URINATION• INCREASED DRINKING• ANEMIA• WEAKNESS

LATE STAGES:• LETHARGY / DECREASED ALERTNESS• HYPERTENSION• TREMORS• SEIZURES• DEATH

TREATMENT of KIDNEY FAILURE

• FLUID THERAPY (SUBCUTANEOUS SALINE)

• DIETARY RESTRICTIONS (PROTEIN; PHOSPHORUS)

• CALCIUM / CALCITROL SUPPLEMENTS

• BLOOD PRESSURE Rx ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) INHIBITORS - e.g. ENALAPRIL / VASOTEC

• GASTROINTESTINAL PROTECTANTS & SYMPTOM RELIEF - FAMOTIDINE/PEPCID

• DIALYSIS

• KIDNEY TRANSPLANT

PROGNOSIS

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE: sudden loss of function that is sometimes but not always reversible (if 25% or more of kidney function retained )

CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE: is an irreversible loss of function that occurs gradually over months or years.Rate of decline and/or early diagnosis &dietary or medication treatments might determine quality of life & maximum possible lifespan against the challenges of loss of maximum kidney function

END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE: usually fatal in weeks (or days)

Watercolor by

Cindi LynchMuskego, WI

BLADDER CANCER

IN

DOGS

www.vet.purdue.edu/pcop/CanineUrinaryBladderCancer.pdf

URINARY BLADDER CANCER in Dogsis unusual compared to cancer in other locations:Only 1-2% of all cancers in the dog.Most common type: transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) develops from the cells that line the bladder; In dogs - invades into the deeper layers of the bladder wall; enlarges in the bladder; can thencause obstruction to the flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder or from the bladder to the outside of the body. Canine TCC also tends to spread to lymph nodesand to other organs in the body (lung, liver, others) • Majority of human bladder cancer: lower grade, superficial (& more common in MALES)• Dogs most often develop higher grade, invasive form of bladder cancer (& more common in FEMALES)

What causes TCC/Bladder Cancer in dogs ? - combination of several factors including genetic predisposition & environmental factors ? A genetic predisposition is suspected because TCC is more common in specific breeds of dogs :• Scottish Terriers (18 fold increased risk compared to other breeds)• Shetland Sheepdogs (4 fold increased risk)• Beagles (4 fold increased risk)• West Highland White Terriers (3 fold increased risk)• Wire Hair Fox Terriers (3 fold increased risk)

Environmental factors identified as riskfactors in previous studies have included pesticides and insecticides including "old generation" flea dips.

Great Scot Magazine

2005Scottish Terrier Health

Survey of 1687

Companion Scotties

THANK YOU

Marcia Dawson, DVM

Sheree A. Block, DVM

STCA / Scottie Health Trust

STCC / Fellow Members

Nera, Angus, Lola

All dogs are good; any terrier is better;

a SCOTTIE is the BEST . . .

. . . nobody can live in the same house

with him . . . and not love him

William Haynes 1936