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Cellular processesUnit 3
Grab scissors , glue, color pencils (4 different colors)[Notebook: Create a new Unit 3 – pocket,
Title: Cellular Processes, Enter in table of content]
Energy ConversionUnit 3: Cellular Processes
4B
Examine and explain cellular processesEnergy conversion (photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation)
9B Compare the reactants (what you start with) and products (what you end with) of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy and matter
Energy Conversions
Giveslight
energy to
Givechemicalenergy to
Givechemicalenergy to
Energy Conversion
• Photosynthesis – uses sunlight to make glucose (aka starch or high-energy sugar). Location: plants
• Cellular respiration – uses glucose to make ATP, the chemical cells of all organisms need to function and grow. Location: every cell of every organism
Why learn about Photosynthesis?
Energy transformation /conversion
• What are the similarities between solar energy production and photosynthesis?
• Can understanding photosynthesis help make solar power generation more efficient?
WHAT organisms go through photosynthesis?PLANTS, ALGAE, and some PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA
WHERE does photosynthesis take place?In the Chloroplast of the leaf cells.
How was photosynthesis discovered?
Jean Baptist van Helmont’s Experiment (1648)
Driving question How does a plant grow?
Does it “grow” by taking in “stuff” from soil in the ground?
Josep
h P
riestl
ey’s
Exp
eri
men
t (1
771)
Driving question: What is in the air? How do I keep that flame burning?
Jan Ingel-Hauz Experiment(1779)Driving question: Does sunlight have any effect on the ability of plant to “keep the flame burning”?
Which part of the plant contributes to “keeping the flame burning”?
Emil Godlewski (1873)Driving question: what is the role of sunlight and what does it make?
The Photosynthesis Equation
Plants take in water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Sunlight to build Glucose (C6H12O6), releasing O2 (as a waste product (Oxygen).
______ + _______ +____________ ________ + _________
Reactants (what goes in)
Products (what comes out)
What are the reactants and the products?
The Photosynthesis Equation
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + Sunlight C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Reactants (what goes in)
Products
(what comes out)
+ + +
Cellular Respiration• Cellular respiration is the process of making energy in
the form of ATP from sugar (glucose)
GLUCOSE ATP (ENERGY)
• This occurs in the mitochondria of ALL eukaryotic cells – That means plants and animals!!!
WHAT organisms go through cellular respiration?ALL EUKARYOTIC organisms
WHERE does cellular respiration take place?In the Mitochondria of cells.
Why learn about Cellular respiration?
Energy transformation /conversion
• What are the similarities between hydrogen car mechanics and cellular respiration?
• Can understanding respiration help make more efficient car models?
The Cellular Respiration Equation
To perform cellular respiration, plants and animals break down glucose (C6H12O6) using Oxygen (O2). This produces water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and ATP (energy)
______ + _______ + ________ + _________ + __________
Reactants (what goes in)
Products (what comes out)
What are the reactants and the products?
The Cellular Respiration Equation
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
Reactants (what goes in)
Products
(what comes out)
+ ++
Cellular Respiration is the Reverse of Photosynthesis
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + Sunlight C6H12O6+ 6 O2
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + Sunlight C6H12O6+ 6 O2
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
Photosynthesis Review• Takes place in the chloroplast.• Equation:
6CO2 + 6H20 + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen
Photosynthesis Overview: ( warm up) fill in the blanks
CO2 + H2O O2 + glucose Light energy
CO2
(carbon di-oxide gas)
H2O(water)
O2(oxygen gas)
C6H12O6(glucose)
Light energy
Photosynthesis Overview: Key
Carbohydrate – a Macromolecule
• Glucose is a type of sugar. Also called a “high energy sugar.”
• A chain of glucose is starch.
• Starch is a carbohydrate.
Starch
Glucose
Photosynthesis location: chloroplast
CO2 + H2O O2 + glucose
Light Energy
Chloroplast
CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2
Light energy
Chlorophyll
• Pigment – a molecule that absorbs light from the sun• Chlorophyll is the pigment most common in plants. • It absorbs all the light in the spectrum except green.
The green is reflected and that’s why plants look green.
Electrons in Photosynthesis
• Sunlight “excites” the electrons in chlorophyll.• The excited electrons then “carry” the energy from the sun
with them.• Electron carriers – protein molecules that carry the excited
electrons; NADP+ becomes NADPH when an electron is added and is the final electron acceptor
H2O is Split into H+ and O2
• Excited Electron split the water molecule• Oxygen is released• Happens in the Thylakoids ( the discs or sac like structure)
Light
H2O
Chloroplast
P+
ATP
NADPH
O2
Light Reactions
ChloropIast
CO2 Enters the Cycle
Energy Input
5-CarbonMoleculesRegenerated
Sugars and other compounds
6-Carbon SugarProduced
Calvin Cycle
The Calvin Cycle• The NADPH and ATP are used as the source of energy
for this cycle.• Six CO2 molecules are used in a series of steps to make
a 6-carbon sugar (high energy sugar, AKA glucose).• Note: A 3-carbon sugar is produced in the stroma, and
then 2 of the 3-carbon sugars are combined in the cytoplasm to make glucose.
Light
H2O
Chloroplast
LightReactions
NADP+
PADP
i+
ATP
NADPH
O2
CalvinCycle
CO2
C6H12O6
(glucose)
PhotosynthesisStep Location Product
PhotosynthesisStep Location Product
Absorption of light to split
water
Thylakoid mem- branes
O2, NADPH, ATP
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin
Cycle)
Stroma ADP, NADP, 3 carbon
sugar
Cytoplasm 6 carbon glucose
Factors that Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis• Water – extremely low water amounts reduce or stop
photosynthesis. Too much water kills the plant.• Temperature – temperatures below 32OF and above
95OF slow down photosynthesis.• Light intensity – increasing intensity increases
photosynthesis up to a certain point, then it levels off and can’t increase any further.
See the relation between Respiration and Photosynthesis ?
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
• Cells use O2 to turn food (a sugar called glucose) into energy (ATP). CO2 and water are the wastes given off in the process.
• ATP – adenosine triphosphate• Equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - Nucleotide
Adenine = nitrogenous base
Ribose = sugarPhosphate = phosphorous
and oxygen
Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
ADP ATPEnergy
EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partiallychargedbattery
Fullychargedbattery
Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) only has 2 phosphates and is like a partially charged battery. ATP has 3 phosphates and is like a fully charged battery.
Pg. 203
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Mitochondrion
Glucose
To the electron transport chain
Glycolysis
2 Pyruvic acid
• Why would we need to break down glucose in the cytoplasm first before we use it in the mitochondria? (think transport)
GlucoseGlycolysis
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
Electrons carried in NADH
Mitochondrion
Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Mitochondrion
Krebs Cycle
The uncontrolled reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water is explosive: too much energy at one time. The ETC breaks the “fall” of electrons into a series of smaller steps and stores some of the released energy in a form that can be used to make ATP.
GlucoseGlycolysis
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
Electrons carried in NADH
Krebs Cycle
Electrons carried in NADH and
FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
Mitochondrion
Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Mitochondrion
Cellular Respiration
Step Location (An)aerobic Products
Glycolysis Cytoplasm An-aerobic Pyruvic acid/ Pyruvate, NADH, 2
ATP
Krebs Cycle Mitochondria(Matrix)
Aerobic CO2, NADH, FADH2, 2 ATP
Electron Transport
Chain
Mitochondria(Inner
membrane)
Aerobic H2O, NAD, FAD, 32 ATP
Importance of Oxygen
• During aerobic respiration, where do the electrons (H+) end up as they are passed from protein to protein?
• They end up in the loving arms of oxygen.• When oxygen accepts electrons, water is made.• If oxygen wasn’t there to accept the electrons, the
Electron Transport Chain would get backed up, and no energy would be produced.
• What type of respiration happens when there is no oxygen? …and where does it happen?
Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Pyruvic acid + NADHNAD+
lactic acid2 ATP
*Lactic acid is what makes your muscles sore when you exercise.
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
• AKA: fermentation• An anaerobic process (does not
require oxygen)• Two types of fermentation:
• Alcohol fermentation• Lactic acid fermentation
• Both take place in the cytoplasm.
http://www.schmohz.com/images/beer-fermenter.jpeg
Alcohol Fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADHNAD+ +alcohol +
CO2 +2 ATP
Cellular respiration
Aerobic• Requires Oxygen• Produces 38 ATP from
glucose• Glucose+ 02-> 6CO2+6H20+ 38 ATP
• 3 steps –Glycolysis, Kreb cycle and ETS
• Takes place in cytoplasm & mitochondria
• Result – More energy
Anaerobic• Does not require Oxygen• Produces 2 ATP from
glucose• Glucose-> Lactic Acid +2 ATP
• 2 steps – Glycolysis, Lactic Acid formation
• Takes place in cytoplasm
• Result- Sore muscles, tired
Organisms that do alcohol fermentation
• Yeast perform alcohol fermentation in the absence of oxygen.
• The alcohol produced is the type that we drink.
• The CO2 produced is used to make bread rise.
http://www.utoronto.ca/greenblattlab/images/a/yeast%201.jpg
Organisms that do lactic acid fermentation• Humans (and other animals) - when
they are exercising and their muscles aren’t getting enough O2 to keep up with the energy demand.
• The build up of lactic acid is what makes your muscles start to burn.
http://www.donlemmonsknowhow.com/img/exercise-session.jpg
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