Cells and Energy Chapter 4 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis 4.4 Overview...

Cells and EnergyChapter 44.1 Chemical Energy and ATP4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration4.6 Fermentation

Chemical Energy and ATPATP is needed for ALL processes in the

cellMolecules in food like starch, sugars, and

fats store energy in the bonds

Starch molecule

Glucose molecule

ATP, ADP, AMP (forms of energy)

T = Tri= ThreeD = Di- TwoM = Mono= One

ATP- fully chargedADP- half chargedAMP- uncharged

ADP ATP

Energy

Energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Partiallychargedbattery

Fullychargedbattery

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate

A = Adenosine (nitrogenous base)P = Phosphate

ATP transfers the energy from food to the cell function

Break bonds – Release energyATP ADP + P

Form bonds – store energyADP + P ATP

Where does ATP come from?

Living things have to break down carbon compounds to make ATP

We digest food: break down to carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Lipids 146 ATPCarbohydrates = 36 ATP

Proteins- usually broken down into amino acids- about the same amt of ATP as carbs

Plants don’t eat…How do plants get their

food?

PHOTOSYNTHESIS!

Process by which plants convert LIGHT ENERGY into CHEMICAL ENERGY (sugars)

LIGHT FOOD

How does one get energy?

Autotroph: Make their own food

Heterotroph: need to CONSUME food

Chemoautotroph: Do not Eat. Do not go through Photosynthesis. CHEMOSYNTHESIS - use CHEMICAL ENERGY to make ATP.

Live near cracks of ocean floorEnergy comes from chemicals Nitrogen-fixing bacteriaVideo

Section 4.1 ReviewWhat is the difference between an autotroph

and a heterotroph?

How are ADP and ATP related?

What is the use of chemicals for a source of energy known as?

Autotroph—makes own foodHeterotroph—needs to eat food

ADP is missing a phosphate (and energy)ATP has all 3 phosphate and lots of energyThey go back and forth

Chemosynthesis

4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis

Producers make their own food

Plants are producers.

Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

Light + carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

Where does photosynthesis happen?

Chloroplast!

• Go inside a chloroplast.• Find a Thylakoid – disc-like

structure• Inside the thylakoid - Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy.

Two Processes of Photosynthesis

Light Dependent Reaction

Calvin Cycle or light independent reaction or dark reactions

Overview of Photosynthesi

sLight Dependent Reaction

1. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight.

Water is broken down Oxygen is released

2. Oxygen leaves the plant and goes into the air

3. ATP and NADPH are made to FUEL the Calvin cycle (Light independent reactions or also known as the dark reactions)

Calvin Cycle Light Independent

Dark reactions

1. CO2 is added to a cycle of reactions to build larger molecules (ATP and NADPH are used)

2. A molecule of simple sugar is formedGlucose (C6H12O6)

Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Overview

Light Dependent Reaction

Calvin Cycle

H2O(Water)

O2

(Oxygen)

CO2

Carbon dioxide

ATP NADPH

GlucoseC6H12O6

Section 4.2 ReviewWhat is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

What goes into the light reactions? What comes out as a waste product? What is given off that is needed to power the Calvin Cycle.

What goes into the dark reactions? What comes out as a useful product? What else comes out that is needed for the light reactions?

Absorbs energy from sunlight

IN: light and waterWaste OUT: OxygenOUT: ATP and NAPDH

IN: CO2, ATP and NADPH OUT Product: Glucose (C6H12O6)OUT: ADP and NADP+

4.4 Overview of Cellular RespirationThere is LOTS of energy available in

GLUCOSE--FOOD.

If all the energy in food was released at once, you would blow up!

Energy has to be released and CAPTURED- a little bit at a time

Requirements: OXYGEN!

Where? In the mitochondria

mitochondrion

animal cell

Big PictureGLUCOSE

Then

With oxygen

Aerobic Respiratio

n

Without oxygen

Fermentation

Alcoholic

Lactic Acid

Glycolysis

Not a lot of ATP made

Glycolysis- splitting sugar

First Step

anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)

takes place in cytoplasm

splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules

produces some ATP molecules in the process

If there IS Oxygen: Two Stages of Cellular

Respiration Occur1. Krebs cycle

O2 is required

Breaks up the compounds from Glycolysis

Makes some ATP

Makes more molecules that carry energy to send to the ETC

Produces CO2

2. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

O2 Required

Makes LOTS of ATP

H2O made as waste product

Cellular Respiration: Mirror Image of Photosynthesis

Overview

GlycolysisWith Oxygen

Without Oxygen

Cellular Respiration1. Kreb’s Cycle2. Electron Transport Chain

Fermentation•Alcoholic or Lactic Acid

If there is NO Oxygen??

Fermentation occursNo ATP is made.

Fermentation Two types

_______________ fermentation (Products: CO2 and Alcohol)

__________ ________ fermentation (Product: Lactic acid)

Alcoholic

Lactic acid

Section 4.4 Review—Part A

Where does glycolysis take place?

What goes into glycolysis? What comes out of glycolysis?

Why does fermentation occur?

What are the two different types of fermentation?

Cytoplasm

IN: Glucose OUT: 2 ATP & 2 - 3 carbon molecules

No oxygen present; to allow for glycolysis to continue

Lactic acid Alcoholic

Section 4.4 Review—Part B

Where does Cellular respiration take place?

What goes into the Kreb’s cycle? What comes out?

What goes into electron transport? What comes out?

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

Mitochondria

IN: 3 carbon molecules OUT: ATP, CO2

IN: Energy Storing compounds and OxygenOUT: Water and ATP!!!

Reactants of one are basically the products of the other