View
31
Download
4
Category
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
CEE 4606 - Capstone II Structural Engineering. Lecture 2 Design Considerations in the Third-World and an Introduction to Building Codes. Design Constraints and Considerations. Construction Equipment Material Availability Processes Material Testing Concrete Steel Testing Results. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
1
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Lecture 2 Design Considerations in the Third-World
and an Introduction to Building Codes
2
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Design Constraints and Considerations
• Construction– Equipment– Material Availability– Processes
• Material Testing– Concrete– Steel
• Testing Results
3
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Construction Equipment• Have:
– Electricity (with occasional power loss)– Portable generator – Welding rig– 1 Concrete vibrator– Drills (with some bits)– Circular saw, table saw, hand saws– Hand tools (hammers, tape measures,
shovels, etc.)
4
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Construction Equipment
• Do Not Have:– Concrete Mixer– Lifting Crane
5
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Formwork and Other Heavy Objects Must be Carried by Hand
6
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Construction Equipment
• Do Not Have:– Concrete Mixer– Lifting Crane– Backhoe– or Concrete Trucks
7
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Materials must be carried by hand ...
8
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
… or by wheelbarrow
9
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
10
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Construction Materials
• Wood– Plywood not readily available– Structural lumber very expensive – Some on site– Most lumber is cut by hand from trees
on site
11
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Hand-cut Lumber
12
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Scaffolding and Formwork Must be Built by Hand
13
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Construction Materials
• Steel– Access to sheet metal, light gauge
tubes, bars, ties, etc.– Rebar available, but sizes are limited– All bars and stirrups must be bent by
hand
14
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Rebar is Cleaned, Bent, and …
15
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
… Cut by Hand
16
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Construction Materials
• Concrete– Portland cement available (Type I)– Aggregates taken from nearby river
17
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Oxcart Used to Haul Aggregates From Nearby River
18
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Construction Materials
• Concrete– Portland cement available (Type I)– Aggregates taken from nearby river– Concrete mixed by hand using
shovels
19
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Concrete is Hand-mixed with Shovels
20
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
A pile of dirt, cement, and a little water
21
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Lots of shovels
22
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Get the buckets
23
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Construction Schedule• Keep this is mind
when you are developing a construction schedule
• Talk to past trip participants for approximate rates of “production”
24
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Construction Materials
• Concrete– Portland cement available (Type I)– Aggregates taken from nearby river– Concrete mixed by hand using
shovels– No quality control/quality assurance
(QC/QA) program
25
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Concrete Mix Design
• 3 wheelbarrows of sand• 3 wheelbarrows of aggregate• 2 bags of cement (94 lbs/bag)• 2 - 3+ five gallon buckets of water
Note: 1 wheelbarrow = 2.5 bags of cement
26
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Recommendations on the Cement Bag
27
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Concrete Cylinders - ASTM Protocol?
28
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Questionable Cylinders in 2000?
29
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Quality Cylinders in 2002
30
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
2000 - Cross Project Material Testing - Concrete
• 3 cylinders were tested prior to trip (non-ASTM procedure)
• 12 cylinders were taken from the cross pour
• 3 cylinders tested at 7 days• 4 cylinders tested at 14 days• 3 cylinders tested at 21 days• 2 cylinders tested at 28 days
31
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
2001 - Chapel Foundations Material Testing - Concrete
• 3 cylinders remaining from the cross project were tested at 325 days
• 15 cylinders were made from the many footing pours
• 6 were tested at 14 days• 9 were tested at 28 days
32
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
2000 and 2001 Concrete Test DataYear 1 Cylinder Strength
Trip Age (psi)1 7 1230
2 7 1660
3 7 960
4 14 1750
5 14 1530
6 14 1830
7 14 1650
8 21 1490
9 21 1760
10 21 1590
11 28 1450
12 28 1620
13 325 1780
14 325 1360
15 325 1650
Year 2 Cylinder StrengthTrip Age (psi)
1 14 820
2 14 910
3 14 800
4 14 960
5 14 1130
6 14 1310
7 28 2130
8 28 1970
9 28 1610
10 28 1770
11 28 1790
12 28 1850
13 28 1070
14 28 1110
15 28 680
33
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Document The Construction Process
This was the batch that the 680 psi cylinder came from
34
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Dr. Gross says “no more water”
35
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
2002 – 7 day breaks
Year 3 Cylinder Strength AggregateTrip Age (psi) Size
1 7 2540 Large2 7 2430 "3 7 2390 "4 7 2380 "5 7 2050 Small6 7 1970 "
36
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
2002 – 28 day breaksYear 3 Cylinder Strength Aggregate
Trip Age (psi) Size7 28 3640 Large8 28 3930 "9 28 3380 "10 28 3180 "11 28 2270 Small12 28 2110 "13 28 2820 "14 28 2820 "15 28 1390 Footing16 28 1010 Footing
37
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Material Testing - Steel
• 2 samples of rebar were tested• Tested in tension to failure• Data collected
– Bar Sizes– Yield Load– Ultimate Load
38
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Bar Yield Load Ultimate LoadSize (lbs) (lbs)#6 23500 37600
8 mm 3825 5600
Steel Test Data
• Develop a plan on what material (steel and concrete) samples you want your site representative to bring back
39
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
How good can this steel be ...
#16 bar!
40
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Labor• The workers at the orphanage take
pride in their work• High quality of construction
41
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Shoddy American Work, and ...
42
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
… Work Ethic
43
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Posas Verdes, Honduras• Governing Code?• Any other information?• What are the next steps?
– You’ve started looking at load paths – We need load types– We need to determine load combinations – Therefore, we need to decide on a code
44
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Building Codes in the United States
• SBC, BOCA, UBC, and IBC• UBC is primarily used in areas of
high seismicity (Western US)• UBC vs. BOCA
– Better information on seismic design– Excellent design aids– BOCA will be covered in CASE (?)
45
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
International Building Code, 2000• UBC, 1997 will not be updated again• Move of the industry is away from
the three different codes to one, IBC• Seismic provisions primarily based
off of UBC requirements• We will use IBC, 2000 along with
any information you can find– (handouts)
46
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Chapter 16 – Structural Design
1602 – Definitions1603 – Construction Documents
(you’ll want to make sure your drawings comply with this section)
1604 – General Design Requirements (LRFD vs. ASD vs. strength)
47
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
1604 – General Design Requirements
1604.2 – Strength1604.3 – Serviceability
– Deflection– Table 1604.3 – and/or Appropriate Code (ACI, AISC)
1604.5 – Importance Factors – (Table 1604.5)
1604.8 – Anchorage (roof designs)
48
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Load Types
• Dead Load• Live Load• Wind Load • Seismic (Earthquake) Load
Are there any special considerations due to the location of our site?
49
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
1605 – Load Combinations• LRFD
– 6 combinations– Exceptions and other loads
• ASD – 6 combinations– Exceptions and load reduction
• Alternate combinations 1605.3.2• Special seismic combinations
50
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Section 1606 - Dead Loads
• What are the dead loads that you must consider for this structure?– Roof and trusses– Masonry walls– Concrete beams, columns, and slabs– Stairs– Any other permanent fixtures
51
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Section 1607 - Live Loads
• Considerations include– Occupancy category Table 1607.1
• Uniformily distributed loads• Concentrated loads
– Distribution of floor loads– Roof loads– Live load reduction (1607.9)– Construction loads
52
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Division III - Wind Design• What do we need to consider to
determine wind pressures?– Building type– Building geometry and effective wind
area– Importance factor– Exposure – Type of resisting system– Wind speed
53
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Pressure Distribution
54
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
55
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Hurricanes for the 1998 season
Mitch
56
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Hurricane Mitch
57
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Chapter 16 continued
1610 – Soil Lateral Load1611 – Rain Load
– Rainy season impact ?1612 – Flood Load
– Proximity to river or creek?1613 – Earthquake Load (next time)
58
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Current Tasks• Fill out the survey if you haven’t
already• Determine the DL and LL on your
structure • Start researching wind and
earthquake history of Honduras• Determine your design wind speed
59
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
Lecture 3
• Introduction to Seismology• Review of Seismology of Central
America• International Building Code, 2002
seismic requirements• Roof Design
60
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering
The Enforcer
Recommended