CE 401 Civil Engineering Seminar Introduction To Ethics

•Announcements (on board)

•Complete Values and Behavior Survey, HO Pack 96-97 when done with quiz •Will start next week, ASCE Ethics Info & Answer ?’s- See HO 123 E to 123 P

•Find the answers to the following questions. •How does ASCE Define Ethics •Why Does ASCE Believe Engineers sometimes do the “wrong” thing? •What are the elements of the “Traditional Civil Engineering Method of Inquiry”, and

•Be Prepared to compare and contrast the “Traditional Civil Engineering Method of Inquiry” against the Josephson GKC Model

•Quiz 3- 5 Questions-10 minutes max. •Quiz 2 Results: 4-10, 8.0; Historic 4-10, 8.1 •Hyatt Regency – Continuation •Introduction to Michael Josephson, and the GKC Model

HYATT REGENCY FOLLOW UP •Story About Gillum’s Design Calculations-Hearing •Was There a Whistle Blower in the Hyatt Case?

•What did this Whistle Blower know?

•What did this Whistle Blower know? The Whistle Blower knew about the shop drawing that changed design from single to double rods.

•What did this Whistle Blower know? The Whistle Blower knew about the shop drawing that changed design from single to double rods. •When did this person blow the whistle?

•What did this Whistle Blower know? The Whistle Blower knew about the shop drawing that changed design from single to double rods. •When did this person blow the whistle? After the sky walks had failed and 113 people were killed.

HYATT REGENCY FOLLOW UP •Story About Gillum and his employee •What can we surmise about the Whistle Blower’s status?

•Involved with the Project?

•Involved with the Project? Probably.

•Involved with the Project? Probably. •With Technical Background/Training?

•Involved with the Project? Probably. •With Technical Background/Training? Probably.

•Involved with the Project? Probably. •With Technical Background/Training? Probably. •With some direct link to the skywalk supports?

•Involved with the Project? Probably. •With Technical Background/Training? Probably. •With some direct link to the skywalk supports? Probably.

•The Whistle Blower’s Identity Remains Unknown

HYATT REGENCY FOLLOW UP •Story KC Star’s Knowledge about Informant

•Is the Informant an Engineer?

•Is the Informant an Engineer? KC Star – “Don’t Know”

•Is the Informant an Engineer? KC Star – “Don’t Know” •Would it make any difference?

•Is the Informant an Engineer? KC Star – “Don’t Know” •Would it make any difference? Yes it would because

•The ethical standards for an engineer are higher than for a lay person.

•Lay Person May not have a duty to come forward prior to failure, per De George type analysis •Engineer’s duty to protect the public mandates earlier action, regardless of the De George Analysis

• See http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/kar/201/018/142.htm Section 2:The Engineer shall … protect the public H, S, & W

•Would it make any difference? Yes it would because •See http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/kar/201/018/142.htm •Section 2:The Engineer shall … protect the public H,S, & W •Section 10: If an engineer knows or reason to believe that any person is in violation of Chapter 322 or any regulation, he shall present that information to the Board in writing and shall cooperate with the Board in furnishing information.

•Would it make any difference? Yes it would because •See http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/kar/201/018/142.htm •Section 2:The Engineer shall … protect the public H,S, & W •Secion 10: If an engineer knows or reason to believe that any person is in violation of Chapter 322 or any regulation, he shall present that information to the Board in writing and shall cooperate with the Board in furnishing information.

•For an Engineer, These Duties supersede any De George Analysis

HYATT REGENCY FOLLOW UP •What If The Informant Is NOT an Engineer? Use the De George Analysis

•Did the informant believe the skywalks posed a safety risk to Public?

•Did the informant believe the skywalks posed a safety risk to Public? Yes! •Did the person express his/her concerns to his boss?

•Did the informant believe the skywalks posed a safety risk to Public? Yes! •Did the person express his/her concerns to his boss? We do not know because we do not know who it is

•Did the informant believe the skywalks posed a safety risk to Public? Yes! •Did the person express his/her concerns to his boss? We do not know because we do not know who it is •Did the person exhaust internal channels?

HYATT REGENCY FOLLOW UP •What If The Informant Is NOT an Engineer and unknown identity? Use the De George Analysis

•Did the informant believe the skywalks posed a safety risk to Public? Yes! •Did the person express his/her concerns to his boss? We do not know because we do not know who it is •Did the person exhaust internal channels? We do not know because we do not know who it is.

HYATT REGENCY FOLLOW UP •What If The Informant Is NOT an Engineer and unknown identity? Use the De George Analysis

•There is not enough information to know about moral authority for an unknown non-engineer informant.

HYATT REGENCY FOLLOW UP •What If The Informant Is NOT an Engineer, but is the Gillum Employee? Use the De George Analysis

•Did the informant believe the skywalks posed a safety risk to Public? Yes! •Did the person express his/her concerns to his boss? Yes. •Did the person exhaust internal channels? Yes, because Gillum is the top of that company.

HYATT REGENCY FOLLOW UP •What If The Informant Is NOT an Engineer, but is the Gillum Employee?Use the DeGeorge Analysis

•Tier 1: Gillum’s employee had moral authority to blow the whistle. •Tier 2: •Did the person have objective documentation sufficient to convince a third party?

•Tier 1: Gillum’s employee had moral authority to blow the whistle.

•Tier 2: •Did the person have objective documentation sufficient to convince a third party? Yes!

•Tier 1: Gillum’s employee had moral authority to blow the whistle. •Tier 2: •Did the person have objective documentation sufficient to convince a third party? Yes! •Would a whistle blowing prevent the deaths?

•Tier 1: Gillum’s employee had moral authority to blow the whistle. •Tier 2: •Did the person have objective documentation sufficient to convince a third party? Yes! •Would a whistle blowing prevent the deaths? Probably

•Tier 1: Gillum’s employee had moral authority to blow the whistle. •Tier 2: Gillum’s employee had a moral duty to blow the whistle, BEFORE THE FAILURE OCCURRED!!!!!

•Tier 1: Gillum’s employee had moral authority to blow the whistle. •Tier 2: Gillum’s employee had a moral duty to blow the whistle.

•Clearly, this person had a moral duty to act before failure

HYATT REGENCY FOLLOW UP •Why did the Hyatt failure occur?

•Technical Explanation?

•Technical Explanation? The Double Rod connection could not support the dead weight of the structure due to shear loads.

•Technical Explanation? The Double Rod connection could not support the dead weight of the structure due to shear loads. •Any other explanations for why it failed?

•Would it have failed if Gillum and Duncan had analyzed the connection?

•Would it have failed if Gillum and Duncan had analyzed the connection? NO

•Would it have failed if Gillum and Duncan had analyzed the connection? NO •Would it have failed if potential whistle blowers had spoken up sooner?

•Would it have failed if Gillum and Duncan had analyzed the connection? NO •Would it have failed if potential whistle blowers had spoken up sooner? NO

HYATT REGENCY FOLLOW UP •Would the Technical Explanation satisfy you if you lost your parents in the collapse? Why?

•The Technical Explanation Does Not Say Who Caused This Failure to Occur.

•Do You Believe that Structural Engineers in Good Standing know how to design the walkways like the Hyatt’s to prevent failure? Why?

•Yes, because the walkways are not complex structures and do not require sophisticated analyses.

HYATT REGENCY FOLLOW UP •Do You Believe that Gillum and Duncan knew how to design the walkways to prevent failure? Why?

•Yes, because the walkways are not complex structures and do not require sophisticated analyses,

HYATT REGENCY FOLLOW UP •Do You Believe that Gillum and Duncan knew how to design the walkways to prevent failure? Why?

•Yes, because the walkways are not complex structures and do not require sophisticated analyses, and •Gillum and Duncan Had:

•received the training, •passed the PE exam to obtain licenses, •had designed similar work in the past

ETHICS - REQUIRED COMPONENT OF SEMINAR •Few of us like to talk about Ethics •No one likes to be “Should Upon” Common Reply

•Why do you need to talk to me about Ethics? •Have I done something wrong?

•My approach to Ethics mandate for first 10+ years •My approach since meeting Michael Josephson

HOW DOES MICHAEL JOSEPHSON DEFINE ETHICS? •Josephson provides 4 elements in his definition:

1. STANDARDS of Conduct

1. STANDARDS of Conduct 2. Which indicate how one SHOULD BEHAVE

1. STANDARDS of Conduct 2. Which indicate how one SHOULD BEHAVE 3. Based on MORAL DUTIES and VIRTUES

1. STANDARDS of Conduct 2. Which indicate how one SHOULD BEHAVE 3. Based on MORAL DUTIESand VIRTUES 4. Arising from PRINCIPLES about RIGHT and WRONG

1. STANDARDS of Conduct 2. Which indicate how one SHOULD behave 3. Based on MORAL DUTIESand VIRTUES 4. Arising from PRINCIPLES about RIGHT and WRONG

• How do we know what the Moral Duties Are?

• How do we know what the Moral Duties Are? • Parents and other family members

• How do we know what the Moral Duties Are? • Parents and other family members • Mentors, teachers, and peers

• How do we know what the Moral Duties Are? • Parents and other family members • Mentors, teachers, and peers • Religious Training

WHAT MICHAEL JOSEPHSON SAYS ABOUT VALUES •Josephson separates values into two categories:

• Non-ethical Values, such as health, wealth, power, money, good grades, being liked

• Non-ethical Values , such as health, wealth, power, money, good grades, being liked

• We all share many of these non-ethical values • They are appropriate values in most cases

• Non-ethical Values , such as wealth, power, money, good grades, being liked

• We all share many of these non-ethical values • They are appropriate values in most cases • They are NOT UNETHICAL values

• We all share many of these non-ethical values • They are appropriate values in most cases • They are NOT UNETHICAL values • Non-ethical Values are Ethically Neutral

• May pursue with Ethical Methods

• Non-ethical Values , such as wealth, power, money, good grades, being liked • We all share many of these non-ethical values

• They are appropriate values in most cases • They are NOT UNETHICAL values • Non-ethical Values are Ethically Neutral

• May pursue with Ethical Methods • May Pursue with Unethical Methods

• Non-ethical Values: Ethically Neutral Values • Core Ethical Values:

• Non-ethical Values: Ethically Neutral Values • Core Ethical Values: Invoke A Sense Of Moral Duty

• Universal Application To All People

• Universal Application To All People • Relatively Constant Culture to Culture and Over Time

• Universal Application To All People • Relatively Constant Culture to Culture and Over Time • Josephson Has Identified them as Six Pillars Of Character

NEARLY EVERY DECISION HAS ETHICAL DIMENSION

NEARLY EVERY DECISION HAS ETHICAL DIMENSION •Decision Making – Where Ethics Are Applied

NEARLY EVERY DECISION HAS ETHICAL DIMENSION •Decision Making – Where Ethics Are Applied •How Should A Person Decide What To Do?

•What decision must I make?

•What decision must I make? Need a clear focus •Who are the stakeholders?

•What decision must I make? Need a clear focus •Who are the stakeholders? Need to know who you will affect •What options do I have?

NEARLY EVERY DECISION HAS ETHICAL DIMENSION •How Should A Person Decide What To Do?

•What decision must I make? Need a clear focus •Who are the stakeholders? Need to know who you will affect •What options do I have? Need To Find At Least Three •How do options Impact the Stakeholders?

NEARLY EVERY DECISION HAS ETHICAL DIMENSION •How Should A Person Decide What To Do?

•What decision must I make? Need a clear focus •Who are the stakeholders? Need to know who you will affect •What options do I have? Need To Find At Least Three •How do options Impact the Stakeholders? Select Option that yields Maximum Good & Minimum Harm

NEARLY EVERY DECISION HAS ETHICAL DIMENSION •How Should A Person Implement His Decision?

•Provide information to adversely affected stakeholders they need to make their decision

•Provide information to adversely affected stakeholders they need to make their decision •Monitor the results

•Compare Actual to Anticipated Consequences

•Compare Actual to Anticipated Consequences •If unintended injustice occurs, may need to modify decision

GKC DECISION MAKING MODEL •Used to test the selected option before acting: •Derived from three models:

•Golden Rule •Emmanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperatives •Consequentialism

•Combines the strengths of each model to overcome the weaknesses of each model

GKC DECISION MAKING MODEL •Does the decision reflect a concern for the interests and well being of all stakeholders. •It is never appropriate to violate a core ethical value to advance a non-ethical value •It is OK to violate a core ethical value only when it is necessary to advance another core ethical value which the decision maker concludes will produce the greatest balance of good over bad outcomes

WHO IS MICHAEL JOSEPHSON? •Meet him through a 30 Minute videotaped interview by Bill Moyers:

•Start no later than 12:20 or 3:20 PM

•Next Week: The Truesteel Affair

CE 401 Civil Engineering Seminar Introduction To Ethics

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