View
86
Download
1
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
CCLS Foundational Skills: Phonology & Orthography I. Agenda. Intro & I Can… Understanding & examining the processing systems CCLS Foundational organization History of the alphabetic system & synthetic encoding & decoding Auditory/oral processing & errors in coding - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
CCLS Foundational SkillsPhonology amp Orthography I
Agendabull Intro amp I Canhellipbull Understanding amp examining the processing systemsbull CCLS Foundational organizationbull History of the alphabetic system amp synthetic encoding amp
decodingbull Auditoryoral processing amp errors in codingbull Identifying amp correcting phonological coding errorsbull Bringing it back to CCLS processing systems amp instructionbull Next steps
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
3
What process are you using
Tricking your fluent brain
5httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Do you recognize this
What sound does this make
How about now
Directions
bull Read the next slide quicklyhellipyou will have 10 secondshellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
Nowhellip
bull You will have 10 seconds to count all thehellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
What does this say
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Agendabull Intro amp I Canhellipbull Understanding amp examining the processing systemsbull CCLS Foundational organizationbull History of the alphabetic system amp synthetic encoding amp
decodingbull Auditoryoral processing amp errors in codingbull Identifying amp correcting phonological coding errorsbull Bringing it back to CCLS processing systems amp instructionbull Next steps
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
3
What process are you using
Tricking your fluent brain
5httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Do you recognize this
What sound does this make
How about now
Directions
bull Read the next slide quicklyhellipyou will have 10 secondshellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
Nowhellip
bull You will have 10 seconds to count all thehellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
What does this say
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
3
What process are you using
Tricking your fluent brain
5httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Do you recognize this
What sound does this make
How about now
Directions
bull Read the next slide quicklyhellipyou will have 10 secondshellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
Nowhellip
bull You will have 10 seconds to count all thehellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
What does this say
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
What process are you using
Tricking your fluent brain
5httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Do you recognize this
What sound does this make
How about now
Directions
bull Read the next slide quicklyhellipyou will have 10 secondshellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
Nowhellip
bull You will have 10 seconds to count all thehellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
What does this say
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
5httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Do you recognize this
What sound does this make
How about now
Directions
bull Read the next slide quicklyhellipyou will have 10 secondshellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
Nowhellip
bull You will have 10 seconds to count all thehellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
What does this say
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Do you recognize this
What sound does this make
How about now
Directions
bull Read the next slide quicklyhellipyou will have 10 secondshellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
Nowhellip
bull You will have 10 seconds to count all thehellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
What does this say
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
What sound does this make
How about now
Directions
bull Read the next slide quicklyhellipyou will have 10 secondshellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
Nowhellip
bull You will have 10 seconds to count all thehellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
What does this say
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
How about now
Directions
bull Read the next slide quicklyhellipyou will have 10 secondshellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
Nowhellip
bull You will have 10 seconds to count all thehellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
What does this say
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Directions
bull Read the next slide quicklyhellipyou will have 10 secondshellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
Nowhellip
bull You will have 10 seconds to count all thehellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
What does this say
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
Nowhellip
bull You will have 10 seconds to count all thehellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
What does this say
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Nowhellip
bull You will have 10 seconds to count all thehellip
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
What does this say
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
The first half of February is often
the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year
What does this say
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
What does this say
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
What did your brain do
LUMRING TQ GQNGIUSIONS
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Read this quickly from left to righthellip
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
NOW just call the colors of each word from left to righthellip
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
ख़क़कधचलbull धलe ख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधebull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe sख़क़कधचल wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe sख़क़कचल wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
धo धलe धouचल क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Slartch
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधebull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch wक़s wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Slartch
bull धलe Slartch was wलiधebull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull धलe Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull धलe Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d
क़nd meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Slartch
bull The Slartch was wलiधebull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffybull The Slartch was wलiधe क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was wलiधe puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white क़nd puffybull The Slartch was white क़nd puffy क़nd puffy
क़nd चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy क़nd चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and puffy
चoख़d धo धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and चoख़d क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold धo
धलe धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold क़nd
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the धouचलbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
meख़धed in my लक़nd
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Slartch
bull The Slartch was whitebull The Slartch was white and puffybull The Slartch was white and puffy and cold to
the touchbull The Slartch was white puffy and cold and
melted in my hand
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Slartch
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Please read this aloudhellip
ocdAgrnci to a sheeerac at an lihEngs inueryvtis it etosnlsquod trtaem in awth rredo the tteserl in a ordw are the ylon aprtmoitnp ihntg is tath the trisf and ltsa tlrete is at the gthir cleap The tser can be a otlatssme and you can ilslt adre it owtuthi any oprbeml hTsi is cusebea we do not dare yrvee rtetel by it flse but the rwdo as a leohw
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
One more timehellipany easier
Aoccdrnig to a rseearchr at an Elingsh uinervtisy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Last timehellip
Aoccdrnig to a fulgegr at an Elingsh ugrbiitloy it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit any porbelm Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Answer the following questionshellip
bull The nugger was flinpbull The nugger was flinp and wugnetbull The nugger was flinp wugnet and manple in my waslet
bull What was flinpbull How else does the author describe the nuggerbull What does the nugger do
bull What is a nugger
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Read the Story
p 26
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Evidence That Alphabetic Reading Is Not ldquoNaturalrdquo
bull Alphabetic reading is a relatively new human capability invented about 3500 BC
bull Wersquore not biologically ldquowiredrdquo to read and writeas we are for oral language
bull Many people donrsquot learn 14 percent of the US adult population has not learned to read Another 29 percent are very poor readers
bull A child learns to speak at age one reading is learned beginning at age five or six and takes several years
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Speaking Is Natural Reading and Writing Are Not
bull Can you guess what percentage of the worldrsquos oral languages also invented a reading and writing system
bull If you guessed 10 percent you were correct
bull Our brains are not hard-wired to read
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
36
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
38httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
NYS Common Core Learning Standards
Foundational Skills
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
History of Oral to Written Language
wwwchildrenofthecodeorg
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3bbeginninghtm
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc3blanguagehtm
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken (Conversational) Language
Written Academic or Literate Language
Speech Sounds(phonology)
Sounds are blended together in spoken words (coarticulated)
Sounds are represented by alphabet lettersLetters are isolated unitsLetters must be matched with sounds and sequentially processed left to right in space as well as time
p 11
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Vocabulary(semantics)
Words may include incomplete or casual references Common words are used more liberties are taken with correct word form such as pronouns
Words may be uncommon specific to a topic longer and more precise in meaning than those used in conversation
ldquoCorrectrdquo word form and usage are expected
Sentence Structure(syntax)
Incomplete run-on ungrammatical sentences
Sentences may be lengthy embedded (with dependent clauses) and more carefully constructed to convey specific meanings
pp 11-13
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Exercise 21 Comparing Spoken and Written Language
Spoken Language Written Language
Paragraphs and Discourse Structure
There are no paragraphs in spoken language Speech unless written out and read may be much more rambling circular repetitive and disorganized
Logical structureDeliberate use of linking words repeated phrases pronoun referentsDifferent organizations for different goalsClear complete meaning
Overall Context for Use and Feedback Available During Communication (pragmatics)
Supported with gestures facial expressions tone of voice and the presence of shared context or events
All the meaning in written language resides in the words themselves There is no contextual redundancy we must imagine the authors voice and intent from our interpretation of the words
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Pictograms are drawings that directly represent meaning (hieroglyphics)
bull Logographic uses symbols to directly represent concepts (Chinese radicals)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Evolution of Writing Systems
bull Syllabic uses symbols for vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations (Cherokee)
bull Alphabetic uses letters for single speech sounds has consonant and vowel letters (Greek Russian)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
What Is Special About an AlphabetFigure 21 Flowchart of the Evolution of Alphabetic Writing
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
PICTOGRAPHIC
LOGOGRAPHIC(Chinese characters)
SYLLABIC(Cherokee)
ALPHABETIC
Types of Writing Systems
Sound-Based
shallow(Finnish)
deep(English)
Meaning-Based
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
English Is a ldquoDeeprdquo Alphabetic System
We spell by sound and by meaning
bull wanted hummed pitched(əd d t)
bull compress compression
bull medic medicine medicinal
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
53httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Two Domains of Reading
bull Reading is the product of decoding (the ability to read words on a page) and language comprehension (understanding those words)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Read the Story
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Exercise 22 Simulation of Learning to Read
Write all of the following on sticky notes
Put aside
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Review These Sounds
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Learn Four New Sounds
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Practice
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Blend Sounds Into Words
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Sight Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Read Phrases and Sentences
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Spell With Letter Tiles
Letrsquos check each one as you spell
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Writing Words Phrases and Sentences
bull I am going to dictate some words phrases and sentences to you
bull Please write these down on your paper
bull We will check your work on the next slide
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
How Did You Do
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Learn Three More Sounds and Symbols
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Read Regular Words
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Learn Three More Irregular Whole Words
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Read Phrases and Sentences
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
p 25
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Learn This New Sound-Symbol Correspondence
Learn this new sight word
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Read the Story
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Simulation of Learning to Read
ndash What was challenging for you ndash What did you do to adapt to the challenge of learning a new
symbol system ndash What compensatory skills did you try to employndash How much practice would you need to get good at reading and
writing this systemndash What was your range of emotional experience
as you tried it
ndashWhat did you notice we did NOT do
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
79httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Teaching Tips
What to say when a student stumbles on a word
ndash ldquoLook carefully at all lettersrdquondash ldquoSound it outrdquondash ldquoDoes that word make senserdquo
Avoid saying ldquoLook at the picturerdquo or ldquoWhat word makes sense hererdquo as your initial cue
WHY
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Typical Age Skill Domain4 Rote imitation and enjoyment of rhyme and
alliteration
5 Recognizing rhyme recognizing phonemic changes in words clapping syllables
55 Representing single sounds onset-rime producing rhymes initial consonant isolation
6 Compound word deletion syllable deletion 2ndash3 phoneme blending simple segmentation
65 Phoneme segmentation blending substitution
7 Initial and final sound deletion
8 Deletion with blends
9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks
Ages at Which 80ndash90 Percent of Typical Students Have Achieved a Phonological Skill
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
What Is a Phoneme
bull A phoneme is the smallest segment of speech in a language system that can determine word meaning or that can be combined with other speech sounds to make words
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Phoneme Perception amp Articulation Implication for Writing
bull httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgTourc6distinctionshtm
httpwwwchildrenofthecodeorgpvidtallalpart5htm
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Place and Manner of Articulation
bull Stop vs Continuant sounds
bull Voiced vs Unvoiced sounds
bull Nasalization
Placemdashwhere in the mouth the sound comes fromMannermdashhow lips tongue and teeth work together to make the sound
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Moats Consonant Video
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Young Students Confuse Similar Sounds
efry for every voiceless for voiced fricative
inems for items nasal for a stop
gat for grade omission of r from blend voiceless for a voiced stop
bag for back voiced for a voiceless stop
md for bed nasal for a stop
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Syllabic Consonants
bull The consonant and vowel are blended together in these ending syllables novices sensibly spell them with one letter
l puzzle puzl r bitter bidr m rhythm rythm n mutton mutn
bull What words are these children writing
ledr mitn lidl butn
p 33
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Figure 22 Development of
Consonant Articulation(based on Sander 1972)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
comek mknobn bcagek jwrinkler l
bridgeb jcravek vcachek shwhitewh or w
t
seethes thyoungy ngrhymer mphonef n
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
one
w n thresh
th sh queen
k n giant
j t roser z
unitedy dhymnh mrouger zhwholeh lthereth r
gnatn tpsychics kleaguel gwagew jsouths th
Identify Beginning and Ending Consonant Sounds
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van
sharp charp
brag brak
bed md
this vis
grade grat
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Analyze Spelling Errors
Target Word Misspelling Reason
fan van Voiced for voiceless consonant
sharp charp Affricate for a fricative
brag brak Voiceless for voiced consonant
bed md Front lip sounds b m
this vis Voiced fricative v for th
grade grat d and t differ in voicing
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Whatrsquos a Vowel
bull Itrsquos not a consonant
bull Itrsquos an open voiced sound
bull Spoken syllables must have one
bull Written syllables almost always have one (exception ndashism rhythm)
bull We teach 18 vowels including three vowel-r combinations
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Word OriginVowel
bull Latin (vocales) meaning using the voice
bull Vowels are spoken without much interference or shaping of the mouth
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Explore the Vowel Sounds of English
bull Watch the Speech Sounds of English video or work along with me to learn the sounds of the Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Turn to your blank Vowel Phonemes Chart
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Frank to Ernest
F W WT T TLK RLLY WLLWrsquoLL HV T NVNT VWLS
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
p 39
Vowel sounds that are close to each other are easily confused
English Vowel Sounds by Order of Articulation
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Schwa
bull Schwa is only pronounced in unaccented syllables Itrsquos the vowel with no identitymdashitrsquos empty Itrsquos a problem for spelling
along opinion compareimagine upon incompletecourage elect
bull The word schwa is German and is synonymous with the Hebrew term sheva meaning ldquoemptinessrdquo
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Classification of Vowel Phonemes
Long (Tense) Short (Lax) Diphthongbeet bit (bite)bait bet boilboat bat boutboot (ū) potbeauty (yū)but(bite) bought
book
Long and short are arbitrary termsOften long u is preceded by the glide y as in use cute and feud
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Match Words to Vowels on Your Vowel Phonemes Chart
bull Identify the vowel sounds in the following words by writing them next to the matching vowel sound on your Vowel Phonemes ChartIngrid mountain eager ate cuteon eggs road looking too
avoid Bort at upper Ihop Bouncers BertBart
Which vowel sound is not represented
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Vowel Phonemes Chart
too
looking
road
mountain
upper
on
IHop
at
eggs
ate
avoid
Bouncers
Bert
Bart
Bort
The schwa is not represented it can be found only in an unaccented syllable
Eager
Ingrid
How did you do
cute
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Spelling Influences
bull What is this young student trying to write
Chuck liks to aet sum jilee ad sum jokolit
(Chuck likes to eat some chili and some chocolate)
bull What might be influencing this studentrsquos spellings
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Coarticulation
bull Coarticulation means ldquosaying togetherrdquobull Speech sounds change in spoken words depending
on the sounds that surround them So choose examples wisely
1 desk dress ladder stand educate2 engine egg edify
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Allophonic Variation
bull Aspiration of p t and kbull Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant deletion of
a nasal consonant after a vowel and before another consonant
bull Flapping of t and dbull Affrication of t or d before r or y
Letrsquos look at each of these separately
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Aspiration of p t and k
bull p t and k are pronounced with a push of breath at the beginning of a syllable and before a vowelAs you say these words put your hand in front of your mouth to feel the air
pet prize tip tart cat couch
bull If p t and k are the second sound in a blend there is no push of breathNow say these words while feeling the air Notice the difference
pit spit tart start kin skin
bull If p t and k are at the end of a word students often confuse the sound with the voiced partner or omit the letter altogether
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Aspiration
pb
t d
k g
r
sbider sbesl sdashn sdrt sgin sgary
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
skate
splash
stripe
stop
scarf
sport
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Common Spelling Errors Due to Deaspiration of p t and k
bull Here are possible misspellings
sgat skate
sblash splash
sdrip stripe
sdop stop
sgrf scarf
sbot sport
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Say these word pairs while holding your nose
bad band said send
rat rant dote donrsquot
sick sink puck punkbull What happens to the vowel sounds that come right
before the nasals
bull Students often lose or confuse nasal sounds in their spellings
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Nasalization of a Vowel
m n ng
r
sik wet basemet juppy siple
What words are the young students trying to spell
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
camp
think
Sunday
dimple
song
hunt
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Common Spelling Errors Due to Nasalization of a Vowel
bull Here are possible misspellings
cap camp
thik think
suda Sunday
dipl dimple
sog song
hut hunt
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Flapping of t and d
bull In American dialect the middle sound of t is changed to d when it falls between an accented and unaccented vowel
bull Say the following words
water letter writer littleBritish better matter potter
bull What happens to the middle sound
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Flapping of t and d
td
r
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Flapping of t and d
bull Given this allophonic variant watch how students often misspell these words
water wadr
better bedr
writer wridr
British Bridish
little lidl
matter madr
letter ledr
p 49
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Affrication of t and d
bull When a t or d is before an r or a y the sounds for the t and d change
bull The sounds feel more like ch for t and j for d
bull Look at why this isSay t Now say r Say d Now say r
bull How does your mouth look and feel when you say these sounds Use your mirrors to check
bull Letrsquos see what happens when these sounds are embedded within words
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the sound r
Say the nonsense word tain Now say train
Say tick Now say trickSay desk Now say dress Say dawn Now say drawn
bull Looking in a mirror how does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
chran chrick hretjrs jragin gran
when followed by r
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Affrication of t and d
bull Watch and feel what happens when t or d comes before the glided sound y
Say the word Nate Now say natureSay Ed Now say educate
bull How does your mouth change when you say each pair
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Affrication of t and d
t d
chj
r
What words are students trying to spell
nachrejukate
when followed by y
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
trytruckdroptrophycapturedrinkeducationdriver
bull Given this allophonic variant how might students misspell the following words
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Spellings for Affrication of t and d When Followed by r or y
chri tryhruk truckjrop dropchrofe trophycapchr capturejrik drinkejukashn educationjrivr driver
bull Here are possible misspellings
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Letter NAMES vs Letter SOUNDS
Which comes first
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Squaring of Correlations
Proportion of variance in Woodcock-Johnson ReadingComprehension accounted for by W-J R word identificationand phonic decoding (Connecticut Longitudinal Study YaleUniversity)
Grade 1 89 X 89 = 79 percent Grade 5 = 49 percent
Grade 2 83 X 83 = 69 percent Grade 6 = 48 percent
Grade 3 77 X 77 = 59 percent Grade 7 = 48 percent
Grade 4 73 X 73 = 53 percent Grade 8 = 40 percent
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Sounds in Letter Names
A ā J j ā S B K TC L U D M VE N W F O XG P YH Q ZI R
Write out the sounds in each letter name Two are done for you
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
How Did You Do
A ā J j ā S ĕ s B b ē K k ā T t ē C s ē L ĕ l U y ū D d ē M ĕ m V v ē E ē N ĕ n W d ŭ b l y ū F ĕ f O ō X ĕ k sG j ē P p ē Y w ī H ā ch Q k y ū Z z ē I ī R ar
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name
We will check the answers on the next slide
Answer These Questions
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
1 Which letter names do not have the sounds that the letters represent h w x y
2 Which letter names and sounds are likely to be most easily confused cs gj wyu hch
3 Can you think of a sound that is not in any letter name ă er g h ĭ ng ŏ oi or ou th th sh
Answer These Questions
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Teaching Tips
Consider a logical scope and sequence for teaching letter names
bull Names with the sound in initial positionndash b j k p t v z d
bull Names with the sound in final positionndash f l m n s
bull Vowelsndash a e i o u
bull Save the most difficult for lastndash c g h q r w x y
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Spelling Is Influenced FIRST by Phonological Judgments THEN Orthographic Judgments
bull Letrsquos take a look at how spelling samples reflect student knowledge of phonology even beyond the early grades
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Spelling Sample
1 I hear a tiny fose inside my hede tlelling me that it is get very late(I hear a tiny voice inside my head telling me that it is getting very late)
2 Their is only one homewark prolpromrklife for me to andser(There is only one homework problem left for me to answer)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
My favourit mont is Julye becuse it is my bathdy7th peread is my favret time of the day becuse it
is the last class of the dayi get in to trabat but i get out by not doing it and
by bring my oney mastaks
Can you find examples of issues with phonology
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
bull Omission of a nasal consonant after a vowel and before a consonant that is pronounced similarly
bull Use of letter names to stand for one or more
phonemes
Sample 3
p 50
hotidhaunted grapgramp
CassdCassidy shodshowed
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
bull Flapping of a medial t spelled with d
bull Voicedvoiceless consonant substitution
bull First sound spelled with a letter whose name has that sound
p 51
Sample 4
tredingtreating
sdraestray
uesterdayyesterday
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
bull Affrication of t or d so that it is changed to ch or j
bull Use of a single letter for a syllabic consonant l m or r
bull Substitution of vowels that are similar in articulation
Then the witch came off her broomstc Then the witch went ovr the gobrigh [drawbridge] Than the witch noct on the door then the princess opind the door then the witch grab the princess and then the witct jragd that princess to her hows Then a prince so the witch jragen the princss to her hows Then the prince went aftr the witch bat the prince was to fat Then the naxt dai the witch jragd the princss to a hi op towr with no stars no dor
ndashMay of kindergarten
Sample 5
p 51
jragddragged jragendragging
aftrafter towrtower
naxtnext opup
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
bull Why is this good phonetic spelling for a kindergartener
Exercise 31 Sample 6
p 52
Almost all the speech sounds in the long name Abraham Lincoln (Apirl hand lenkin) are represented Phoneme segmentation and working memory are required to do such good approximations
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
In conclusionhellip
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
The Many Strands That Are Woven Into Skilled Reading
Background Knowledge Vocabulary Knowledge Language Structures Verbal Reasoning Literacy Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Decoding (and Spelling) Sight Recognition
SKILLED READING fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasinglystrategic
Reading is a multifaceted skill gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
141httpswwwkansasprojectsuccessorgsystemfiles83original420Part20Processor20Posterpdf1306258404
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Listening versus Reading Comprehension
T G Sticht 1974 1984
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Phonology steps most supported by research to improve reading and spelling skills
The Hourglass Concept
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Therefore we must learn to produce and manipulate phonemes and to recognize common confusions in children
PA The Anchor for Phonics
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
I Canhellip
1) hellipdescribe how the phonological orthographic meaning and context processing systems interact for reading comprehension
2) hellipdescribe the organization of the Foundational standards in the Common Core Learning Standards
3) hellipidentify and correct common phonological error patterns by applying phonemic (auditoryoral) input amp output strategies
148
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Join us again soon
Next upDeep Orthography amp Etymology (II)
Recommended