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8/10/2019 CBSE OTBA Material for Class 11-Biology-Hindi
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eqDr ikB~;lkexzh
1- ewy fo"k; %laosnuk dsizek.kksadk ifjek.ku
lkjka'k %vkt i;kZoj.k dh fcxM+rh vkSj fujarj fo?kfVr gksrh xq.kokk lsekuo Xykfu o jks"k Hkkouk ls
xzflr gSA ijUrq;fn bl O;FkZlksp lsmcjdj mu lk{;ksadk ifjek.ku djusdh dksf'k'k dh
tk, tgkiquZLFkkiuk dsiz;kl dk liQy gq, gSarksizksRlkgu ,oaizsj.kk dh izcyrk esao`f
gksxh ftldk ifj.kke dk;Zdykiksaesan`f"Vxkspj gksxkA
gekjh tuuh] izo`Qfr] lqUnj ,oa;Fks"V gSA mlusgesathoar] lq[kh ,oaHkjiwj thou thusdsfy,
lHkh vko';d lqfo/k,aiznku dh gSaA mlusgekjh mu leLr vko';drkvksadk] tSls[kku&iku]
LoPN ,oarktk ty] thounkf;uh vkWDlhtu ,oaif{k;ksa] frrfy;ksa] iq"iksa,oao{kksads:i esa
laxh&lkFkh iznku djusdk Hkh ;ku j[kk gSA
;qxksalsekuo izo`Qfr dslkFk feydj 'kkafr lsjgrk jgk gSvkSj tuuh izo`Qfr dh ;Fks"V ek=kk
esamiyC/ lkefxz;ksalsykHk mBkrk jgk gSo leLr gkfu;ksalslqjf{kr djrk jgk gSA blds
lkFk gh ikfjrkaf=kd iz.kkyh dh lsokvksa,oamiyC/ lkefxz;ksadslkFk i`Foh dh ;g fo'kkytSofofo/rk vR;Ur gh egoiw.kZ gSA ikfjrkaf=kd lsok,a gSa] fu;eu tSls ok;q ,oa ty dk
'kqfdj.k] izcU/u& tSlsb/u ,oa[kk| lkexzh rFkk lkaLo`Qfrd ,oalgk;rkRedrk] tSlsfd&
ijkx.k ,oaiks"k.k pozQA
1760 dsyxHkx] vkS|ksfxd ozQkafr ds'kq: gksusdslkFk&lkFk rFkk 1820 ls1840 dschp ds
dqN le; esa,d ,sls;qx dh 'kq:vkr gqbZ] tc ekuo usektuuh lstqM+h ukHkh uky dksgh
rksM+Mkyk rFkk izo`Qfr dslkSan;Z,oaHkjiwjrk dksvfu;ksftr :i lsywVusdsiFk ij py iM+kA
fo'kky dkj[kkuksadsxBu ,oacM+h ek=kk esamRiknu usfdUghaizko`Qfrd lEinkvksadksv/ksxfr
ds iFk ij vxzlj fd;k ftlls gekjk i;kZoj.k LFkkbZ :i ls {kfrxzLr gks x;kA bl {kfr
dk ,d mnkgj.k ouksUewyu gSA tc isM+dkV fn, x, rksoU; thou Hkh u"V gksx;kA
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o{kksadh deh usdkcZu fuLlj.k dh leL;k dksvkSj vf/d c
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igys Hkh iFoh ij lkewfgd mUewyu gqvk gSvkSj iqjkuh iztkfr;ksadk LFkku ubZiztkfr;ksa us
fy;k gSA mnkgj.kLo:i] Lru/kfj;ksausjsaxusokystypjksadk LFkku ,oavko`rchtksausiQuZdk
LFkku fy;k gSA bl le; HkkSxksfyd bfrgkl dh lkewfgd mUewyu ?kVukvksadsfy, fliQZgekjh
iztkfr mkjnk;h gSA ge gkykafd] ge euq"; gh lkewfgd mUewyu ds fy, lEiw.kZ :i ls
mkjnk;h gSavkSj lokZf/d uqdlku mBk,xh] ;g gekjh gh iztkfr gStksfd bl fLFkfr dksde
djusdsfy, lokZf/d iz;kl dj jgh gSA iquLFkkZiuk dh vufxur ifj;kstuk,cukbZxbZgSavkSj
iFoh dsifjrU=k dksewyHkwr :i esaiqu% LFkkfir djusdsiz;kl fujarj fd, tk jgsgSaA
ikfjrU=k dh iqu% LFkkiuk dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k vjkoyh tSo fofo/rk ikdZ (m|ku)
ds:i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA fnYyh&gfj;k.kk ckMZj dk HkV~Vh&Hklksyk {ks=k] tksdHkh ?kuktaxy gqvk djrk Fkk] [kuu dsdkj.k mtM+x;k FkkA
bl {ks=k esagksjgs[kuu dk;Zdh o`f dsdkj.k eksj] i{kh] jsaxusokystypj] tyLFky esa
jgusokysi'kqrFkk vU; oU; thou] tksfd foyqIrrk dsdxkj ij Fks] vkt fujarj ,oala;qDr
iz;klksa ds dkj.k /hjs&/hjs iquthZfor gksus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSaA fnYyh&gfj;k.kk ckMZj ds
vjkoyh ioZr k`a[kyk dk yxHkx 5]566 ,dM+tehu dkstksrk x;k gSA jsaxusokystypjksadk
iztuu Hkh c
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{ks=k dksc
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vkt fo'oHkj esaeuq"; tfur dkj.kksalsewaxk pV~Vkusau"V gksjgh gSaD;ksafd ikuh dk rkieku
c
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1-
CO2dk lkekU; Lrj leqnzh; vEyh;rk dkscuk, j[krk gSA
2-
CO2Lrj esao`f leqnzh; vEyh;rk dksc
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ewaxk pV~Vkuksadh {kfr lseNfy;ksa,oavU; leqnzh thoksadsidM+us] laxzg djusesa] rFkk muds
vkdkj o fofo/rk dk xgu iru gqvk gS] lkFk gh ;g leqnzrVksa,oarVh; lajpukvksads
dVko dk Hkh dkj.k gSftllsi;ZVu jktLo esaHkh gkfu gksrh gSA
bu leL;kvksadslek/ku gsrqu, rduhdksadk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA tSlstylrg esaewaxkpV~Vku ikyu] rFkk VwVsewaxksadsVqdM+ksadks fiQj lstksM+ukA pwafd iqu%LFkkiuk dk dk;Zegaxk
gS,oavf/d le; ysrk gSblfy, cpko dsi{kksaij vf/d tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA
Hkkjr i;kZoj.k ea=kky; us iksVZ Cys;j esa jk"Vh; dksjy jhiQ fjlpZlsUVj (jk"Vh; eawxk pV~Vku
vuqla/ku dsUnz) dh LFkkiuk dh gSA ;g eSUxzwo ,oa ewaxk pV~Vkuksa ls lacaf/r Lrj ds lkFk
jk"Vh; ,oajkT; f}Lrjh; iz.kkyh gStksjk"Vh; ,oaizknsf'kd Lrj ij dke djusokyh ,oaewaxk
pV~VkuksalslEcfU/r ;kstukvksadksdq'kyrk ,oalqfu;ksftr :i esadk;kZfUor djusesadk;Zjr gSA
ea=kky; dk dke izns'k ds oU; foHkkxksa dks pqus x, leLr eawxk pV~Vku {ks=kksa ls lEcfU/r
xfrfof/;ksatSls& fujh{k.k] losZ{k.k] f'k{kk ,oatkx:drk dsfy, vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku djuk gSA
ewaxk tSo&fofo/rk ij vuqla/ku fodkl laca/h xfrfof/;ksadslkFk gh bu {ks=kksa esa iznw"k.k ds
fofHkUu i{kksaij vuqla/ku] fodkl ,oaleFkZu ij fo'ks"k ;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA
(lzksr % i;kZoj.k ,oaou ea=kky; lsizkIr vkadM+s)
{kfrxzLr ewaxk pV~Vkuksadh lfozQ; {kfriwfrZrc dh xbZtc ;g ik;k x;k fd mldk cpko
djuk gh i;kZIr ughagSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa izf'kf{kr Scubaxksrk[kksjksalsbu pV~Vkuksaij
dk;Zdjusdsfy, fo'ks"k :i lsvuqxzg fd;k x;kA bu xksrk[kksjksausewaxksadsVqdM+ksadkslhesUV
ok;qe.My dsCO2dsLrj esao`f
leqnzh; vEyh;rk dksfdl izdkj ls
ifjofrZr djrh gS\
?kks?kk] DySEl] LyXl ,oa leqnzh;
vjfpu dkSu ls lewg @ lewgksa ds
izk.kh gSa\
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vFkok ,iksDlh iqV~Vh dk iz;ksx dj mudk ifjjksi.k fd;kA ewaxk pV~Vkuksadksmudsiqjkuh fLFkfr
esafiQj lsykus@ ejEer djusdk ms'; bl {ks=k esajgusokysizko`Qfrd fuokfl;ksa(ewaxksa) dks
thusdsfy, volj iznku djuk FkkA oSKkfudksaus;g ik;k gSfd oseawxstksikS/'kkyksaesamxk,
x, gSa] viusu, vkokl LFky esaHkh iztuu dh {kerk j[krsgSaA bldk vFkZ;g gqvk fd gekjs
egklkxjksaesavkSj vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh ,oaizHkko'kkyh ikfjra=kksadh o`f lsewaxksaesavkSj vf/d
vkuqoaf'kdh fofo/rk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
vxLr 2002 esa] yksfjMk dseq[; if'pe {ks=k dsikl] 36 iqQV yEck tgkt ^ykxukbis* (,d
fo'kky tgkt) fNNysikuh esaiQal x;k ftllsfd vH;kj.; esaiuiusokysyxHkx 376 oxZ
iqQV] thfor ewaxs {kfrxzLr gq,A vH;kj.; ds vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk pV~Vku dh {kfriwfrZ dkys[kk&tks[kk fy, tkusdsi'pkr tho oSKkfudksaus,d ,slslhesUV dh [kkst dh ,oaiz;ksx
fd;k tksikuh dsvanj dBksj gkstkrk gS] ftllsyxHkx 473 ewaxksa,oamuesaVwVs,oafoLFkkfir
VqdM+ksadks fiQj lstksM+k x;kA iquZLFkkiuk LFky ij ewaxksadh voLFkk dkstkuus fy, bl ij
ukj j[kh xbZ,oabldsfy, vkB o"kZdk le; fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k tks2002 esa'kq: gqvkA
2009 rd ;g tksM+s x, ewaxk VqdM+s ikl ds tqM+s gq, ewaxk dkWyksuh dsv{kfrxzLr ewaxksa ls
vHksnuh; FksA vk'p;Ztud :i ls] ,d o"kZdsckn iquZLFkkiuk LFky ij ewaxksadh tula[;k]
lanHkZLFky lsvf/d FkhA
vUrtZyh; dksjy iQkeZ lhesaV ,oa,iksDlh dk iz;ksx djrsgq, ejEer
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dksjy pV~Vkuksadsleku gh Hkkjr esaeSUxwzo ou gSaaA eSUxzwo Hkw&izns'kh; ,oami&m".kdfVcU/h;
{ks=kksadsyo.k lfg".kqou ikfjrU=k gSavkSj ;sHkkjrh; miegk}hi dsrVh; {ks=kksaesaizpqjrk lsik,
tkrsgSaA LFkyh; m".kdfVcU/h; ouksadsleku gh eSUxzwo Hkh gtkjksao"kkslsHkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
dk egoiw.kZvax jgsgSa,oacgqewY; izko`Qfrd lainkvksadk laxzg {ks=k gSaA gtkjksao"kksls;g
eSUxwzo LFky v{kka'k ouksadsleku gh Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ds fy, egoiw.kZvax jgk
gS,oacgqewY; izko`Qfrd lEinkvksadk Hkh laxzg {ks=k Hkh jgk gSA
;scgqvk;keh ikfjrU=k gSavkSj rVh; {ks=kksaesavkinkvksatSlspozQokr] meM+rh ygjksavkSj lqukeh
dsizHkko dksde djusesaegoiw.kZdk;ZdjrsgSaA ;slSdM+ksaeNqokjksadksthfodk iznku djrs
gSa,oaoU; izkf.k;ksadsfy, egoiw.kZvkokl ds:i esadk;ZdjrsgSaA
leLr rVh; {ks=k eSUxzwo jksi.k dsfy, mi;qDr ughagSaD;ksafd eSUxwzoksadsfy, yo.k;qDr ,oa'kq
ty dk mfpr lkeatL; cuk, j[kuk iM+rk gS] lkFk gh eqyk;e v/% Lrj tSlsdhpM+nkj Hkwfe
dh vko';drk gksrh gStksmudsc
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vadqfjr gksrsjsM eSUxzwo U;wesVksi+QkslZ
rVh; rjHkwfe;ksadsvfoosdiw.kZiz;ksx lsiks"kd rRoksaesadeh gksrh gS] e`nk dk vijnu gksrk
gS,oaeRL; ikyu m|ksx dslkeF;Zesadeh vkrh gSftlusifj.kker% rVh; {ks=kksaesavusdizko`Qfrd ,oavkfFkZd leL;k,amRiUu dh gSA
mnkgj.kLo:i eqEcbZdk rVh; rjHkwfe ekfge ozQhd {ks=k] tksvR;f/d iznwf"kr {ks=k ekuk tkrk
gSvkSj lSdM+ksafodkl ;kstukvksatSlsfd& jsyekxZ] ikuh dsikbi] iqy] dkj[kkus,oa>qfXx;ksads
Hkkj lsizHkkfor gSA ikuh] tksdkj[kkuksadsfo"kkDr vif'k"Vksalsnwf"kr gS] izk.kh thou dkslgkjk
ughansldrkA bl vfr&iznwf"kr {ks=k dh leL;k dksde djusgsrqeqEcbZegkuxjikfydk ,oa
oYMZ okbM iaQM iQkWj uspj (eqacbZ) la;qDr :i ls fofHkUu i{kh iztkfr;ksa ds fy, vkokl
ds:i esabl {ks=k dkseSUxwzo miou (ikdZ) ds:i esaiqu% LFkkfir djusdsfy, lger gq,
gSaA eSUxzwo ulZjh dh LFkkiuk usekfge izo`Qfr m|ku (ikdZ) esaeSUxzwo o`{kkjksi.k dksc
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gS] fiQj Hkh ekfge izo`Qfr m|ku ,oavkl&ikl dseSUxzwo lSdM+ksaif{k;ksadksfoJke LFky iznku
djrsgSaA
ekfge ozQhd dh iqu%LFkkiuk
eSUxzwo dk iquZjksi.k ,oaouksadk fodkl
ekuo dsvkl&ikl jgusokyh og xkSfj;k&iSlj MksesfLVdl] loZO;kih ,oaloZ&izpfyr i{kh
gS,oaekuo dslokZf/d tkusekusia[k;qDr laxh&lkfFk;ksaesals,d gSaA bldk fodkl ekuo
dslkFk gh gqvk gSA ;g gekjsfy, lclsvf/d tkuk ekuk i{kh gSA xkaoksaesavkt Hkh bldh
pgpgkgV yksxksadksuhan lstxkrh gSA pwafd ge ,d gh vkoklh; LFky esajgrsgSablfy,
budkscpkuk gekjk uSfrd drZO; gSA
viusnksuksaizko`Qfrd {ks=kksa] 'kgjksa,oaxkaoksa] esa;g i{kh viuh la[;k esafujUrj voufr dh vksj
c
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20 ekpZfo'o xkSjs;k fnol ds:i esaeuk;k tk jgk gSA bldk ms'; u dsoy dk;ZozQeksadk
vk;kstu djuk gS oju~ 'kgjh tSo fofo/rk ds laj{k.k ds izfr tkx:drk mRiUu djus ds
midj.k ds:i esaiz;ksx djuk orZeku le; dh vko';drk gSA bu vuq"Bkuksadk ms'; bl{ks=k esadk;Zdjusdsfy, fofHkUu Lrj dsyksxksadks,d lkFk ykuk gSA bldk ms'; oSKkfud
leqnk; ,oa ljdkj dks bl {ks=k esa ;ku nsus ds fy, tkx:d djuk gS ftlls cpko ds
fopkjksa] ;kstukvksarFkk lq/kj uhfr;ksadk dk;kZUo;u gksldsA
oSKkfudksaus1990 esabl fLFkfr dk voyksdu fd;k vkSj rc lsgh budsla[;k esairu ds
dkj.kksadkstkuusds fy, losZ{k.k fd, tk jgsgSarFkk bl fLFkfr dk lkeuk djus ds fy,
foKkiu] vfHk;ku ,oatu lkekU; rd igqp ,oa tkx:drk iQSykusdsdk;ZozQe cuk, tk jgs
gSaA laiw.kZfo'o esaxfrfof/;ksads:i esadk;ZozQe pyk, tk jgsgSarkfd budh lqj{kk gksldsA
Hkkjr esaflVhtu LiSjks(Citizen Sparrow);g dk;kZfUor dk;ZozQe blh ms'; dksysdj cuk;k
x;k gSA ;g ns'k dsizR;sd ukxfjd lsxkSjs;k dh mifLFkfr dh okLrfod ,oale;kuqlkj fLFkfr
dkstkuusdsfy, ;ksxnku ekax jgk gSvkSj bulslfEcfU/r tkudkjh dksviyksM djusdsfy,
fyad Hkh fn;k x;k gSA ;g O;fDrxr ;k lkewfgd Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesaLdwyhNk=k ,d nkf;Roiw.kZoSf'od ukxfjd dsnkf;Ro dksfuHkkrsgq, Hkkx ysldrsgSaA
fofHkUu izdkj dh if=kdkvksaesatSlsfd Hkkjrh; i{kh (bafM;u cMZ)] dkWeu cMZekuhVfjax vkWiQ
bafM;k (Hkkjrh; dkWeu cMZekuhVfjax)] uspj iQkWj,oj lkslkbVh dk flVhtu lkbal izksxzke esai{kh
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oSKkfud fo'ks"kKksads izs{k.k ,oa fjiksVZ nh xbZgSA dbZlaLFkk,a ,oa O;fDrx.k bl dk;ZozQe ds
(va'k gSa) Hkkxhnkj gSaA bl dk;ZozQe dk ms'; lkekU; Hkkjrh; if{k;ksalslacaf/r vkadM+s,df=kr
djuk FkkA gkykafd lh-ch-,e-vkbZ- dsleku ;g ,d nh?kZdkyhu dk;ZozQe ughajg ik;k fiQj Hkh
buds}kjk fd;k x;k vizSy ,oatqykbZ] 2012 dk losZ{k.k lEcfU/r iztkfr;ksadh fuxjkuh gsrq
Hkkjr esa8425 LFkkuksals5655 lgHkkfx;ksa}kjk Hkstsx, 10666 fjdkMksdslkFk ,d mRoQ"V
dk;Zjgk gSA vf/d lsvf/d yksxksadslEHkkfor ;ksxnku gsrq;g ,d cM+h igy FkkA blesa
lclscM+sHkkxhnkj 91 o"kZ,oalclsNksVk Hkkxhnkj 7 o"kZdk FkkA izkIr vkadM+ksausxkSjs;ksadh
la[;k esadeh dh vksj gh b'kkjk fd;k gSA
dqN vkSj dgkfu;kHkh gSa] tksfd bl {ks=k esaO;fDrxr ,oalkewfgd :i lsfd, x, dk;kslsgesavoxr djkrsgSaA ^oqeu dkyst* (Women Collage),iVuk dsNk=kksausxkSjs;ksadsfy, cktjs
dsnkusiQSyk,A 2012 esafnYyh esaxkSjs;k dksjkT; i{kh dk nkkZfn;k x;k vkSj dgk x;k fd
bldk ms'; mudkscpkuk FkkA uspj iQkWj,oj lkslkbVh uscqjgkuh iQkamMs'ku dslkFk SOS
gekjh xkSjs;k dkscpkvksdk;ZozQe izkjEHk fd;k] bldsvUrZxr mUgksaus fcuk ykHk fo'oHkj esa
52000 i{kh ikydksa(iks"kdksa) dksckaVkA Mkd foHkkx usHkh bl {ks=k esatkx:drk iQSykusds
ms'; lsekpZ202012 dksxkSjs;ksadk Mkd fVdV fudkyk FkkA
xate ftysdsiq#ukcU/k xko ds;qok bl dk;ZozQe lsizHkkfor gksx, vkSj mUgksauslaj{k.k iz;klksa
esa#fp fn[kkbZA Vhe usX;kjg xkSjs;ksadksysdj dke 'kq: fd;kA ,d lky esaxkSjs;ksadh la[;k 50
gksxbZA bl Vhe usvkl&ikl dsxkoksads;qokvksadksHkh xkSjs;k lfgr vU; foyqIr gksrsif{k;ksads
foyksiu dsdkj.kksadkstkuus,oamUgsatM+lsfeVkusdsiz;kl dsfy, izksRlkfgr fd;kA
bu lc lEifr;ksadslkFk gh Hkkjr dsikl ,d vU; lEifr Hkh gS& cM+h fcfYy;kA lEiw.kZ
fo'o dsck?kksadh la[;k dk vk/k rksHkkjr esagh gSA gky gh esa28 ekpZ2011 esack?kksadh
la[;k dh fjiksVZfudkyh xbZgSftldsvuqlkj] ns'k esa1706 ck?k Fks(1571 ls1875)A ;g
fjiksVZus'kuy Vkbxj datosZ'ku vFkkWfjVh (jk"Vh; ck?k lqj{kk izkf/dj.k) }kjk fudkyh xbZgSA
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ck?k x.kuk 2008 dsvk/kj ij ;g ik;k x;k fd ns'k ds17 ck?k izns'kksa] ftudksN% ifjn`';ksa
esadsUnzh; Hkkjrh; ifjn`'; dkWEIysDl] iwohZ?kkV] mkj iwohZigkfM+;k] if'peh ?kkV] f'kokfyd&
xaxk lery Hkwfe {ks=k ,oalqUnjou esackaVk x;k gS] esa1411 ck?k FksA fofHkUu lw=kksalsizkIr
tkudkfj;ksals;g irk pyk fd 1994 ls2010 rd 923 ck?k ekjsx,A ;g ,d Mjk nsus
okyh tkudkjh FkhA ;g Hkh irk pyk fd ;g dsoy c;ku dh gqbZ la[;k gh gS tks fd
okLrfod vkadM+ksadk ,d va'k ek=k Hkh gksldrk gSA fof'k"V :i lslqjf{kr LFkkuksadsckgj
jgusokysck?k fo k`a[kfyr gSvkSj voS/ f'kdkj lsihfM+r gSlkFk gh osHkkstu dsfy, ?kV
jgh f'kdkj laHkkoukvksa,oavfr&iz;qDr vkokl dh leL;k lsHkh izHkkfor gSaA
bu lc leL;kvksadsgksrsgq, Hkh] 17 ck?k izns'k] ftuesa7 izns'kksaesack?kksadh la[;k 100 ls
mQij gSdslkFk] Hkkjr esack?kksadscpko ,oalaj{k.k dsvPNsvolj gSaA
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Hkkjr esacgqr lh lefiZr laLFkk,agSatksjk"Vh; Lrj ij bl dk;Zdksdj jgh gSavkSj ck?kksads
Hkfo"; dkslqjf{kr djusdsfy, jktuSfrd iz;kl dkstkx`r djusesadk;Zjr gSaA
,u-Vh-lh-,- ,oaMCyw-ih-,- 1972 }kjk ck?k laj{k.k ifj;kstukvksaesa66 jk"Vh; m|ku ,oa421
oU; tho vH;kj.;ksadk fu/kZj.k Hkh 'kkfey FkkA vkxspydj ;g la[;k 102 vkSj 515 gks
xbZA bllsvkSj vkxs44 laj{k.k fjkoZ,oa4 lkeqnkf;d fjkoZHkh cuk, x,A voS/ f'kdkj ,oa
ck?k O;kikj ij izfrcU/ yxk;k x;kA bu iz;klksa lsck?kksadh la[;k ds?kuRo esac
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laj{k.k {ks=kksausck?kksadh la[;k dksvPNh rjg laHkky j[kk gS] gkykafd bu {ks=kksalsckgj ck?kksa
dh la[;k esadeh vkbZgSA ;g n'kkZrk gS fd vkt ck?kksadksmn~xe LFkkuksadschp fopj.k
djusdsfy, nkykuksadh vko';drk gSA vkt dsck?k laj{k.k {ks=k Hkkjr dsl?ku ou {ks=k ds
yxHkx ,d frgkbZ{ks=kksadk izfrfuf/Ro djrsgSaA
Hkkjr ljdkj us(tho) tSfod fo"kerk ,DV] 2002 (ch-Mh-,- 2002) dk lEiknu fd;k gS
ftldsvk/kj ij ,DV dksdk;kZfUor djusds fy, jk"Vh;] izknsf'kd ,oa LFkkuh; Lrj ij
fozQ;koyh @ fozQ;kfof/ iznku dh xbZgSA ljdkj }kjk vDVwcj 1] 2003 esajk"Vh; Lrj ij jk"Vh;
tSo fofo/rk izkf/dj.k (us'kuy ck;ksMkbojflVh vFkksfjVh NBA)dh LFkkiuk dh xbZgSA
ljdkj {kerk c
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fnYyh ljdkj }kjk ikfjfLFkfrdh; laosnu'khy {ks=kksaesa i;ZVu ij izfrca/
ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k ml Hkou dsleku gSftlesage jgrsgSa_ ftldh fdlh Hkh txg lsdqN bVksa
dks;k ydM+h dsiQV~VksadksgVk nsuslsmldk izHkko ge mlh le; eglwl ughadjrsgSaA ,slk
izrhr gksrk gSfd mldk dqN Hkh vlj ughagqvk gS] ij tc ge Hkou dsizR;sd eafty lsbVvkSj iQV~VksadksgVkrsgSavkSj mUgsaiqu% LFkkfir ughadjrsrksbldk ifj.kke dksbZHkh vklkuh ls
le> ldrk gSvkSj ;g fliQZle; dh ckr gSA bl le:irk dksikfjrU=k tSo fofo/rk ij
Hkh ykxwfd;k tk ldrk gSA vc rd dqN iztkfr;ksadsfoyksiu usgesaiw.kZ:i lsizHkkfor
ugha Hkh fd;k gksxk ijUrq;fn ge fofHkUu iztkfr;ksads ikS/ksa ,oai'kqvksadksladVkiUu ;k
foyksiu dh lwph esaMkyrstk,axs] rks;g gesabl izdkj lsizHkkfor djsaxsftldsckjsesageus
lkspk Hkh ughagksxkA mnkgj.kLo:i] dhVuk'kdksadsiz;ksx lsge i;kZoj.k lsijkx.kdrkZvksadk sgVk jgsijkx.kdrkZvksadsfoyksiu dk vFkZgSfd ikS/ksaesavPNh vuqdwyrk ,oaLFkkf;Ro dsfy,
ikS/ksaesafofHkUurk gsrqijkx.k dsfy, vU; mik;ksa(dherh) dks[kkstuk iM+sxk ftllsfd [kk|
inkFkksdh dhersac
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mijksDr fooj.ksals;g Li"V gksrk gS fd izo`Qfr vHkwriwoZ[krjsdk lkeuk dj jgh gSA lkFk
gh ;g Hkh Li"V gSfd ge fLFkfr dkslkekU; cukusdsfy, vkSj i`Foh dksleLr izkf.k;ksads
fy, ,d lqjf{kr LFkku cukusdsfy, iz;kl dj jgsgSaA
,d ftEesnkj oSf'od ukxfjd ds:i esagekjk drZO; gSfd le; jgrsge fLFkfr dkslaHkkysaA
ge tkursgSafd ge dke esayxsgSaij orZeku ifjfLFkfr dk;ZesavkSj vf/d 'kh?kzrk cjrus
dh vis{kk j[krh gS] D;ksafd gekjsikl vHkh Hkh le; gSA
uewuk iz'u %
1- izLrqr vorj.k esa fn, x, izkf.k;ksa ds vuqozQe dk viuh ikB~;iqLrd esa fn, x,
oxhZdj.k vuqozQe lslglaca/ LFkkfir djsaA ,d fkEesnkj oSf'od ukxfjd ds:i esaekr
x`g dh vewY; tSfod tSofofo/rk dkscpkus,oaiqu%LFkkfir djusdsiz;klksadsdkj.kksa
vkSj ifj.kkeksadk lw{e fo'ys"k.k djsaA (5)
2- vorj.k dks fn, x, 'kh"kZd laosnuk ds izek.kksa dk ifjek.ku ds ckjs esa viuh
vo/kj.kk dks rdZlaxrrk ls Li"V dhft,A viuh vo/kj.kk dks fl djsaA orZeku
ifjfLFkfr dslanHkZesavorj.k dsfooj.k dsego dksHkh fl dhft,A bl vorj.kdsfooj.kksalsckgjh nqfu;k dh dkSu lh xgu tkudkfj;kvki vUrxzZghr djrsgSa\ (5)
vad ;kstuk %
1- thoksaesaljy lsdfBu laxBu oxhZdj.k esafuEu lsmPp Lrj dsoxZA (2)
oSf'od ifjizs{; esadkj.kksa,oaifj.kkeksadk fo'ys"k.k (3)
2- 'kh"kZd dsckjsesardZlaxr LokuqHkwfr (2)
orZeku ifjn`'; esaikB~;lkexzh dh egkk dk vkSfpR; (2)
ck nqfu;k dsckjsesaikB~;lkexzh lsizkIr varnZf"V (1)
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gekjsjk"Vfirk] nf{k.k vizQhdk esaliQkbZdehZdsdke ij
i;kZoj.kh; LoPNrk lkiQ lqFkjk okrkoj.k iznku djusdsek;e lslekt dsLokLF; esao`f
djusij ;ku nsrh gSvkSj bl izdkj laozQked jksxksadspozQ dksrksM+rh gSA ;g fofHkUUk dkjdksa
ij fuHkZj djrk gS ftuesa lkiQ&liQkbZ dh vknrsa vkSj yksxksa dh fLFkfr] fofHkUUk izdkj ds
lalk/uksadh miyC/rk] lekt dh vko';drkvksadsvuq:i ubZvkSj mi;qDr izkS|ksfxdh] ns'k
dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr vkSj fodkl] i;kZoj.kh; LoPNrk dslkFk tqMs+lkaLdfrd ?kVd]
jktuhfrd izfrcrk] lEcfU/r [k.Mksadk {kerk fuekZ.k] leqnk; ds O;kogkfjd izfreku ds
lkFk lkekftd dkjd rFkk viuk, x, fo/k;h mik; bR;kfn 'kkfey gksrsgSaA gekjk ns'k bl
{ks=k esavHkh Hkh dbZns'kksalsihNsgSA Hkkjr esaliQkbZdh nwf"kr ifjfLFkfr;kaHk;kud gSavkSj
;gka Hkh yUnu esa 19oha lnh esa gqbZ tkx:drk ds vuq:i LoPNrk ds izfr laosnukRed
tkx:drk dh vko';drk gSA LoPNrk esalq/kj dsfy, ubZj.kuhfr;ksavkSj y{;ksUeq[k gLr{ksidslkFk mudslrr~vkdyu dh k:jr gSA i;kZoj.kh; LoPNrk dh orZeku O;oLFkk dk blds
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tula[;k] LokLF; leL;kvksa] iz'kklfud leL;k,] ty lalk/uksa dk vleku forj.k]
vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj 'kgjhdj.k] izoklh tula[;k vkSj rskh ls gksrh vkfFkZd o`f ds dkj.k
egoiw.kZgSaA
ikuh] LoPNrk vkSj liQkbZ lcls egoiw.kZ vk/kjHkwr vko';drk,a gSa] tu LokLF; dks
lqfuf'pr djusds fy, ftudh k:jr gSA vHkh Hkh nqfu;k dh vk/h vkcknh] yxHkx 2-4
fcfy;u yksxksaesaLoPNrk dh deh gSvkSj nqfu;k dsNBsHkkx&yxHkx 1-1 fcfy;u yksxksads
fy, lkiQ vkSj lLrk ikuh miyC/ ugha gSaA bu vk/kjHkwr vko';drkvksa dh xjhc vkSj
fodkl'khy ns'kksaesacgqr deh gSrFkk ;g 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k] nksuksa{ks=kksadksizHkkfor djrh gSaA
fo'o LokLF; laxBu dsvuqlkj 80 izfr'kr chekfj;kaihusdslkiQ ikuh dh deh] vi;kZIrvkSj vuqi;qDr liQkbZvkSj LoPN fLFkfr;ksadh deh lstqM+h gqbZgSaA
LoPN vkSj lqjf{kr ikuh % D;k ;g gj fdlh dsfy, miyC/ gS\
vuqeku vuqlkj 2006 esaHkkjr dksvi;kZIr liQkbZdh dher yxHkx 54 fcfy;u Mkyj ;k
ns'k dsldy ?kjsywmRiknu ds6-4 ds:i esapqdkuh iM+hA bl vkfFkZd Hkkj dk 70 ls
vf/d vFkok 38-5 fcfy;u dk Hkkj LokLF; lEcfU/r Fkk ftlesaMk;fj;k dsckn 'o~lu dk
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laozQe.k LokLF; ij iM+sizHkko dk 12 FkkA lk{; crkrsgSafd liQkbZvkSj ihusdsikuh esa
lq/kj djuk fo'o dslHkh fodkl'khy mi{ks=kksaesa bldh iwath&izHkkfork dsdkj.k izHkkfor gksrk
gSA
Hkkjr esaikuh dh ekax eq[;r% 'kgjhdj.k dsdkj.k c
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fy, 7]50]000 liQkbZdeZpkjh pkfg, tks fcuk fdlh lqj{kk midj.k dsmldks fuLrkj.k ds
fy, xkM+h esaysdj tkrsgSA ;g dke u dsoy vekuoh; gSvfirqcgqr [krjukd Hkh gSA
ekuoh; vif'k"V dksvlqjf{kr
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Hkkjr esaizR;sd ikp esalsnksyksxksadh igqp ihus dslkiQ ikuh rd ughagSaA
Hkkjr ,d o"kZ esa lIkQkbZ vkSj nwf"kr ikuh ds dkj.k 730 yk[k dk;Z fnol xaokrk gSA
(MCY;w-,-,l-,p- iQSDV~l ,UM fiQxlZ& 2003)
fo'o dsfodkl'khy ns'kksaesa22 yk[k yksx (ftuesalsvf/dka'k cPPksgksrsgSa) izfr o"kZ
vi;kZIr LOkPNrk vkSj LOkLF; fLFkfr;ksadh deh rFkk ihusdslkiQ ikuh u gksuslstqM+h
chekfj;ksadsdkj.k ejrsgSaA (MCY;w-,-,l-,p- iQSDV~l ,UM fiQxlZ& 2003)
Hkkjr esadsoy 40 izkFkfed Ldwyksaesagh 'kkSpky; gSa(Mh Mh MCY;w,l 2003)
,d losZ{k.k esa;g vuqeku yxk;k x;k fd fo'o ds vLirkyksadsyxHkx vk/s fcLrj
dsoy mu yksxksadsdkj.k Hkjsgq, gSatksliQkbZ dh deh vFkok ikuh lsiSnk gksusokyh
chekfj;ksalsxzLr gSaA (MCY;w-,-,l-,p- iQSDV~l ,UM fiQxlZ& 2003)
dksbZ Hkh 'kgj tks lgh Hkkouk ls viuh liQkbZ dk ;ku j[krk gS mlds LokLF; vkSj
lEink esa of gksrh gSA egkRek xka/h
ikuh vkSj liQkbZu dsoy LokLF; dksizHkkfor djrsgSavfirqthou dsegoiw.kZi{kksadks Hkh
izHkkfor djrsgSaA dqy feykdj Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr bl lPPkkbZdsdkj.k izHkkfor gksjgh
gSfd yksx MkDVjksadksfn[kkusdh iQhl nsjgsgSavkSj dke ij u tk ldusdsdkj.k viuh
ukSdfj;kaNksM+jgsgSaA xzkeh.k {ks=kksaesafLFkfr vkSj Hkh nnZukd gSA LdwyksaesaliQkbZdh mi;qDr
O;oLFkk u gksusdsdkj.k ckfydkvksadsfd'kksjkoLFkk esavkusij Ldwy NksM+nsuslsf'k{kk ij
Hkh cqjk izHkko iM+jgk gSA efgykvksadsvf/dkj Hkh nko ij yxsgq, gSaD;ksfd mUgsaviuh
izkd`frd vko';drkvksadksiwjk djusdsfy, fnu
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tksliQkbZfo|ky; dsuke lstkuh tkrh gS] xr 40 o"kksZlsfujUrj mi;qDr LoPN vkSj LOkLFk
vknrsa tSls gkFk /ksuk] 'kkSp tkus ds fy, 'kkSpky;ksa dk iz;ksx djuk] csdkj ikuh ds fy,
'kks"kd xM~
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ikuh dh xq.kokk lq/kjusdsgLr{ksi lzksr ij fd, tkusokysgLr{ksiksalsvf/d izHkko'kkyh
gksrs gSaA nqHkkZX; ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa tu LokLF; fpUrkvksa dks izk;% lkaLFkkfid Lrj ij
mBk;k tkrk gStSlsuxjikfydk dh lsokvksa] vLirky] bR;kfn dsLrj ijA ,d izdkj ls;g
leqnk; esachekfj;ksadks iQSykusdh k`a[kyk esa ?kj ifjokj dksyksd laLFkkvksadscjkcj ds
ego dk ekuus ls cpuk gSA ?kjsyw LoPNrk vkSj lkeqnkf;d LOkPNrk dh O;oLFkk ls tqMs+
izcU/u lnL;ksadks,d lkFk fey dj dke djuk pkfg, rkfd tu LokLF; dsfy, fd, tkus
okysdfBu ifjJe dk vkSj vf/d iQYk fey ldsA Hkkjr esagSnjkckn 'kgj esa800 lsvf/d
ifjokjksadslk{kkRdkj dsek;e lsfd, x, losZ{k.k lsifj.kke fudyk gSfd cktkj dh nj
ij Hkh fokh; lgk;rk nh tk, rksHkh xjhc ifjokjksadk ,d cM+k Hkkx ikuh vkSj fudklh ds
lajpuk
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tc LoPNrk dh fLFkfr [kjkc gksrh gSrksikuh dh xq.kokk esalq/kj dk izHkko U;wure gkstkrk
gSHkysgh lanw"k.k fdruk gh gksA ;fn ikuh iagqpkusokyk izR;sd jkLrk vdsysgh Mk;fj;k tSlh
chekjh dkscuk, j[kusdsfy, i;kZIr gksrks,d jkLrsdsgLr{ksiksadk izHkko U;wure gksxk vkSj
vUrr% dksbZgLr{ksi dsoy rHkh liQy gksxk tc LkHkh ,slsjkLrksadksgVk fn, tk,A gkykafd
tc dksbZ,d jkLrk chekjh cuk, j[kusds fy, eqlhcr gks rc tu LokLF; ds iz;kl bl
eqlhcr Hkjs jkLrs ij dsfUnzr gksuspkfg,A ikuh dh xq.kokk dslq/kj dk ldkjkRed izHkko
liQkbZdh vPNh fLFkfr esajgusokysifjokjksaij vf/dre gksrk gSA vkSj lkeqnkf;d vk/kj ij
ekiusij ;g izHkko la[;kRed n`f"V lsegoiw.kZ fn[kkbZ nsrk gSijUrqikfjokfjd vk/kj ij
ekiusij egoiw.kZughajgrkA ihusdsikuh dh xq.kokk lq/kjusdk cgqr [kjkc izHkko liQkbZ
okys fudVorhZLFkkuksaij dksbZizHkko ughagksxk ;|fi csgrj lkeqnkf;d liQkbZokys{ks=kksaesa
ey&ew=k dsdksyhiQkWEl dsteko dks?kVkuslsMk;fj;k dsekeys40 de gksusdh vk'kk gSA
tcfd ?kj dsbnZ&fxnZlsey&ew=k gVkusls30 deh dh vk'kk dh tkrh gSA izkIr tkudkjh
lsizrhr gksrk gSfd ;fn fodkl'khy ns'kksaesaf'k'kqLokLF; dkslq/kjuk gSrksty vkiwfrZvkSj
liQkbZnksuksaesalq/kj vko';d gSaA bldk ;g Hkh vFkZgSfd gLr{ksiksadh izkFkfedrk,afu/kZfjr
djusesachekjh dh ekjdrk ughavfirqO;kogkfjd] lkaLFkkfud] vkSj vkfFkZd dkjdksaesaBhd
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gSA gkykafd cpiu esa gksus okysMk;fj;k dsvf/dka'k jksx fofcz;ksdksysjh (Vibrio Cholerae)
f'kxsyS Mk;lsUVh VkbZi I (Shigallae Dysenterace Type 1) jksVkok;jl vkSj ,UVksVksDlhtsfud
,'psjhfp"kk dksykbZ (Entrotoxigenic Escherichia)ls iSnk gksrs gSa ftuesa#X.krk vkSj e`R;q nj
cgqr vf/d gksrh gS_ egkekjh ij fu;U=k.k ikusds fy, bu thok.kqvksads fo# Vhdkdj.k
vfuok;Z gSA Hkkjr esa cPPkksa esa Mk;fj;k ij fu;U=k.k ikus ds fy, bu thok.kq ds fo:
Vhdkdj.k vfuok;Z gSA Hkkjr esa cPPkksa esaMk;fj;k ij fu;U=k.k ikusds fy, n`
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{ks=kksaesaegoiw.kZizxfr dh tk ldsA orZeku LokLF; lao`f vkSj f'k{kk k`a[kyk dksvf/d
izHkkodkjh rFkk LokLF; dh csgrjh ds fy, vR;ko';d O;kogkfjd ifjorZu izkIr djusdh
vksj mUeq[k cukuk pkfg,A
Hkkjr esami;qDr LoPNrk lsoafpr vkcknh 63 gSA X;kjgohaiap o"khZ; ;kstuk esa2012 rd
'kgjh ikuh] 'kgjh lhoj O;oLFkk dks'kr izfr'kr iwjk djusdh lksp 'kkfey FkhA ;|fi vkSj
10oha;kstuk dh rqyuk esa11oha;kstuk esaty vkiwfrZvkSj liQkbZij fuos'k esa221 mNky
ns[kk tkuk gSijUrq fu/kZfjr y{;ksaesaiznku fd, tkusokysikuh dh xq.kokk vFkok dh tkus
okyh O;oLFkk dh fLFkjrk ij dksbZ;ku ughafn;k x;k FkkA 'kgjh 'kklu vkSj izcU/u esalwpuk]
fu;kstu vkSj fu.kZ; leFkZd O;oLFkkvksard 'kh?kziagqp ikusdkslqfuf'pr djusdsfy, lwpukizks|kSfxdh dsiz;ksx ij tksj c
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ns'k dsHkhrj {ks=kksadschp vlekurk dkslekIr djuk rFkk ty vkSj LoPNrk izcU/u ls
lEcfU/r lsokvksadh nh?kZthfork lqfuf'pr djukA
oSf'od y{;ksadks iwjk djus esa fufgr tu LokLF; dh pqukSrh ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd
vko';d :i lslHkh lq/kjksadk ifj.kke cqjh rjg [krjsesaf?kjh vkcknh rd ikuh vkSj lIkQkbZ
dsigqapusds:i esaizdV gksrk gSA de dher vkSj LFkkuh; Lrj ij Lohdk;Zikuh vkSj liQkbZ
dh vknrksa dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, u;s&u;s mikxeksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS rFkk bu
mikxeksadksorZeku lkekftd laLFkkuksatSls'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa] cktkjksavkSj LokLF; {ks=k dslkFk
,dhd`r djusdh k:jr gSaA
de lfClMh okyh de dher dh liQkbZO;OkLFkk dksykxwdjuk] vf/d ifjokjksadks'kkfeydjuk] izks|kSfxd fodYiksadk {ks=k] efgykvksadsfy, liQkbZdsUnzksadsfodYi] xzkeh.k {ks=kksaesa
ukfy;ksa dh O;oLFkk] tkx:drk iSnk djuk] LFkkuh; lewgksa vkSj xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvkssa dh
Hkkxhnkjh] forh; lgk;rk miyC/ djkuk] ekuoh; lalk/uksadk foLrkj vkSj Ldwy LoPNrk dks
ego nsuk tSlsdqN egoiw.kZ{ks=kksaij fopkj fd;k tkuk gSA ifjorZu ykusdsfy, futh {ks=k
dh lgHkkfxrk dsmi;qDr :i vkSj lkoZtfud futh lgHkkfxrk (ih ih ih)] Hkkjrh; lUnHkZesa
n`
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ysfdu fdlh Hkh phk lsvf/d vko';d gSyksxksadsO;ogkj dkscnyuk rkfd oslIkQkbZdh
vPNh vknrksadks nh?kZthoh :i lsviuk ldsaA gkykafd LokLF; lEcU/h O;ogkj dks cnyuk
mllsdghavf/d dfBu gSftruk fd ;g igyh ukj esafn[kkbZnsrk gSA D;ksafd ;g ijEijkvksa]
i;kZoj.k] laLd`fr vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ls lEcfU/r gS blfy, leqnk; dh vko';drkvksa vkSj
bPNkvksaij ;ku nsuk k:jh gksrk gSA iwoZesa'kkSpky;ksadk fuekZ.k mUgsadsoy LVksj ds:i esa
iz;ksx djusds fy, fd;k x;kA vU; ekeyksaesayksxksadks 'kkSpky;ksadsiz;ksx vkSj ns[k Hkky
djusdsrjhdksadsckjsesaf'kf{kr ughafd;k x;k ftldsiQyLo:i osiz;ksx ds;ksX; ughajgsA
yksxksadks leqnk; dh vko';drkvksads ckjs esa voxr djokusds fy,] rkfd muds iz;kl
liQy gksa] mi;qDr izf'k{k.k vkSj f'k{kk dh ekSfyd vko';drk gSA lEiw.kZ vkSj O;kogkfjdizf'k{k.k ds fy, lHkh {ks=kksarFkk izR;sd Lrj dsyksxksadsfy, ty vkSj LoPNrk ds{ks=k ds
O;kolkf;;ksalsysdj vk/kjHkwr xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksadsdk;ZdkkZvksa] xkaoksadh iapk;rksadh
vo/kj.kkvksadkslkdkj djusrFkk nh?kZthfork dkslqfuf'pr djusdsfy, fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
ns'k esadbZxSj ljdkjh laLFkk,aty vkSj LoPNrk ds fy, Js"Brk dsdsUnziznku djdsbl
vko';drk dks iwjk djusdk y{; j[krs gSarkfd o`f ds {ks=k esakehuh dk;ZdkkZvksarFkk
lEcfU/r fgr/kjdksadh {kerk esao`f gksA
LoPN okrkoj.k % lcdk vf/dkj ,oadrZO;
8/10/2019 CBSE OTBA Material for Class 11-Biology-Hindi
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o`f ds{ks=k esakehuh dk;ZdkkZvksarFkk lEcfU/r fgr/kjdksadh {kerk esao`f dsfy, ns'k
esadbZxSj ljdkjh laLFkk,bl vko';drk dksiwjk djusdsfy, ty vkSj LoPNrk dsfy,
Js"Brk dk dsUnziznku djdsy{; dksizkIr djuk pkgrsgSaA bl izdkj dsO;ogkj lsfuf'pr
:i ls ge nfyrksads mRFkku dsviusdk;Z] xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh dY;k.k dksv|ru djus]
i;kZoj.kh; psruk ds fuekZ.k vkSj i;kZoj.k dh LOkPNrk ifjfLFkfr;ksadks lq/kjusdsdke dks
tkjh j[k ldsaxsA
uewuk iz'u %
1- i;kZoj.kh; vLoPNrk fdlh 'kgj esaizfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;kiSnk dj ldrh gSA bl fo"k; esa
tkx:drk ykusds fy, ,oabl ifjfLFkfr esalq/kj djusds fy, dqN u, rjhdksadk
mYys[k dhft,A i;kZoj.kh; LoPNrk lkekftd LokLF; dslekuqikrh gS,oa;g vkfFkZd
o`f dsfy, Hkh mkjnk;h gSA mfpr mnkgj.kksads}kjk U;k;laxrrk Li"V dhft,A
5 vad
2- i;kZoj.kh; LoPNrk tSofofo/rk dksle` cukrh gS,oamlesavHkko ykrh gSA i;kZoj.kh;
vLoPNrk tSofofo/rk dksle cukrh gS,oamlesadeh ykrh gSAmijksDr nksuksadFkuksadk fo'ys"k.k dhft, ,oaizR;sd i{k dslanHkZesamnkgj.k nsrsgq,
Li"V dhft,A 5 vad
vad ;kstuk %
1- leLr i{kksaij fopkj dj iw.kZ:i lsvkdyu djukA 5 vad
2- leLr i{kksaij fopkj dj iw.kZ:i lsvkdyu djukA 5 vad
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