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Acknowledgements
– Elizabeth F. Loftus and Jacquie Pickrell
– Susan Joslyn, Ayanna Thomas, Margaret Marshall
– My wonderful research assistants: Shawn Chen, Serena Lin, Elizabeth Stewart, Nadya Zawaideh, and Lisa Page
– Donna Golshan
Braun et al. “Met Bugs”
M = 2.7 M = 2.2Confidence:
16
7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Bugs Control
Pe
rce
nt
"Me
t B
ug
s"
Goals of Present Experiment
• Boost the false memory effect with multiple exposures to false advertising
• Learn more about quality of false memories-
How much detail is remembered?
Ad Stories Example
•“Remember when you were a kid and Disneyland was the happiest place on earth?….Disney characters such as Mickey Mouse, Bugs Bunny and Goofy greeting you at the gates.”
BUGS AD CONTROL AD
BUGS AD STORIES CONTROL AD STORIES
MET BUGS?•Yes/No Judgement•Confidence (1-8)
SPECIFIC MEMORIES
Proceduren = 101 n = 98
Specific Memories: Bugs Bunny
Did you shake his hand? Y N DK
Did you hug him? Y N DK
Was he holding a carrot? Y N DK
Did he say ‘What’s up Doc?’ Y N DK
Did you touch his tail? Y N DK
Did you touch his ears? Y N DK
Results• 101 participants in experimental group, 98 in
control group– 5 ‘Bugs Detectors’ removed from experimental
group, final count: n = 96
• Data were analyzed for:– Met Bugs (Y/N)?– Confidence met Bugs (1-8)?– Specific Memories
Percentage of Participants who Said They Met Bugs at a Disney Resort
35.9
8.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
Bugs Control
Pe
rce
nt
2 (1, N = 85) = 9.36, p = .002
Mean Confidence Ratings for Meeting Bugs at Disney
t(87) = 3.15, p = .002
1.86
3.21
1
2
3
4
5
Bugs ControlMea
n C
on
fid
ence
(1-
8)
Percentage of Participants who indicated Specific Memories of
Bugs Bunny (N = 13)
Measure Yes No DK
Shake his hand? 628 233 152
Hug him? 466 466 81
Touch his ears? 233 547 233
Touch his tail? 233 466 314
‘What’s up Doc?’233 314 466
Holding a carrot? 81 152 7710
To summarize, the viewing of false Bugs Bunny ad suggests:
•Greater likelihood of Ss saying they had met Bugs at a Disney resort
•Increased confidence that they had met
Bugs Bunny
•For some, formation of specific memories
of details of their experience
Implications
• Advertising enhances perceived validity (Law & Hawkins, 1997)
• Ads that evoke nostalgia may alter true memories or even create false ones
Subjects’ responses to the question “Do you think you remembered things
differently because of the advertising?”:
• “I don’t know if I met any characters, but reading about meeting them makes me think I did”.
• “I have more memories of my trip when I was young now, don’t know if they're real.”
• “I remember characters which I don't usually remember meeting when I went to Disneyland.”
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