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Catalyzing a CO2-neutral Society
Mark Saeys, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University
De KoninklijkeVlaamse Academie van
België voor Wetenschappen en Kunsten
De koolstofeconom ie
Cement
DakbekledingRamen
Kader raamIsolatiemateriaalBeton
Textiel bv. tapijt, gordijnen, …
Stalen chassis auto
Koetswerk auto
Uitlaat autoPleistermaterialen
Afwerking meubels:
kunstleder,
melamine,…
Radiatoren
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2 CO2 CO2
CO2
Martens et al. KVAB Standpunt 39
Carbon-based Society
Insulation materials
ConcreteRoofing Bricks
Windows
Heaters
Chassis car
Car exhaust
Textiles, curtains,…
Furniture
Paving Decoration Electronics
Fossiele koolstof
Reserves (ontginbaar)
Voorraden (nog niet ontginbaar)
< 2°C
Parijs akkoord 2 0 1 5
Uitstoot 2 0 0 0 – 2 1 0 0
1 9 0 0 Gt CO2
= 5 0 0 Gt C
Petroleum Teerzanden
en schalie olie
Aardgas Schalie gas Methaan-
hydraten
Steenkool Globale jaarlijkse
consumptieMartens et al. KVAB Standpunt 39
Fossil Carbon Reserves
Reserves (proven)
Reserves (known)
Tar Sands
Shale oilNatural Gas Shale Gas Methane
hydratesCoal Total allowed CO2
production
COP21, 2015
Emissions 2000-2100
1900 Gt CO2
Combustion
Milliseconds
Days to months
Millions of years
zon
CO2
CO2 Cycle: Kinetic / Catalytic challenge
sun
Renewable
energy sources
fuels
oil, gas,
coal
fossil
carbon reserves
plants
algae
Capture and StorageCCS: CO2 produced at point sources is captured
and sequestered in depleted oil and gas reservoirs
Take-back policy?
For every Fossil C atom taken from a reservoir,
one CO2 molecule should be taken back
Household Methane
$/Mwh in EU-28
Price of Renewable Energy
Wind Solar PV
CCU
Renewable Energy in the EU
© Energy-X
Methanol
Formic acid
Acetates
Methane
CO2Antibacteri
alNatural
Gas
Flavonoids
Metallurgy
Fuels Biodiesel
Carbon monoxide
Paint and Coatings
Detergents
PolyolsPoly-
urethane
CelluloseAcetate
Super-Dry
Reforming
CaproicAcid
C3-C6Alcohols
What can we do with CO2- UGent portfolio
4C
Centre for Advanced Process Technology
for Urban resource REcovery
Platform initiative that operates a
physical and virtual place to help
researchers, companies and government
to co-create and interact with each other
under three pipelines.
Bringing everyone together
Academia Industry
Renewable Energy Government
Scientific experts
Mark Saeys
AnnemieBogaerts
JanVaes
Investigate the conversion of CO2 to
solar fuels (methane and methanol)
Integration of new developments in
the production of solar hydrogen.
Design and synthesis of selective
catalysts active at milder reaction
conditions.
Design of effective CO2 capture and
separation technologies.
CatCO2RE: General Goal
-
+
Water
Hydrogen
Vapor phase electrolysis
H2
O2
Light
Dark
Air (water vapour)
+
-e-
Solar-to-Hydrogen: CatCO2RE
1-2 g H2/m2 hr !
SOLAR ENERGY+ CO2 + H2O
CATALYSIS
SOLAR FUELS
CO2
Storage of Solar Photons
Molecule Heat
(kJ/mol C)
H2
eq.
Fraction H2
energy stored
Hydrogen -240 100
Methanol -680 3 94
Diesel -640 3 89
Glucose -450 2 94
Storage of Solar Photons: Audi and Sunfire
Power 13 kWh/kg gasoline x 0.5 kg/s ~ 25 MW
Energy 50 kg gasoline = 2.3 GJ
Solar? 1.4 kW/m2 -> 460 hours on 1 m2 for 2.3 GJ
Electrical? Power plant ~ 500 MWRakesh Agrawal, Purdue
Liquid fuels: Convenient, High energy-density
+ 40 kg solar fuel
+ 100 kg hydrogen
+ 600 kg batteries
60 kg gasoline1300 kg
Modestino et al., Ener. Env. Sci., 2014
Solar-to-Hydrogen: Optimistic study
Cost of materials
Electrolyzer: 10%
Si PV: 90%
Total: 0.75 €/kg H2
-> 0.15 €/l solar fuel
Market: 0.25 €/l
CO2 Materials
20th March 19 │ Carbon4PUR
Steel
production
Flue gas
CO/CO2
Conditioning
Polyol 2
Polyol 1
Polyol 3
Polyol 4
CO2-based foams
CO-based coatings
CO-based foams
CO2-based coatings
Building block 1
Building block 2
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 768919 7
Methodology
PRODUCTS & APPLICATION BUILDING BLOCKS / INTERMEDIATES CO/CO2
Turning industrial waste gases
into valuable polyurethanes
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 768919
Insulation board
4C: CO2 to Acrylates
Large growing market: 5 million t/yeara
Main ingredient used for superabsorbent polymers
Early stage
Low TON
Use of stoichiometric bases
aByrne. (2016) IHS Chemical Bulletin, 14-15
Super-Dry Reforming
CH4
3 CO2
2 H2O
inert
4 CO
inert
Reducer Oxidizer
Ni
Fe/FeO
CaCO3
Ni
Fe3O4
CaO
CH4 + 3 CO2→ 4 CO + 2 H2OExperiment at our lab:
• T = 1023 K
• CH4:CO2 = 1:3
• 25 cycles
Buelens et al. (2016) Science
ACID RAIN
SO2
A Carbon-free economy is unthinkable
Objective: CO2-neutral society
Natural photosynthesis is too slow
to close the carbon cycle
Solar-driven chemical technology
needs to be implemented
Conclusions - KVAB
Preserve carbon-based standard-of-living
Introduce CO2 and Renewable Energy in the
fuel and chemicals cycle
Need for a Positive Message
𝟎. 𝟔 𝒕 𝑪𝑶𝟐+ 𝟏 𝒕 𝑭𝒆𝟎. 𝟔 𝒕 𝑪𝑶𝟐+ 𝟏 𝒕 𝑭𝒆
CO2 Abatement in the Steel Industry
Ideally:
𝟑 𝑪 + 𝟐 𝑭𝒆𝟐𝑶𝟑 → 𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝟐+ 𝟒 𝑭𝒆
Not favored at room temperature
Thermodynamic equilibrium limitations
In reality:
𝟑 𝑪 + 𝟐 𝑭𝒆𝟐𝑶𝟑 → 𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝟐+ 𝟒 𝑭𝒆
Thermodynamically favored over 1000oC
The full conversion of C to CO2 is inhibited by the redox equilibrium:
𝑪 + 𝑶𝟐 → 𝑪𝑶𝟐
Exothermic reaction
CO production favored over 700oC
𝑪 + 𝑪𝑶𝟐 ↔ 𝟐 𝑪𝑶
CO2 Abatement in the Steel IndustryPower-to-What?Where should we use renewable electricity first?
Sternberg, Bardow et al. (2015). Power-to-What? Energy & Environmental Science
Global warming (GW) impact reduction.
CO2 Abatement in the Steel Industry
Electricity
H2Electrolysis
Carbon Capture,
Utilization and
Storage (CCUS)
Carbon Capture and
Utilization (CCU)
Hydrogen-based
Steel-making (HST)
Carbon-based Steel-making
CO2
COH2
CO2 for storage
CO/CO2 to
methanol/ethanol
Carbon-based Steel-making (CST)
Power Plant
BFG BOFG
Electricity
CO2/N2Air
Iron Ore
Liquid Steel
CST
Coal
● C-based steel plant.
● Electricity consumption.Grid Emission Intensity = 0.25 t CO2/MWh
IEA (2013). Iron and Steel CCS Study (Techno-Economics Integrated Steel Mill).
Carbon Intensity = 2.1 t CO2/MWh
Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
SEWGS
CO2 storage
BFG BOFG
N2/H2
separation
Methanol synthesis
N2
H2/N2
H2
CO2Steam
Methanol
CST CCUS
● C-based steel plant.
● CO2 compression for storage.
● Treatment of the steel mill gases and alternative methanol production.
● CO2 reduction by storage and/or replacement of conventional methanol production.
● Electricity consumption.
Iron Ore
Coal
Liquid Steel
Grid Emission Intensity = 0.25 t CO2/MWh
IEA (2013). Iron and Steel CCS Study (Techno-Economics Integrated Steel Mill).
DECHEMA (2017). Low carbon energy and feedstock for the European chemical industry.
Van Dijk et al. (2017). Energy Procedia
Electricity
H2
Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU)
SEWGS
Electrolysis
BFG BOFG
N2/H2
separation
Methanol synthesis
N2
H2
CO2
Steam
Methanol
CST CCUS CCU
● C-based steel plant.
● Water electrolysis.
● CO2 compression for storage.
● Treatment of the steel mill gases and alternative methanol production.
● CO2 reduction by storage and/or replacement of conventional methanol production.
● Electricity consumption.
Iron Ore
Coal
Liquid Steel
H2/N2
Grid Emission Intensity = 0.25 t CO2/MWh
Häussinger et al. (2011). Hydrogen Production, vol. 18, pp. 249-307.
Liquid Steel
Hydrogen-based Steel-making (HST)
● C-based steel plant.
● H2-based steel plant.
● Water electrolysis.
● CO2 compression for storage.
● Treatment of the steel mill gases and alternative methanol production.
● CO2 reduction by storage and/or replacement of conventional methanol production.
● Electricity consumption.
H2
Electrolysis
Electricity
CST CCUS CCU HST
Iron Ore
Coal
Grid Emission Intensity = 0.25 t CO2/MWh
Volpatti, A. et al. (2013). Energiron Direct Reduction
Duarte, P. (2019). Hydrogen-based steelmaking.
Hertrich-Giraldo, A. et al. (2019) Energiron Direct Reduction Technology.
Renewable Electricity in the Steel industry
Carbon-based Steel-making
Wind ElectricityCarbon intensity = 0.01 t CO2/MWh
DECHEMA (2017). Low carbon energy and feedstock for the European chemical industry.
IEA (2019). Exploring Clean Energy Pathways.
Conclusions CCUS route:
Reduction by 50% of the CO2 emissions with an electricity demand of 1.1 MWh/t l.s when a grid of 0.25 t
CO2/MWh is used.
Maximum emissions reduction potential of 70% when renewable electricity is utilized (0.01 t CO2/MWh).
CCU route: For a grid intensity of 0.05 t CO2/MWh, the CCU scenario provides a larger CO2 emissions reduction than the
CCUS route.
It requires 8 times more electricity than the CCUS route (8.9 MWh/t l.s.)
A maximum reduction of 85% of CO2 emissions is possible if renewable electricity is utilized in this route.
Hydrogen-based steel-making route: This route abates a larger share of CO2 emissions than CCUS route at GEIs lower than 0.11 t CO2/MWh.
This process requires a complete reconstruction of the steel plant and requires 4 times more electricity than the
CCUS route (4.2 MWh/t l.s.).
A maximum emissions reduction potential of 85% when a renewable grid is used (0.01 t CO2/MWh) is possible.
Either storage capacity or renewable electricity are necessary for the abatement of CO2 in the
steel industry.
LABORATORY FOR CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
E info.lct@ugent.be
T 003293311757
https://www.lct.ugent.be
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