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CASE STUDY Earth Observation Methodologies for Groundwater Exploration and Monitoring. Andiswa Mlisa Hydrogeodesy Tutorial. 13 th WaterNet Symposium, 31 October – 2 November 2012. Outline. Introduction Legal Framework TMG Hydrogeology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CASE STUDY
Earth Observation Methodologies for Groundwater Exploration and Monitoring
Andiswa Mlisa
Hydrogeodesy Tutorial
13th WaterNet Symposium, 31 October – 2 November 2012
Outline
Introduction
Legal Framework
TMG Hydrogeology
Groundwater Development Stages and GeoInformatics
System
New Developments
IntroductionIntroduction
Introduction
13 % of the nation’s total water supply originates from
groundwater
Groundwater is a sustainable resource for bulk domestic
supply
Drought Preparedness (better than Relief)
Diversification of supply
Access to storage
Large evaporation-free storage
E.g. TMG: 2 to 3 order of magnitude higher than all
dams in Eden DM
Long residence time
Primary and shallow aquifers - 1 to 2 years
TMG in artesian basin - 10 000 years
Often most cost effective
URV usually < R2 / m3
Introduction
Legal Framework
National Water Act (1998) To achieve the sustainable use of water To achieve equitable access to water To achieve efficient and effective water use integrated management of all aspects of water resources delegation of certain management functions to a regional or
catchment level recognises water belongs to the nation for the benefit of all
“...Everyone has the right to have access to sufficient food and water….the state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of … these rights”
Section 27, SA Constitution
Legal Framework
Groundwater Development Groundwater Development Stages and GeoInformatics Stages and GeoInformatics
SystemSystem
Groundwater Development Stages
Conceptual
Reconnaissance
Pre-feasibility
Feasibility
Design and Implementation
Operations and Maintenance
GIS & EO in all stages
Ultimate aims include:
Ongoing database enhancement and availability
Automated search & access tools for distributed database
Web applications & public workspace
3D and 4D visualization and modeling
Focus areas:
Acquisition and conversion of data and metadata
Analysis and synthesis of data and metadata
Dissemination of data and metadata
Modern approach to groundwater exploration relies on interpretative overlays of great variety of different vector and raster data types (subsurface borehole logging to remotely-sensed geophysical or
satellite imagery) effective management of large volumes of diverse spatial data
Advantage of Remote Sensing + Geo-informatics “… investment for one crucial objective - detailed assessment of water resources - potentially serves many others. The geological information applies equally to assessment of other physical resources. The same data and hardware serve a wide range of agricultural and environmental surveys …”
S.A. Drewry & M.E. Andrews Deller
Conceptual & Reconnaissance Stages – Data acquisition
Topography Cadastral Hydroclimatology data Hydrological data Regional geology mapping Regional geophysics data Ecological data Aerial and Satellite imagery
contours DEM
Slope Aspect
1:50 000
scale
mapping
(CGS)
• min. = 198 mm/a
• max. = 3404 mm/a
Strong dependence of MAP on elevation (Orographic control of rainfall)
Rain shadow effects east of mountains
Needed to model groundwater recharge to TMG
Statutory protected arease.g., Nature reserves
Sensitive ecological arease.g., Wetlands
Classification mapse.g., NBI Vegetation
Satellite Imagery
Landsat7
ETM
SPOT 4 / 5
Aerial Photos
Information Sources: National Groundwater Database Hydrocensus Other projects
Type of Information: Borehole yield Borehole construction Geology information and aquifer
used Chemistry Water use Annual abstraction of groundwater Discharge of springs and rivers
Pre-Feasibility & Feasibility – Data analysis and synthesis
Fracture traces – fluid flow in fractured rock
Directional analysis and fracture connectivity
Vegetation indices, derived from Satellite Imagery Analysis
GIS-based modelling
Groundwater target-site selection, based on
Hydrogeological criteria
Ecological criteria
Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Application:
Vegetation (green)
No Vegetation (brown)
Two spectral bands used
NDVI = (NIR–red) / (NIR+red)
Landsat ETM = (4-3) / (4+3)
Tasseled Cap Image
Application:
Vegetation (green)
Bare rock / soil (red)
Water bodies / wetlands (blue)
Six spectral bands used
Three different formulae
Three output raster objects:
Greenness Brightness Wetness
Change Vector AnalysisAnalyses difference between two or more datesNumber of bands and bands used can vary
Methodology: Image calibrationMagnitudeDirectionReclassification
Application:Vegetation anomalies – groundwater dependency of
ecosystems
CAGE Study
Compared with February 1998 image
RechargeRecharge
Discharge
Steenbras-BrandvleiSteenbras-BrandvleiMegafaultMegafault
Air Percussion Rig
Hermanus Gateway wellfield
Wellfield pumping rates at 10l/s – 30l/s
Licensed for 1.5Mm3/a
Water Use Licence
Application
Target sites Landowners Access Land use
Design and Operations – Data analysis and synthesis
Wellfield design and operations
Storage Model
Licence conditions
Numerical Model
Continuous monitoring
Vegetation indices, derived from Satellite Imagery Analysis
In-situ monitoring
Storage Model MethodologyModel Input Parameters
Source Detail
Weltevrede - Lake MentzBidouw - WeltevredeCeres - BidouwRietvlei - CeresSkurweberg - RietvleiGoudini - SkurwebergCedarberg - GoudiniPakhuis - CedarbergPeninsula - PakhuisPeninsula - selected others (basement)FaultsCross-sections
Rock compressibility
Domenico and Schwartz (1990)
3.3 x 10-10 Pa-1 to 6.9 x 10-10 Pa-1
PorosityTalwani and Acree (1985); Blikhuis borehole data
0.005 - 0.163
Specific storageCalculated from rock compressibility and porosity
3.0E-06 to 7.0E-06
Formation and area specific:Peninsula: 700 m (KGB), 1100 m (THK, WEM)Skurweberg: 200 m (KGB), 300 m (THK)
Contacts for aquifer base and top
True thicknessField data and literature
1:250 000 geological map
Controls
1:250 000 and 1:50 000 geological maps
Storage Model Results
Peninsula Peninsula FormationFormation
aquifer baseaquifer base
Peninsula Peninsula FormationFormationaquifer topaquifer topArea Rock Volume Pore Volume
(km2) (Mm3) (Mm3)
Unconfined portion 474.53 297 314 14 866
Confined portion 1 206.42 1 154 373 57 719
Whole aquifer 1 680.95 1 451 687 72 585
Aquifer
Peninsula Formation
~ 430 Mm3
Storage Model GIS Model Advantages and limitations of using a digital GIS storage model: Physically correct in terms of obtaining the rock volume (+)Possible to obtain a visually descriptive spatial overview of the aquifer geometry (+)Apparent thickness of the aquifer can be more accurately determined (+)Only as accurate as the scale of the input data (-)Exact depth of contacts cannot be accurately determined at fault zones (-)
Groundwater Reserve
DAGEOS Case Study
Groundwater Reserve
Results of Reserve Determination
PES
Resource
Reserve
Resource UnitWater Quantity
Recharge Baseflow GW-Use Stress IndexMillion m3/a Million m3/a Million m3/a Class
1 – Unconfined Ope 34.3 14.1 0.45 0.02 A2 – Confined Ope 19.7 0.00 0.00 0.00 ATotal 34.3 14.1 0.45 0.02 A
Resource Unit
Classification Resource Evaluation
Present Proposed Recharge Baseflow GW-Use
Quant. Qual. Quant. Qual. Million m3/a Million m3/a Million m3/a
1 A B C B 34.3 14.1 0.452 A A D B 19.7 0.0 0.00
Total A A D B 34.3 14.1 0.45
Resource Unit
Resource Evaluation Reserve ComponentsAllocable
Groundwater
Recharge Baseflow GW-Use BHN EWR Reserve Class
1 34.3 14.1 0.45 0.02 14.1 19.7 9.92 19.7 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 19.7 14.8
Total 34.3 14.1 0.45 0.02 14.1 19.7 14.8
DAGEOS Case Study
In-situ Monitoring Components
Water-level in fractured rock aquifer
Water-level in primary alluvium aquifer
Water quality in fractured rock aquifer
Spring and surface-water flow rate and quality
Rainfall, atmospheric temperature and air-pressure
Record of abstraction rates and volumes
2007-2008 CVA
2009-2010 CVA
Time Series Analysis
Ecological Monitoring
Effective at mapping potential perennial
groundwater discharge areas
Regional monitoring
Provides baseline monitoring information
prior to abstraction and
Distinguish between climatic and wellfield
induced change
3 – Tiered system: 1. Long term monitoring
2. Early Warning
2. Early Warning
3. Emergency Response
New developments - New developments - hydrogeodesyhydrogeodesy
TrigNet station distribution
HNUSHNUS
Network of permanent continuously operating GPS (cGPS) base stations
Distributed throughout South Africa
All stations record 1-sec epoch data on both GPS frequencies (L1 and L2)
South African TrigNet systemTrigNet system was developed as a national control
survey network used for land reform projects with the following as spinoff applications: Serve as a baseline geodetic datum; Track crustal movements to millimeter per year
precision; Contribute to the understanding of plate tectonics and
earthquake hazards; Provides a convenient platform for developing a new
space and ground-based system for monitoring the seasonal fluctuations in aquifer storage through detection of associated small deformations; and
Has applications in ionospheric physics, meteorology and atmospheric profiling
TMG & S.Cape Geodetic Monitoring
Gateway wellfield and HMO
SANSA Space ScienceSANSA Space Science
cGPS at Gateway wellfield Monument and antenna installation at wellheads (Oct-Nov 2008) for
measurement of surface subsidence during groundwater abstraction Precise positions; 30 second dual frequency data Relative to IGS stations
HGW3 HGW1
HNUS Horizontal Displacement
An average motion of 19.6 mm/yr Northwards and 16.2 mm/yr Eastwards.
The NU-ITRF2005 solution indicates a model NU velocity at the HNUS site of 18.8 mm/yr Northwards and 16.7 mm/yr Eastwards, corresponding to motion of 25.2 mm/yr towards azimuth (Altamimi et al., 2007).
HGW1 Horizontal Displacement
an average movement of 19.3 mm/yr Northwards and 16.2 mm/yr Eastwards
HNUS Vertical Displacement
downward motion of ~3.0 mm/yr
HGW1 Vertical Displacement
Upward motion of ~4.5 mm/yr Apparent vertical motion roughly equal to HNUS, but in opposite
direction – due to fault location?
Short-term scale analysis
HGW1 & HGW2HGW3
end pumping
HGW3 to HNUS Vertical Displacement
clear downward movement followed by an upward movement in response to a pump switch off - Noordbergum effect (reverse water-level fluctuation)?
Thank youThank you
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