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7/26/2019 Carolingian coinage / by Karl F. Morrison ; with the collab. of Henry Grunthal
1/535
R R I S O N
T H A
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
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7/26/2019 Carolingian coinage / by Karl F. Morrison ; with the collab. of Henry Grunthal
2/535
7/26/2019 Carolingian coinage / by Karl F. Morrison ; with the collab. of Henry Grunthal
3/535
T S AN M O NO G R A H S
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7/26/2019 Carolingian coinage / by Karl F. Morrison ; with the collab. of Henry Grunthal
5/535
C ASS F I CAT O NO F CAR O L I NG ANCO I NS....I
AT O N O F T P E S 22
32
6 5
A H Y A ND K E Y T O AB B R E V I A T O NS U S D I N TH E
C H AR L E MA GN
L O U I S TH E P I O U S
C H AR L E S TH E B A D
F F I N D S33 9
S 33 9
S 38
R R I S O N- GR U N TH A 4 1
R I S O N- GR U N T H A 4 3 3
CA TA O G U E
NS CR I P T O N S4 41
SCR I P T O NS AND G N R A 448
I NV E N TO R Y O F F I N D S 4 2
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7/26/2019 Carolingian coinage / by Karl F. Morrison ; with the collab. of Henry Grunthal
6/535
7/26/2019 Carolingian coinage / by Karl F. Morrison ; with the collab. of Henry Grunthal
7/535
l l s unhappy time notonlyweresomethingsof
hehousesofthe Churchandofthereligiouswere
swerealienatedfromthebishopric.And thosefew
htsustenancefromtrade andtheyboundhere
theleavesofbooksthecoins whichtheyac uired
V i t a Sa n ct i R e m i gi i p r ef a ce M G H S S . R e r . Me r . I I l
ndedtobe auniformclassificationof
Carolingianseries.I tcomprisesthree
othematerial aninventoryoffinddata
ecataloguewascompiledin fortunate
enryGrunthaloftheAmericanNumismatic
st thelong-neglectedCarolingiansection
hassince 1957becomeoneofthelargestand
ntheworld hehasbroughtthissame
tha lif e time se perience innumismatics
theintroductoryremarks theorderofclassi-
nofthe finddata I assumesolerespon-
I havewishedtodonothingmorethanto
vey forthetruecorpuswhich hope w ill
eworkoftheSyllogeCommitteeofthe
snowrevolutioni ingthestudyofAnglo-
hassetane ampletowhichscholarsinother
mismaticsmustrise forithas shownthe
asdefinitiveanycataloguewhichdoes
andobverseofeverycoinor atleast o fevery
rthew eight die -a is andprovenanceof
roventhat suchageneralsurveyofa national
ybeundertakenfor eachcollectionsepa-
tataskforone scholartoassumealone.Mr.
haveattemptedto introducethesenew stan-
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7/26/2019 Carolingian coinage / by Karl F. Morrison ; with the collab. of Henry Grunthal
8/535
mismaticswithourSyllogeofCarolingian
eum andw ehopethatourco lleaguesw ill
learning towhatmustbea j ointeffort.
meneedforaw ork of reconna issance andI
entbooktomeetthatneed.
atauniformclassificationof thissortwas
studentintheA mericanNumismaticSociety
7 , I f ounditnecessary toconsultthe indepen-
adictory andincompletecataloguesofGariel
mplaryw orksforthe irt imes Gariel scata logue
on( thebulkofwhichis nowintheStaat-
andProu scata logueof theB iblio the ue
abinetdidnotonthew hole includetypesfound
chtheyinventoried althoughGarielmade
oincludereferencesto theciviccollections
tothecabinetsof theB ibliothe ueNationa le
oya le( B russels , andtosevera lprivateco l-
.The cataloguesalsomadetheworkof
venient forhehadto classifythetypes
undertwonumbers andtheyafforded
ergentattributionswithoutanystate-
wedin datingandattributingtheseries.
gue w ehopethatthisconfusionw illbe
ned andthattheshortcomingsofthe
willbelargelyrectified.E veryefforthas
ypespresentlyk now n w ehavenot how -
resentanybutma orvariants and underany
es theremaybeasmanyminorvariants
ned.Wehavealso surveyedasmanycollec-
thosewhomaywishtofollowourclassi-
wehavecollatedtheclassificationsofGariel
heneverappropriate wehavementioned
stheycatalogued arrangingothercoins
othecabinetswhichownthem.E x cept
" w hichseemstousmoree actthanthe
rd w ehaveconformedtotheaccepted
ion ourrulehasbeentoconfessuncerta int .
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7/26/2019 Carolingian coinage / by Karl F. Morrison ; with the collab. of Henry Grunthal
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therthanto ha ardaguesswhichmight
shedfact.
uldbedone onlybyvisitingthewidely
dI amunderaheavyobligationtotheA meri-
oritsGraduateF e llow ship( 1959/ 0 , to
icalSocietyforagrant-in-aidfromthe
1 a n d to t h e Am e ri c an C ou n ci l o f L e a r ne d S o-
9 3-4 w hichmadethispossible . The
cietyhasalsomostgenerouslygranteda
erials theD eutschesArchaeologisches
h l em r e ce i ve d m ea s a g ue s t in 1 9 0 w h en I
llection theU niversityofMinnesotapro-
heGraduateSchoolR esearchF unds
e a n E . M c D i a rm i d o f t he C o ll e ge o f S ci e nc e L i t er a -
iversityofMinnesota verykindlyassigned
copyofthecatalogue.
nthedebtofprivatepersonsw ho asidef rom
bleforstudy havemadetheworkmore
t andadvice:Mr.ChristopherB lunt
r e re S a ra i ng - su r -M e us e B e l g i um D r . E . G o se
P rofessorPhil ipGrierson Gonvil leandCaius
P r o fe s so r D r . W . H a v er n ic k a nd D r . G . H a t ,
m issionderL anderinderB undesrepublik
. - . K e l l n er P r a hi s to r is c he S a mm l un g M u ni c h
A mericanNumismaticSociety andDr.
t h m a rs c he n .
however istothe learnedinstitutionsand
theircabinetsforstudy.These arelisted
recededbythenamebywhichthey aredesig-
ee ceptionstotheruleof alphabetical
arisandB erlin indeferencetothecata-
e l theyhavebeenplacedf irst inthe listings.
Nationa le C abinetdesMedailles. M. J . B abelon
. Y v o n J . - B . G i ar d M l . J a c u i ot .
g StaatlicheMuseenzu B erlin. P ro f . Dr.
r . E . E r l e be n F r l . S. L i c ht e nb e rg F r l .
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7/26/2019 Carolingian coinage / by Karl F. Morrison ; with the collab. of Henry Grunthal
10/535
ciety ( A NS . D r. G. Miles Mr. H. Grun-
v inciaa lMuseumvanD renthe A ssen . V iew ed
TheHague.
e ll inger New H aven C onn.
lunt R oya lNumismaticSociety L ondon.
eberdenC oinR oom B odle ianL ibrary Ox -
ho m ps o n.
rtmentofCo insandMedals fD r. J ohn
. R . H . M. Do lley formerlyA ssistantKeeper
niversity B e lfast. MissM. A rchibald A ssis-
n n a n d Mr s . J o a n M ar t in .
ueR oya le C abinetdesMddailles. M. F . B a il lon
on Mlle . J . L a llemand.
Mentsamling.D r.O .Morkholm.
. D i c ki e N e w Y o r k.
abinettdesStadtischenMuseums. Dr. F ried-
k GarrettL ibrary TheJ ohnsHopk ins
re Mary land. Mrs. S. E. F reeman.
lipGrierson Gonvil leandC aiusC o llege
w edintheR oya lC abinet TheHague.
kK abinetvanMunten P enningen enGesne-
nnovanGelder. D r. G. vanderMeer.
rica.V iewedattheAmericanNumismatic
seum. D r. M. Schluter.
d. D r. B . M. P otin C uratoro fWesternEuro-
T . H o l m es J r . C ha p el H i l l N o rt h C ar o li n a.
ersityC ollection( e WinchesterC athedra l
McC lymont B rook lyn New York .
sammlung. Dr. D . Ste inhilber.
esMuseum L eeuwarden . V iew edintheR oya l
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blicMuseum. Mr. T . A . Hulme D irector. Miss
ofA rchaeo logy .
yntkabinett. Dr. K . Sk aare .
padopo li L eMonetediV ene ia . V enice 1893.
onishousedinthe MuseoCorrer V enice.
person.
niversityL ibrary . Mr. L. C . West.
smuseumSchlesw ig. Dr. K . W. Struve.
chesLandesmuseum. D r. E . Nau.
desmuseum.Dr.E .Gose.
intheR oya lC abinet TheHague.
posto licaV aticana. P . GuyF errari D r. Miche-
mungvonMedaillen Miin en undGeld e ichen
u se u m . D r . H o l m a ir D i r e k to r . D r . B . K o c h.
yLibrary . P ro fessorA lfredB ell inger. P ro fessor
orecalltheassistancewhichthese institutions
andespeciallythatofthe membersofthe
r. R . M. H . D o lley w how elcomedmeto
kerratherthanasa visitor.Thedataoncoin
dI relandaretheresultof collaborationwith
formationontheCuerdaledepositwas much
herB lunt whoverykindlyopenedhis
thatf indtoMr. Do lleyandme.
meoftheargumentspresentedin theintro-
ose portionsoftheintroductionwhich
sarticles " TheGoldMedallionsofLouisthe
a n d th e S yn o d of P a r is ( 8 2 5 , " S p ec u lu m
1 , p p . 59 2 -5 9 9 a n d " N u mi s ma t ic s a nd C a ro l in g ia n
vidence " SpeculumX X X V I I I ( 19 3 ,
mindebtedtothe lateMr. C harlesR . D . Mille r
fora llow ingthereuseof thismateria l. Other
sybeenpublishedinmyessay ' " Mules
" NumismaticC hronicle ser. 7 vo l. 1
5234 andintw oadditiona lart iclesdoneinco llabora-
A NoteonF our' type immobilise co insof
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d s " N u mi s ma t ic C h ro n ic l e s e r. 7 v o l. 2 ( 1 9 2 ,
indsofC aro lingianC oinsf romGreatB rita in
t i sh N u mi s ma t ic J o u rn a l 3 2 ( 1 9 4 , p p . 75 - 87 .
metrologicalcalculationsnowhavebeen
ofthe kindandperceptiveadviceofMr.
eterSawyer.
Collectionareillustratedphotographi-
e.P reviously theyhavebeenknownonly
Gariel scataloguemadewhentheywere
ection.Theinclusionofthesephotographs
arygenerosityofP ro fessorP eterB erghaus
crecordofthe B erlincabinetavailable
stthank sareduea lsotoProf . D r. A . Suhle
hstobemade.
entionthosefriendswhoseunfailingkind-
thecourseofthiswork:P rofessorH oward
so r P e t e r B e r g ha u s D r . P e t er F r a nk e P r o fe s so r
fe s so r R a l p h E . G i e se y P r o fe s so r E . K a r af i ol D r .
mand P ro fessorDorisR aymond andPro-
y lieSypher. F ina lly shouldbe indeed
recallthemanykindnessesofMr. andMrs.
he" goodangels presidingovermystudiesin
fMr. andMrs. C hristopherB lunt w hoa llow edme
atreasuremoree ce llentthanthesilver
andf inersti l lthanthego ldofOf fa .
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C ASS F I CAT O NO F
NC O I N S
ents andtheymayrevealmuchabout
conditionsofthe governmentwhichstruck
eweightofmonetaryissues variationsintheir
andchangesininscriptionsand typesmaysub-
mliteraryandepigraphicalsourcesc on-
mmercialaffairs ortheymaysuggestcon-
erevidence.Thevalueof coinstothehis-
irectlyproportionatetothee actitudew ithwhich
onthisdependstheirc orrelationwithotherevi-
eringas anindependentbodyofevidence.
emainsfromtheCarolingianperiodis
nklycon ectura l. Withtherareste cep-
lngianseriescanbedatedtotheyear and
thedecade.O neseriesthe issuewhich
A D - lR E X circumscriptiona laboutamono-
s canbeascribedonly tothesi ty -year
tionbyC harlestheB ald( 8 4 andthede-
mple( 923 . A nother theseriesstruck in
iousw iththereversetypeofatempleand
A N A R E L I G O , w as i n au g ur a te d b y L o u i s th e P i o u s
inCarolingianlandsforeightyyears
ndswhichprovethiscontinuityalso
es tendtobefarmore degeneratein
tthantheearliest butthereisno evidence
cesstruckin thethirtytofortyyears j ust
mthosestruck inhislif e time.
blishingnumismaticchronologyhave
ppliedto Carolingianissues.I nscriptions
the issuesdonotbearprecisedates( asdothe
micseries andsincethetit lesascribedtothe
e ceptontheimperialaccessionof the
en thechangefromroyaltoi mperialtitles
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es:itis impossibletoseparatetheimperial
df romthoseofC harlestheF at. F urther
uently theco insw hichtheyconta in cannot
st becausetheycannotbeplacedinaparticular
asthecircumstanceswhichledtothe irbe ing
now n and secondly becausethey lack
depositswhichwoulddate them.Within
ndsdoprovethe synchronismofsomeissues
onotindicate whetherthecoinsrepresent-
dcirculation atthesametimeor onwidely
factthatkingssometimesstruckseveral
udsthequestionstillf urther. L ik ewise the
typesdoesnotaffordane actchronology
altypesusedin Carolingianissuesareso
defyascriptiontoanyspecificevent.F inally
tingisimpossibleonothergrounds metrolo -
edonly tothewholespanof thereignof
dencedoesnotwarrantattributingvarious
ithinany reignonmetrologicalarguments.
hisrule aretheissuesofCharlemagneandof
hofwhominstitutedmonetaryreformsso
ofeach isdividedintotwodiscreteseries
yle.
nttodateCarolingianissues therefore is
o f theco ins butthee ternalproofo f
story.E venthisevidenceisso fragmen-
s ambiguousastoprevente actattributions
shavetendedtoassume fore ample that
wnnameonly afterthedeathofhis pre-
meissuesofP ippin C arloman andC harle -
nd R . S e r r ur e T r ai t i de n u mi s ma t i u e d u mo ye n a ge I
A . S uh l e D i e d e u ts c he n M ii n e n d es M i tt e la l te r s 2 n d. e d . ( B e r -
. V o l c k er s " D i e C h r is t ia n a R e l ig i o- G ep r ag e E i n B e i t ra g z u r
H a m b ur g er B e i t r ag e z u r N u mi s ma t ik V I / V I I ( 1 9 52 / 3 ,
eertotheprim itive issueofL ouistheP iousw hich
rlemagne sfirstseries buttheydonotobserve
ruckcoins askingsduringthelifetimeof their
L esmonnaiesroya lesdeF rancesouslaracecaro lingienne
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15/535
anCoins
versetypes( cat. nos. 42 83 228 24 87
suesofL ouistheP iousareof theprim itivetype
shedabout790.2L othaireI seemstohave
f if teenyearsbeforehisfather sdeath and
k silverdenarii inToursandinB ordeau ,
w hileCo- mperorw ithhisfather but
actsim ilarityofotherissuesofL otha ireto
usinrespecttotit les epigraphica lsty le and
ethatL othaire smintagebeganverycon-
mesoleE mperor Thesupposition there-
antostrikecoinsin hisownnameimmediately
ngor emperor andthatCharlemagne
ingin755 thatLouistheP iousbeganhis
mperia lco inagein813 thatLotha ire I
n817 thatP ippinI ' sf irst issuew asinthe
arlestheB ald sw asin829 w henhewasde-
ia orin839 w henhewasadvancedasKing
ouldnothavemintedinLorra ineuntilhe
a s K i n g o f L o r r a in e i n 8 9 . A mo n g th e E a s t
heGermanmayhavestruck f romhisproclamation
hs s on s L o u is o f S a o n y C ar l om a n a n d Ch a rl e s
cc e ss i on i n 8 1 . L i k e wi s e L o u is I I p r ob a bl y
w henhebecameKingof theL ombards and
ayhavebegunhisin8 6 , w henhebecame
i p pi n I a n d L o t h ai r e I I s u cc e ed e d on l y at
838and855 respectively .
1 88 4 , p l. X I V , 1 M . P r ou L e s mo nn ai es c ar ol in gi en ne s ( P a ri s
i i f.
th e P i ou s n os . 45 9 4 0 4 1 .
re I , n o s. 5 5 3 5 5 5 .
y the linearreversesw hichhestruck inthe" P a lace "
M e t , T o ur s P a v ia M i la n T r ev i so a n d V e n i ce . L o t h ai 1 e s
E L I G O s e r i es a n d th e g ol d m ed a ll i on w h ic h h e st r uc k j o i nt l y
s M V N V S D I V I N V M " m e da l li o n a l s o sh o w a ve r y gr e at
ofhisfather.
uita inew iththeobverse inscription+C A R O L V SR E X
oC harlestheC hild w hoprecededLouisasK ingof
rlymid-ninthcenturyinfabric anddesign.F urther-
ow nonly inthisseries itdoesnotoccurintheattribut-
ald.
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circumstancesthwartsvirtuallyany
coinswithina reasonableperiod.Adeposit
yL othaire I andbyC harlestheB ald for
avebeenburiedbetw een840 w henLotha ire
rlesenteredinto theW estF rankishking-
istheP ious and855 w henLotha ireab-
r thedateofdepositcouldbepushedback
meofC harles sf irstproclamationasKing.
ta iningco insofLouistheP iousandL otha ire I
nytime inthethirty-eightyearsbetween
sprocla imedC o- mperor and855 instead
ween840and855. I nsomeinstances there-
tingsuggestedbythe datesofroyalacces-
rulersiswidenedso farastobe uselessin
actnumismaticchronology.
demoree actdatesforsomecritical
etaryhistory.D ecreesoftheSynodof
da lettero fA lcuinw rittentw oyearslaterrefer
ew mintage " andthussetthedateofhismone-
efore794. C onse uently theprimitive
riptionCA R o/ V Sintw olinesontheob-
earand circumscriptionalinscriptionson
efore ca.790 andthemorerefinedtypes
w edinP . Grierson " L atrouva il lemon ta iredTlan , "
er I V ( 1 9 53 , p p . 4 - 4 8 " C h ro n ol o gi a d el l e ri f or m e
" R I N1954 pp. I _151andw ithrevisedconclusions
underC harlegmagne K arlderGrosse: Persdnlichk e it
u s s e ld o rf 1 9 5 , p p . 50 f f . Gr i er s on s e a rl i er v i ew w h ic h w e
sstheposit ionadvancedbyR . Gaettens w hoarguesthat
774.H isargumentrestsuponhis newdatingofthe
anduponthesupposit ionthatC harlemagne sdemon-
ecreewasapartof hisreform.Thoughproblematical
fMantuacanbesetdefinitelyasabout787( F . L .
ssurlescapitula ires[ P aris 1958 , p. 114 , andtheev idence
oinfinds alikeindicatesthelaterdatefor there-
hedessay MaureenA . F ennell( be low n. 89 has
ysupporttoGanshof sargument whichshehas
tens " Miin enK arlsd. Gr. sow iederP apsteHadrian
. vonhistorischer staatsrechtlicherundw ahrungsgeschicht-
J ahrbuchfurNumismatik undGeldgeschichte I I ( 1950/51 ,
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anCoins5
dtitle oftheK ingcircumscriptionalabout
hek ing snameontheobverse andthename
ptionalabouteitherofthesamesymbols
datedlater. Tw odecreesofLouistheP ious
monetaryreformaccompaniedbyde-
20 7andthe increasebyLouiso f thew eight
isfatherwassurelya partofthismeasure.
issuedin832referstoco inagew hichLotha ire
mpliesgradualdemoneti ationinfavorof
ately theedictdoesnotdescribethe issue
hypothesi ethatL otha irereferredtohisonly
hepredominanttypesofL ouistheP ious a
fre uencynotonlyinthe issuesof
theearly issuesofC harlestheB aldandP ippinI
uita ine: namely anobversetypeconsistingof the
circumscriptionalaboutacross anda
f themintcitycircumscriptionalabouta
srare intheseriesofLouistheP ious and
ns 9itmust havebeeninstitutedlatein
couldw ellbethetypementionedinL otha ire s
C harlestheB aldattempted by theEdicto f
oestablishauniformtypefora llhisco inage. H ecom-
ariisnovaenostraemonetaee una. partenomen
tin medionostrinominismonogramma e
v itatisetinmediocru habeatur. 10This
seriesinscribedGR A T A D - lR E X w hich
rcumscriptionalaboutthemonogramof
sP roumainta ined theseriesw iththeobverse
r . I , p . 28 5 n o. 1 39 c . 19 p . 30 , n o. 1 50 c . 20 .
. I I , p . 6 3 n o. 2 02 c . 2: " D e m on et is i n u ir at ur q u a
uafraudevitiantureta q uibuspersonishocperpetra-
eranobisinstituta instanterf igurariprecipiantur. V erumtamen
hannisdenariumargenteumetnanf ractumcuiuscum ue
.
r . I I , p . 3 15 n o .2 7 3 c . 1 1 . S ee a l so K . . Mo r ri s on
o li n gi a n Se r ie s " J V C 1 9 1 p . 2 30 . O n t h e s o- c al l ed " t y pe
" s e e th e c om m en t s of J . L a f au r ie " D e u t r es o rs
s R N 1 9 5 p . 2 6 , e s p . n .1 .
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y-n
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7/26/2019 Carolingian coinage / by Karl F. Morrison ; with the collab. of Henry Grunthal
18/535
V S R E X F R , w h ic h o cc u rs c i rc u ms c ri p ti o na l a bo u t
tdoes aboutamonogram.Theapparent
menoftheE dictandthenomenof the
type istobee pla inedintermsofninth-century
th-centuryauthors thekinghadtwo
. " C ar o lu s ) a n d th e n om e n re g is t h e ro ya l
dwithC hrist. 11I tw asthiscombinationofnomina
esprescribedandtheGR A T A D - lR E X type
catethatthedemoneti ationwhichCharles
ec t iv e a n d th a t th e G R A T A D - l R E X t y pe w a s
romits institutionuntilthefirstyears of
eddatesinCarolingianhistory.The
l a n I f i nd ( 7 9 0- 7 9 ) , w h ic h c on t ai n s on e
ssecondperiodandnearlyone hundred
of twodirhems thelaterofwhichwas
shidin789/ 90 setsthedateofdeposit the
efind togetherwiththedocumentswe
ethatCharlemagne smonetaryreformoc-
s. Ne t documentaryev idenceplacesthe
io n s o r " s o l i di b y L o u i s t he P i o us a n d
A ndf inally thedateof theC uerda ledeposit
esty list icpreva lenceof theGR A T A D - lR E X
hcentury.14
smaticevidencecombined therefore yield
additiontoregna lyears tow ardw hichachro-
ismaticsmustbeoriented.Thehistorian
co inagereformca. 790 15andattributehisissues
h en I I I ( 8 1 , M a n si X V , 6 1 1 : " . . . n on s i ne g r av i g em i tu
ncipiadmemoriamredu imus utnonimmemor
dnominecenseturoperecompleat utre regumChristus
contulitinterris...
ersoncitedabove n. 6 .
. H . I . H . Stew art " TheNorthumbrianV ik ingC oinsin
i n R . H . M . D o l l ey e d . A n gl o -S a o n C oi n s ( L o n do n
1.
ew intero f793/4 ) , " MoneyandC oinageunderC harle -
p p . 50 7 5 1 1.
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anCoins7
0 orsecond( ca . 790-814 period. A few ofC harle -
arthe imperialtitlecanbe assignedmorepre-
1-814.1 Thehistorianislikewiseawarethat
tedanew seriesabout819 thathisson L oth-
ultaneouslyw ithhimco insof typese actlypara llel
aire I inauguratedanew series perhapsw ith
pleandacityname in832. F ina lly hecan
rlestheB aldintotwoperiods thef irst
w hencoinsbearingvarioustypesandinscrip-
thesecond between8 4and877 w henthe
t y pe p r ed o mi n at e d.
innumismatichistorydonotleadtow ard
ting andthey leavetota llyunclarif iedmany
nologyandattribution.Tobesure the
rt C arloman C harlemagne L ouistheP ious
i re I I , C h ar l es t h e B a l d ( i n h i s e ar l y pe r io d , A r nu l f
a n d L o t h ai r e I V , a n d so me i s su e s of C h ar l es
dto thoserulerswithgoodassuranceof
wever someverygravedifficultiesconcerning
andthereareotherissues whichcannotbe
tyasto ruleroryear.
riseto theseproblems:thecontinuation
oftypes.Thefirstterm impliestheuseof
uccessionofsynonymousrulers whilethe
ualstriking ofparticulartypes nomatter
rs. Thecontinuationoftypeshasproduced
ishingthe issuesofL ouisI f romthoseof
ec es w it h th e CA R L V S R E X o r C AR L V S R E X F R t yp e
ldfromcoinswiththe sametypesstruckby
nsinthenameof Charleswiththeimperial
aldfromthosestruckbyCharlesthe F at
. 511f f. 5248. arguesfor7 8-793/ 4fortheprim itive issue
oyalissue and80 -814forthe issuesw iththe imperial
hichMr.Grierson presentsiscapableofseveralin-
preferredtoretainthedating whichseemstomehistoric-
ouldsuggestfurtherthatMr.Grierson spositiondoes
suppositionthatCharlamagne ssecondroyalseries
eissued simultaneously.
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lR E X issuesofC harlestheB aldf romthoseof
rlestheSimple . On presentev idence the
are how ever pure lymattersofhypothesis
i n g o f t he E a s t F r a nk s K i n g of t h e W e st
or hemusthavestruck co ins. There isnocon-
iateorto refutethishypothesis.Aswe
eevidenceofcoinfinds permitsatentative
biguousseries betweenCharlestheB ald
butitdoesnotclarif y theq uestionofC har-
.
lement theimmobili ationoftypes
cationofthe twomostnumerousCarolin-
SR E X F R typeofMellecontinuedtobestruck
astone hundredyearsafterCharlemagne
halftheCarolingiancontentin theCuerdale
oC arolingianpiecesinthedeposit w ereof
snothingto distinguishoneissuefroman-
P I S T A N A R E L I G O s e ri e s in t h e na m e of L o u is
avea lreadymentioned posesthemostserious
foralthoughitis themostprolificofthe
althoughitheldan importantplaceinCaro-
ornearlyacentury itsvariousissuescan-
tions beclassif iedaccordingtotimeorplaceof
r ip t io n H L V D O W I C V S I M w h ic h o cc u rs
uttheninth centuryandintothetenth
esofattribution. F ortunate ly theX P I ST -
s e ri e s st r uc k i n th e n am es o f o th e r ru l er s L o t ha i re I ,
ha rl es t he B a l d L o th ai re I I , A rn ul f a nd L o u i st he
chgreatproblemsofchronology asthey
otheregnalyearsof theissuingking.
nf la tionofChristianaR eligio issuesinthe
usmaybeseparatedinto itscomponents and
ditsrelationtothe restoftheCarolingian
ificationwill mostlikelybeachievedthrough
lationshipsandtheestablishmentofdie-
arities especiallyastheyappearin the
dualco inf inds. I ndeed D r. vanGelderhas
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anCoins
study ofthefindsunearthedinthe Nether-
abletoshow bysty list ica f finit ies thatthe
meofL ouistheP iousatD orestadtatthe
orestadttemple-typesofLotha ire I w ere
maysummari ew hatw eknow aboutthe
eligioseries.Charlemagneinstitutedit
nasthe reversetypeofane traordinary
s portraitontheobverse.18O therportrait
sametimeatDorestadt( cat. 105 , Trier
en to vi c ( c a t. 1 21 a , R o ue n ( c a t. 1 42 , L y on ( c at . 1 7 ,
a n d wi t h th e i ns c ri p ti o n + M T A L - G R M A N ( c a t.
artheimperialtitle andiconographicalreverse
bverseinscriptionsareidenticalwiththose on
s: t h us K A R O L V S I M A V G a p p ea r s on t h e
u e nt ov ic R o u en L y on a nd + M T A L . G R M A N
ChristianaR eligiostrik ings(cat. 317-319 )
I M A V G R E X F E T L m ar ks t he A rl es s er ie s an d
s ue ( c a t. 3 1 4 . D N K A R O L V S I M A V D a p p e ar s
igioseries( cat. 315 31 ) . Thisseriesa lone
donlyonportraitobversesof ChristianaR eligio
earbeneaththe portraitbust( cat.315=
c a t. 3 1 8 = M a n d ca t . 31 9 = F ) . S om e s ch o la r s
elettersindicatespecificmints thatC
V e n ic e M M i la n a n d F , F l o re n ce b u t su c h
oaccountthe possibilitythattheletters
rs the initia lle ttero famoneyer sname ora
nthe nameofthemintcity whichinany
endesignatedonthe obverse.We donot
pieceswerestruck buttheiraffinitieswith
entionedindicatethat theywerepartofan
andtheirdifferencesindicatethatCharlemagne
ttributedtonospecificmint.
er " D e k a r o li n gi s ch e M un t sl a g te D u u r s te d e J a a rb o ek
k n de 4 8 ( 1 9 1 , p p . 35 1 .
simperia lseries seethee ce llentana ly sisbyGrierson
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P iousdidnotreta intheC hrist ianaR eligic
thene trulerw holink editwithhispor-
andtheevidenceofco inf indsmay indicatetha l
ialportraitseriesevenin thelifetimeol
uisreta inedalltheothericonographica lreverse
er.The ship whichCharlemagnestruck
orestadt l ik ewiseappearsonL ouis por-
t(cat. 330 andatQ uentov ic( cat. 351 as
me r s of + M T A L - G R M A N a p pe a r on L o u is
; andthecitygate w hichCharlemagneissued
y o n a n d Ar l es m ar k s L o u i s p o rt r ai t s er i es a t
O rleans( cat.372 , Sens( cat.374 375 , Toulouse
A r l e s ( 4 3 5 -4 3 8 , P a v i a ( c a t. 4 4 5 , a n d T re v is o ( c a t .
ersonlyononeofL ouis portra it issues and
n insteadoftheChristianaR eligioin-
how ever restoredthetypetohisportra it
9 , and abandoninga llo thericonographica ltypes
he reversetypeformostofhis other
surroundingitwith thenameofthemint
opttheChristianaR eligiotypeinhis
istheP iousdidissuethetype ingreatvo lume
seshowinga centralcrosssurroundedby
lt it le L othairecontinuedto issueco ins
mesimultaneouslywiththeChristiana
re I , theC hrist ianaR eligio ltempletypehad
withthe likenessoftheemperorwhich
and w henLouisadoptedthetempleas
andatD orestadt( cat. 337 andL othaire I
ostofhisknownmintcities substituting
ueforthe originalinscription theentire
sissue itscouplingwiththeimperial por-
m particularmintshadvanished.Some
sofLouistheP iousevenlack thetemplea lto -
8 i n t he m t h e la s t tr a ce o f Ch a rl e ma g ne s c a re f ul
pbetweentheE mperor theChurch( repre-
andtheC hrist ianaR eligio legend w asdestroyed.
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anCoins
hetypehad entirelychangedinthe
magne sdeath and forourpurposes tw o
mostimportant:thede-imperiali ationof
verse andtheadoptionofthetemple type
causethetypew asadoptedbyLotha ire s
ppinI o fA uita ineandC harlestheB ald and
andintheseriesof la terk ingsasw ell and
pearin theissuesofknownmints wecan
the geographicalareaswherethetemple
tw aspredominant andf ina lly by referring
asmostprevalent.Thefollowinglistsumma-
thegeographicaldistributionof thetemple
ameofeach rulerthemintsknowntohave
eferencenumberinthecata logue andf inds
d.
e P i l li g er h ec k .
f ind.
fi n d.
e l ate P il l igerheck.
ngen.
Numerousf inds( seecata logue .
m m e n B a l lo n P i l li g er h ec k .
agenbogen I de P il l igerheck.
g en b og e n Z e l a t e P i l li g er h ec k .
. W a g en b og e n Z e l a t e P i l li g er h ec k .
P illigerheck.
E m m e n G r on i ng e n P i l l i g er h ec k .
r i s ia " Z e l a te H o n.
il l igerheck.
sw er d- i ng u m I I , P i l l ig er he ck -
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08 . N of in d.
ha mo u - M ar c il l y.
E trechy.
heck .
nd.
we rd - i ng u m I I .
a te I d e P i l l ig er he ck E m m en C ha mo u - M a r
d e Z e l a t e P i l li g er h ec k W a g e nb o ge n L o p
gerheck .
au -H o u lm e K i m s we rd - i ng u m I ( ? ) , F o n
l u m Z e l a t e I d e P i l l i g er h ec k W a g en b og e n
.
lg er h ec k .
genbogen.
il l igerheck Midlaren.
er or
174. Nof ind.
.
d.
de W agenbogen.
- 14 2 7. H a u t e - s l e.
by.
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anCoins
. No f i nd .
53 7 . N of in d.
Nof ind.
hld
C uerda le .
alby.
uerda le .
77. C hateauneuf -sur-Cher.
ind.
dtobestruck inI taly atP aviaand
, H u g h an d L o t h a ir e B e r e n ga r I I , a n d R u d o l f
b y R u do lf I I I a nd C on ra d I I , w ho a ls o st ru ck t he
atMet andR egensburgbyHenry the
a n d Tr i er b y O t t o I a n d/ o r O t t o I I . K e a r y h as
histypeinto thelaterfeudalperiod and
erredto hisessayforinformationabout
e.19
en threethingsre levanttothehistoryof the
maybededuced. F irst thefactthat e cept
essiverulersdidnotcontinue strikingthe
citiesindicatesthatthetype wassimply
toe periencecontinuityof thatsort. I t
heP iousandA rnulf issueditatMilan
t h e Si m pl e a n d L o u i s th e C hi l d a t T ri e r L o u is
e I a tD orestadt A rnulfandLouistheC hild
a n d L o t h ai r e I I a t V e r d u n C h a r le s t he B a l d
is I I I a t S en s C ha r le s t he B a l d a n d L o t h ai r e of
a n d p r ob a bl y P i p p i n I a n d P i p p i n I I a t " A u i -
iswidediscontinuity insomeof thesese uences
noughtogiveevidenceoftypological
stohaveen oyedabriefvogue.
T h e Mo r ph o lo g y of C oi n s " N C 18 8 , p p . 74 f .
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26/535
thatthe voguereacheditsheightinthe
C harlestheB ald thatis ca . 840-855 and
cedintheR hineV alleyandinad acent
emintsinthesouthofF rance( D a , B ourges
n t he w e st ( " A u i ta n io r um " M e l l e L e M a ns
a r is S t . Ma r ti n o f To u rs B o r d e au ) d i d is s ue
egreaternumberofmints issuingitlayin
hineandbyanimaginaryline drawn
andthencetoQuentov ic.
woobservationsforourunderstanding
seriesisunderscoredby thethird:namely
etempletypeen oyeditsgreatestvogue
periodinw hich ontheev idenceofco in
R eligioseriesachieveditsgreatestvolumeof
aliketendto beabsentfromdepositslaid
u ch a s " F r i si a " C o s n e a n d A u e v il l e b u t t h ey
epositso f theperiod840-8 4 suchasI de
agenbogen. F indsburiedaf ter8 4 suchasC our-
an t on I I I , G l i y a n d Cu e rd a le c h ar a ct e ri s ti c al l y
ypesentirely andconta invery few ifany
w ithacity sname.
therefore showsthatthehistoryofthe
in somemeasurealsothehistoryofthe
oncetheChristianaR eligiotypehadbeen
ndthetempletypehadenteredthenormalseries
vesuggestedabove in832 , theC hrist ianaR eligio
shedtogether inthesameareasand atthe
ertheylosttheirpredominantpositionabout
a ld smonetary reformof8 4.
nces onecouldw elle pectto f indsty list ic
esbetweencoinsoftheseries ofidentifiable
ristianaR eligioseries andthusidentify
ny C hrist ianaR eligiomintcit ies. I ndeed
towardidentifyingthemhas beenmade
od. I nthisw ay Dr. vanGelderhasshow n
hristianaR eligioseriesarestylistically
heDorestadtseriesofLotha ire I andw e
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anCoins15
tinctive styleofthetemplewithan
heepigraphyof the inscriptionX A U R E L I A N S
truck atOrleans( cat. 945 , correspondsso
meChristianaR eligiodenariithatO rleans
dentified.I nanotheressay wehave
meansofidentification themulesandhybrids
w hichaddtothe listo fChristianaR eligio
e iers and f romalaterperiod C onstance. 20
nistheappearanceofdistinctivemarkings
erof ChristianaR eligioissuesofL ouis
05 . Someof thesecorrespondw ithmark ings
I andofC harlestheB ald onedot
o u is c a t. 4 8 3 = L o t ha i re c a t. 5 8 = C h ar l es
ronbeneaththetemple( L ouis cat. 482= C harles
dots triangularlyarrangedbeneaththetemple
C h ar l es c a t. 1 1 6 ) , t h re e d ot s h or i o n ta l ly a r -
e( L ouis cat. 494 495= L otha ire cat.
s triangularlyarrangedbeneaththetemplewith
etemple( L ouis cat. 498= C harles cat.
ves thesecorre lationsaremere ly interestingevidence
edhistypes(andperhapshisdies . B utw eare
sisofthesamemarkingson othertemple
esemarkingsindicateknownmints:three
edbeneaththetempleoccurontheHuy
c a t. 5 4 1 5 4 2 a n d ( a s P r o u ha s a lr e ad y o bs e rv e d ,
arrangedbeneaththetemple w ithonedot
e occuronaQuentov icissueofC harlesthe
idef romthesemark ings w hichoccuronthe
sbothofL ouistheP iousandofhissons
nL ouis sC hristianaR eligioseriesparalle led
w hichmay indicatetheminto fLouis s
thecrossbeneaththetemple( cat. 474 ispara lle l-
hetempleinissuesof CharlestheB aldat
d a t Me a u ( c a t. 8 4 8 .
ntendedtosummari eourpresent
stianaR eligioseries andtosuggestsome
C ar o li n gi a n Se r ie s " N C 1 9 1 p p . 23 1 i .
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uture investigationsmay fo llow. I fw ecan
entifyD orestadt O rleans H uy Q uentov ic
aps L aonandMeau ascit iesw heretheC hrist iana
ck w ehavegonea litt lebeyondourprede-
k andwecantakehopethat thecom-
eriesw illu lt imatelybee pla ined.
iscussionabovemerelyillustratestheprob-
ncumberthestudyof Carolingiannumis-
presentconcludethatthedifficultiesof
econtinuationandimmobili ationof
ionbythehistorical evidencereviewed
possible mustcomefrompurelynumis-
n finds andfromthecoinsthemselves.
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scannotbe datedprecisely theirchief
nologicalse uenceofmintageisas
smoftypesin circulation fortheyindicate
cyon thespecificoccasionswhenthe
ydonotindicate however whenthose
etherthevariousissueswhichtheycontain
ametime oroveraspaceof manyyears.
knownfromdocumentaryevidence finds
atelyaccordingastheyconsistentirelyor
mCharlemagne sfirstor secondperiod of
o u s a nd h i s so n s o r o f th e G R A T A D - l R E X
ismethodofclassificationarenarrow for
h c on s is t s la r ge l y of G R A T A D - l R E p i ec e s ca n
4 intheabsenceofmorerestrict iveevidence
nly issuesofL ouistheP iouscanonlybe
istheP ious ora litt le later proofonly that
rculatedinhisown day.
haracterofCarolingianfinds however
onsinattributingtheircontents torulers
nemaysupposethatthebulk ofco insinany
thina shorttimebetweenfiveand
lybeforedeposit.Andsecondly onemay
afind willnotcontainissuesof tworulers
nce f romthesamemintsandlack entirely
rsfromthosemints.
nciplesto findsfromtheearlierCaro-
calastheir applicationtothelater
stdifficult.Amongtheearlyfinds K rink-
ntasit provesthecirculationofan issue
ra lle linsty letothepre-re formissueofCharle-
at primitiveissue asalreadyobserved
ndatingC harlemagne smonetary reform. A sforthe
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hesameperiod thereisnomistakingthe
oman andC harlemagneinthe I mphy f ind or
harlemagnewhichconstitutedtheB el-Air
C he y -l A bb ay e " J u ra " a nd S ar a na f in ds . D e -
ssecondperiodprovethathe struckthe
SR E X F R circumscriptiona laboutacrossora
hroughouttheE mpireinA gen A rles
C he ll es D o r es ta dt L y o n M ai n , M el l e M il an
ours andTrev isoandthattheco insbearingthe
e r ev e rs e l eg e nd E X M A L O N O V O c i r-
arolusmonogrammustalsobeattributed
ouistheP iousandtheperiodj usta f ter
flybecauseof theattributionstoCharles
k epossible. B yv irtueof the issuesofL ouis
I , a n d P i p pi n I o r I I a s so c ia t ed w i th i s su e s of
t isclearthatthe inscriptionC A R L V SR E X ,
Charlesthe Simple occurredontheobverse
a ldinA uita ine 22B ruges 23C hartres 24
O r l ea n s 2 7 P a r i s 2 8 T ou l ou s e 2 9 t he p a la c e 3 0 a n d o n
A NA R E L I G O s er ie s. 31 F u r th er t he Z e l a te f in d
to n K A R O L V S G R A T A D l R E X , w h ic h
on be longstoC harles 32andP il l igerheck
s cr i pt i on C A R L V S R E F R A N C O ( w h ic h
depositsofArrasandCuerdale mustbe
thedepositsfromthisperiodprovethat
theC A R L V SR E X F R typeofhisgrandfather
n ar e B i e b ri c h B o n d e no I b e rs h ei m V e u i l l in B e l v z e t
) .
s o f Mu i o n -l e - M al i ne s E t r ec h y.
agenbogen.
P il l igerheck .
f K i n s we r d- i n g u m I I , P i l li g er h ec k .
i o u .
fC osne.
agenbogen.
A u ev il le .
o f Co mp i eg n e N o ur r ay C o ur b an t on I I I , G l i y B e a u m on t .
E L I G O F i n do fP i l li ge rh ec k.
so fC hamou -Marcil ly E trechy .
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y i n A u e r re 3 3 B o u r ge s 3 4 C ha r tr e s. ^ L y o n 3 8
8 O r l e an s 3 9 P a r i s 4 0 Q u e n to v ic 4 1 R h e i ms 4 2 S t.
To ul ou se 4 5 To ur s 4 4 an d on h is X P I S T A NA R E L I G O
versetypes.
w oulde pectsomeclarificationof thecon-
E X series andof the late issuesinthenameof
eEmperors C harles butsuchclarif icationas
circumstantialand farfromsatisfactory.
utionstatedabovecannot onthewhole
ytothefindsdepositedpriorto theE dict
nciplesaredesignedmerelyto provideattribu-
pecificrulers afunctiondischargedbyin-
mselvesin depositsburiedfromthereign
ut8 4. Onlyw ithregardto f indsf romthe
herecontinuityandimmobili a tionof typesob-
esegeneralprinciplesbecomerelevant.
ecanarbitrarilydistinguishsomefindsfrom
hanothers.Thelaterdepositsmaybe
arlestheSimple andtheearliertothe
orofC harlestheF at accordingtothree
ples:F irst thatfindsconsistingentirely
aC harlesasKingand/ orasEmperor w ith-
ds o f Co s ne E m me n M i dl a re n .
fC hamou -Marcil ly .
fE mmen E trechy Midlaren P il l igerheck.
i l l i g er h ec k .
c hl u m B r i ou , C h a mo u - M ar c il l y M e l le R i s .
of Z e l a te .
o f A ch l um C h am ou - M ar c il l y E t r ec h y I d e O u d w ou d e
bogen.
L o p p er s um O u d w o ud e P i l li g er h ec k W a g e nb o ge n .
ds o f P i l l i ge r he c k Z e l a t e.
of A ch lu m F o n t ai ne s I d e K i m sw er d- i ng u m I I , N eu vi -
b o ge n Z e l a t e.
of Z e l a t e.
m m e n M i dl a re n P i l li g er h ec k W a g e nb o ge n Z e l a t e.
f Au e v il l e B r i o u .
l l igerheck .
E L I G O F i n d so f Ac hl um C ha mo u - Ma rc il ly E m m en
K i m sw er d- i ng u m I a n d I I , L a u e s M ui o n- le - Ma li ne s
heck Wagenbogen.
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ons o fL o ui s I I / I I , O d o o r L o u is I V , b el on g
econd thatdepositscontainingprincipally
th a n a dm i t u re o f c oi n s of L o u is I I / I I a n d/ o r
estheB aldorCharlestheF at.Andthird
whichconta inco insof la terrulers e . g. B eren-
ouistheChild w eredepositedinthere ignof
erthefirstcorollary thefollowingfindsmay
ofC harlestheB ald: B eaumont B ourgneuf
) , E v r eu , G a nn a t J o u ay e -M o nd a ye M a rs u m
hichcontainissuesofanE mperorC harles ,
el d N o ur r ay V a u - d e- V i r e a n d Y r o nd ( a l l of w hi c h
nderthesecondcoro llary " C harles issuesin
ybeascribedeitherto CharlestheB aldorto
n B l i g n y B o n n e va u , C o ur b an t on I I , C o ur -
ndlssy - l E ve ue( a llo fw hichcontainimperia lissues
rr as C om pi eg ne E t a m pe s R o c he s l E v e u e R o s wi n-
gn -sous- le - udeandTroyes. U nderthe last
findscanbedated tothereignof Charlesthe
chconta insanimperia lissueof " C harles ) , B ruere
C o ud r e C ue r da l e D a l e n E v r eu ( S t -T a ur i n ,
I , L a n gr e s M e t , a n d S a um u r. 5 0 Th e d ep o si t o f
93 , wh i ch c o nt a in e d on e X P I S T A N A R E L I G O
ious onedenariusof thesametypeinthename
F R , a n d nu m er o us p i ec e s ( t h e e a c t nu m be r i s no t
A D - l R E X t y pe s h ou l d pr o ba b ly b e a ss i gn e d to
a ldasw ell. A ndthe" C harles pieces( im-
senf ind w hichalsoconta inedissuesofLouis
I , andL ouistheChild be longeithertoC harles
eF at. Thedeposito fR ennes w hichwould
dclass canbedatedca. 920 since itcon-
issuesofA uvergne I ta lyandEastA nglia.
ow ever hasthe inconclusivecharactero fanyargumentum
afaurie sperceptivesuggestionaboutdistinctionsbetw eenthe
E i s su e s of C h ar l es t h e B a l d an d Ch a rl e s th e S im pi e a p-
rporatedintothisessay . See now " Deu tr sors
s " R N 1 9 5 p p . 2 8 f .
fCharlemagnestruck atMilanisane ception.
op. cit. vo l. I , p. 153 , thisf indhasbeenegregiously
arolingianportionscanbe acceptedasbelongingto
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it isapparentthatmanyprolif icmints
ou rs B l o i s E v r eu , C am br ai P a r i s B r u g es a nd
GR A T A D - lR E X typebothunderC harlesthe
heSimple.Theseissues areidenticalin
andw eight. A ndevenunderourf irstprinciple
nafind maybeassumedtohavebeen
yearsofdeposit thereisanopenpossi-
piecesinthethirdgroupw erestruck not
butbyC harlestheF at.
tentativelyattributethef indstothereigns
theattributionofthe coinswhichthosede-
onthew hole amattero fcon ecture . Only
hegroupunderthefirst corollaryabove
irdegreeofcertaintytoa particularruler.
sis there isnoabso luteev idencethatthey
the F atorbyCharlesthe Simpleandde-
e igns. F ina lly thedepositsadduceno
eseriesofP ippinI andL ouisI I f romthose
es.51
fromsynchronismofcurrencyto syn-
ternalevidence eitherdocumentaryor
reason theev idenceofco inf indsisinconclusive
Manyissuescanbe attributedtospecific
eorweight.F ortheseclassifications( e.g.
arlestheB ald co inf indsaddusefulsupport
s whichmightbeambiguouslyattributed
tiontogetherwithpieceseasilyattributable
hisprinciple isva lidonlyw hentherulersin
ltaneously oralmostsimultaneously.Coin
roundsonlyforthemosttentativeattribution
ncedoesnota lreadye ist theycannot
usedseriesofthe lateninthandearly
nderstood therefore thatsystemsofclassificationlik e
ueare tentative.I nadditiontothe classifications
eeEngelandSerrure op. cit. J . A . B lanchetandA .
ed e n um i sm at 1 u e f ra n fa i se I ( P a r i s 1 9 12 . R . S e r r ur e
edesateliersmoneta iresdeC harlesleC hauve: 840-877 "
m is m at i u e e t d a r ch i ol o gi e I I I ( 1 8 83 / 4 , p p . 37 - 44 .
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AT O NO F T P E S
thatonecould byclosestudyofcointypes
arolingianissueswithinaprecisehistorical
udentsofclassicalanti uityhavebeenabletodate
dw holeseriesby theportra its a llegorical
mpedonthecoins.B utforthestudent ofCaro-
einterpretationoftypesismethodologically
ticularcoinsor eveninestablishingwhen
henitwasdiscontinued.Therearethree
fficulty.Theconfusionof typesusedby
ndL ouis s w hichwehavementionedabove
mmobili a tionof types constitutethef irst
tenthcenturyissuesinan historicalse-
hetypesnortheweightof theco insnorthe ir
caltypeswhichwere struck ontheevi-
by tw oormorerulersoveraperiodof f if ty to
easonis theessentiallyaniconigraphical
s.U nlikeclassicalissues Carolingiancoins
esentationsdesignedtocommemorate
altypesarecircumscriptionalinscriptions
e rulerontheobverseand thenameofthe
aboutacross amonogram or more
are sotospeak historica llyanonymous for
definablehistorical circumstances.The
icharepreservedaresimpledesigns e.g.
w ithoutspecia lattributeswhichw ouldre late
nces.Clearly theywereunusualissues
onstituteaclosechronologicalse uence
dreasonforourdif f iculty the irsymbolismis
plicitdating.
oe donotprov ideanyev idenceforestab-
olingianmintage dissociatedfrompartic-
alueisin theirabstractsymboliccontent.
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esentationaltypesisreadilyapparent.
portra itbustsw hichappearontheco insofCharle-
o us a n d L o t h ai r e I , a s E m p e ro r s t h e re ve r se
pedondenariiw hichL ouistheP iousstruck at
f thecitygate w hichappearsonissuesof
theP ious andC harlestheB aldbeforehisimpe-
patternedonR omanimperialprototypes.
e F rankishrulerstoestablishas apoliti-
itimategovernmentrunningfromthem-
.52Similarlyobviousarethe meaningsof
ss whichappearinterchangeablyas
sontheissues ofCharlemagneafterhis
os e o f Ch a rl e s th e B a l d L o u is I I / I I , a n d O d o .
eofthe reigningkingwasguaranteethat
anofficialissueof theproperweightand
estedtotheauthenticityof theco in j ustas
yalsealsattestedto theauthenticityof
hemonogramwasthesignof theearthly
aphyheldin Carolingiannumismaticsmayhave
ppositionofsomepowerfulecclesiasticsto repre-
resentpurposes A gobardofL yon sq uotationf rom
especia llyapt: " Q uibusverbisapertedeclaratorq uod
ibenturabhominibus q uaeinvenerationemdeorum
mpii q uae ueadco lendumat ueadorandumgentil itas
umsimpliciterhaecfierinulla utreor legisdivinae
tDominustentantibusseP harisae isdetributoC aesari
menetimaginemC aesarise pressamessedicebant ne ua-
R edditeq uaesuntC aesarisC aesari e tq uaesuntD eiD eo.
eterrorem dicens:' Nonlicetvobisinpercussuraauri
aesaris q uiata lemsculpturamle div inaprohibet.
tostensosibinumismatecensushocdiceret siineoC aesaris
ae etnonadj udiciummagisregiaepotentiae essetformata . "
m a gi n ib u s Sa n ct o ru m c . 2 1 M i gn e P L . 1 0 4 2 1 7. S e e
bardofL yon( Sy racuse 1953 , p. 55. C f . Wala f ridStrabo
M G H C ap . R e g. F r . I I , p . 48 3 : " E t f or ta ss e q u i i mp er at or i s
ontempsitimaginem antetribunalipsiusprotervitatis
dinispoenase solvit.Nonenimleveminiuriamseculi
tam siimaginemsuamvelnomeninq uolibetnomis-
gnoverintet calcari.
f themonogram seetheEdicto fP ltres(8 4 ,
I , p . 3 15 n o . 27 3 c . 1 1: " U t i n d e n ar i is n o va e n os t ra e
omennostrumhabeaturingyroet inmedionostrinominis
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atof theheavenly. A stheSynodofF rank furt
a n ti n e ic o no d ul e s " H o c [ i . e. t h e cr o ss e s t
nquedampictura q uodnostrie ercitusindesi-
ocestsignumnostriimperatoris noncon-
uodadproe liumnostraese uunturcohortes. 6 * I t
imedtheuniversaldominionof the
bothinHeavenandonearth dominionovera ll
hadw onbyHisP assion. 6 Thecombinationof
rseandreversetypeson thesamecoins
rednatureofcoinagewhichisalso indicated
atthefalsificationofcoinagewaspunish-
theroya lcourtsandassacrilege intheepis-
lsoe pressesthepersona lrelationshipwhich
ughtdennedbetweenGodandtheearthly
resentativeorv icar andbetweentheHeavenly
averopartenomencivitatisetinmediocru habeatur.
ypothesessurl originedumonogrammecaro lingien "
de n u mi s ma t i u e ( 1 9 5 3 , v o l. V I I ( P a r is 1 9 57 , p p . 33 5 -
ttheKaro lusmonogramderivedf romf if thorsi th
ototypes.
, 2 8 M GH C o nc . K . A . I I , S up pi . p . 89 .
i ms L V C a p it u la c . 1 5 M i g ne P L . 1 2 , 3 2 8 : " N a m e t
ubi ueD ominisignificatregnumetmonarchiam
s e ud o -A l cu i n L i b er d e D i v i ni s O f f i c ii s c . 1 8 M i gn e
Namipsacru magnuminsemysteriumcontinet cu usposit io
rscoe lospetat inferiorterrae inhereatf i a infernorum
temeiuspartesmundiappetat.... acensverocru
appetit o rientemv ide licetetoccidentem a uilonemet
hristusperpassionemsuamomnesgentesadsetrahit e t
u taq uodipsesurgensamortuisdicit: ' D ataestmihi
interra . Seea lsoA malarius D eecclesiasticiso f f i-
e P L . 1 0 5 1 o 28 f f. E i n ha r d Q u a e s ti o d e ad o ra n da c r uc e
l p . 1 49 a n d R h a ba n us M a ur u s D e L a u di b us S . C ru c is
M i gn e P L . 1 0 7 1 4 3 .
tr es ( 8 4 , M GH C a p. R e g .F r . I I , n o. 2 73 p . 31 5 c . 13 : " . ..
a lsismonetariisinlibro I V . capitulorumX X X I I I .
at etutsacrilegusacpauperumspoliatorpublicaepoeni-
subiciatur. I bid. c. 9 p. 314: R eferringtotheoaths
ould dischargetheirofficesfaithfully Charles
uoSacramentoquicun uecomprobatusfueritperiuratus. et
amutperiuruspuniatur sicutincapitularidecessorum
mcontineturinfinecapitulidecimi e tertiolibro et
sticampublicaepoenitentiaesubigatur.
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rialwhichwasits reflection.Anycharacter-
vernment includingmintage wasan
ro leasthe" ministero fGod " anditconse-
imensionof thesacred. 7
ntheCarolingianserieshavearoused
y interest and asthere isnogeneralagree-
bolicmeaning areviewofpertinentevi-
heearliero f thesetypesistheX P I ST A NA
verse w hichconsistso fatetrasty letempleontw osteps
thetopofthesteps andanotheratthe
n d t he l e ge n d X P I S T A N A R E L I G O c i rc u m-
e.Thesecondandlater typeisthereverse
o ld " m ed a ll i on o r " s o l i du s o f L o u i s t he
crosssurroundedbyaw reath thew holedesign
sc r ip t io n M V N V S D I V I N V M .
ANAR E L I G O typee pressedsomecriticalaspect
ologyisshownbythe factsthatCharle-
erhis imperialcoronation thatthebulk
uistheP iousareof thistype andthat
oisknowntohavestruck coinsatall
T A N A R E L I G O d e n ar i i. 8 S c ho l ar s h av e n ot a g re e d
of thetemple how ever andconse uently
e ideologicalpointwhichite presses.
atthetemplerepresentedparticular
ample maintainedthatitw asSt. Peter sin
emagnecommissionedthedesigntocommem-
erialcoronation. 9R ivoirabelievedthat
piesofpo lit ica lthoughta lludedtohere seeA . J .
M ed i ev a l P o l it i ca l T he o ry i n t he W e s t I ( L o n do n 1 9 30 ,
e na u D a s k a r ol i ng i sc h e I m p e r iu m ( Z u r ic h 1 9 49 ; E . H .
udesR egiae: A Study inL iturgica lA cclamationsandMediaeval
r ke le y 1 94 ) .
" H amburga lsk aro lingischeMiin statte " H amburger
at i k I ( 1 9 47 / 51 , p . 1 2 n . 1 3 : R e f er r in g t o th e X P I S T A N A
p e of P r o u 10 5 5 H a v er n ic k w ri t es : " E i n e Z u w ei s un g a n K o n ig
istunwahrsche inlich anK onigLudw igdasKindun-
e ichsdenareauchvonK onigKarlI I I . undK onigA rnulf
SeeC ata logue nos. 1523-1531 1540-1543 1570.
p . x i .
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fSt. MartinofTours butthisargument
e tw ee n t he X P I S T A N A R E L I G O t y p e of
struckbyCharlesthe B aldatTourswhich
toC harlemagne. 0A ndf inally E . B a ldwin
umentwhichGaehdehadalreadyformulated
thinastill-unpublishedessay 6 1statedthe
ctedwasthe chapelofCharlemagne s
therscholarshaveadvocatedmoreabstract
nnwritesof thetempleassymboli ingthe
6 3Gattenshasdescribedthetempleasrepre-
h; MandSchrammandF a llonho ldthatit
t ianChurch. 5I nv iew of thisw idedis-
perhapsw ise ly re f rainedf romstatingany
6
mpletyperepresentsa specificchurch
helack ofpositiveevidence.Thereareno
cit ly identif y thetempleasSt. P eter s St.
sinA achen. More important the inscription
L I G O s e em s a d el i be r at e d ep a rt u re f r om t h e co n ve n -
edthemintcity wheretheparticularcoin
agnehadintendedtorepresentadefinite
dhavefo llow edusua lpractice hav ingthe
eastthenameof itscityinscribedaboutit.
E L I G O type however byitsverylackof specificity
iarseriesattributableto particularcities
echurchortoonecity buttotheEmpire .
o mb ar di c Ar ch it ec tu re I I ( O x f or d 1 91 0 , p . 11 3.
TheTempleonC harlemagne sI mperia lC o ins: A Study in
" M. A . Thesis New Y ork University ( October
oismof I mperia lR omeandtheMiddleA ges( P rinceton
Mittela lterlicheA rchitehtura lsB edeutungstrager( B erlin
t tn e n K a r l s d . Gr . " o p . c i t. p . 5 7.
" D i e A n e rk e nn u ng K a r ls d e s Gr o ss e n al s K a i s e r: E i n K a -
dermitte la lterlichen' Staatssymbolik ' H istorische
9 5 1 p p . 44 9 ff . H . F a l lo n " I m p er i al S y mb o li s m on T wo
N S M N V I I I ( 1 9 58 , p p . 11 9 -1 3 1.
. ci t . p . 1 4 .
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27
biographyofC harlemagne E inhardconnected
lfortheChristianaR eligiow iththebasil ica in
s " R e ligionemchrist ianamquaabinfantia
imbutus sanctissmeetcumsummapietateco luit
pulchritudinisbasil icamA uisgranie stru it
uminaribusat uee aeresolidocance ll isetianuis
utne itherE inhardnoranyofhiscontemporaries
gionsocloselywith onebuildingthat
methefamiliarnameofthatbuilding.
ritingswhichmoldedthethoughtsand even
authorsconsistentlyidentifyChristiana
lChurchor withthemorallifewhichthe
w ork sofL actantius 6 8St. A ugustine 6 9and
mentiononlythreeof theauthoritiesto
erslookedforguidance accordinholding
iowasthefaithand disciplinewhichunited
themthe templeofGod.F ollowingthem
3 referredtotheC hurchastheChrist ian
aking itse amplefromtheancient
Christianareligiowasbuildingchurches
ntedwith oil andreceivingthesac-
1I nhisDe R hetorica w rittenforthe in-
himself AlcuindiscussesChristianareligio
dethicalsystemsetapart fromphilosophy
ptism butsharingw ithitthecult ivationof
rt itude andtemperance. 72
ST ANAR E L I G O therefore denotesthepointsof
characteri edtheC hurch andthetemple
c . 2 , M GH S S. i nu su m Sc ho l. p . 30 .
e tR e l i gi on e I V , 2 9 M ig ne P L . 6 , 5 40 .
V I I , 4 C o rp u s Ch r is t ia n or u m v o l . 48 p . 5 5 . E n n a r ra t io
3 . Mi gn e P L . 3 7 1 7 1 7.
I , 1 0 1 9. Mi gn eP L . 7 , 1 0 9 .
I , p . 7 35 c . 2 3. C f. R e l a t io E p i sc o po r um ( 8 2 9 , M G H
p . 2 8 n o . 19 c . 1 : " P r i mu m f un d am e nt u m ch r is t ia n ae r e li -
hocest credere inP atremetF il iumetSpiritumSanc-
eum trinuminpersonisetunuminsubstantia .. . .
R h e to re s L a t in i Mi no re s ( L e ip i g 1 8 3 p p. 5 48 f.
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scanonly representtheChurch the
ntary letterw hichPopeNicho lasI sentto
I tow ardthemiddleof theninthcentury
ationship recallingincidentallythe
e t he i n au g ur a to r o f th e X P I S T A N A R E L I G O
oninihilo f f icit immoprof icit sicaritate
me terisquibus ueproremediisetsecuritate
neritis cumconstetnonohaliudidf ieri nisi
uae inf ide lesunanimitere ardescit a li uo
mSalomonemcumalienigenisadsanctum
tadtemplumD ominofaciliusconstruendum
edominicasciamusreferenteistoria q uid
gloriamD eietadsecuritatemsanctae
iv inumesttemplum cume terisgentibuspiacitum
umpiaememoriaeKaro lus[ i. e . C harlemagne ,
adremediumetsolatiumC hrist ianorum q ui
am uamgranainterpaleastundebantur
penosciturproculdubio perpetrasse. n
E L I G O type therefore atteststothatdevotion
inhardattributedtoCharlemagne andit
niversaldominionconventionallyascribed
or dominiontow hichC harlemagnehadtitle
us.B utsincetheinstitutionof thistype
iselythan800-814 theperiodwhen
ror thecoindoesnotappreciablyaddto the
ningpoliticaloreconomicdevelopmentsin
tillacritical historicaldocumentwithout
hestrongprobabil ityw ithw hichtheMV NV S
medallion canbedatedandthe interpretationof its
V , p p. 3 51 f . n o. 5 4. Cf . Al cu in M GH P o e t .L a t. I ,
- 8: " U r b s a e tt r na d e i t e rr a e sa l l u mi n a mu n di I B i s s e
erquateranni / A t uedie : horae lapides ue instemmate
rirepo lumpoteritvelclaudere lingua. / D octoresv itae mag-
/ V osfontesv iv i paradisietf luminasacra / V osdecus
ianua lucis / I nclitaprogenies Sa lomonisnobile tem-
totheC hurchasthe" H ouseofGod " orthe" Temple
ycommoninC aro lingianliterature .
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atingmakespossiblesharplyillustrates
ogy inthere ignofL ouistheP ious. I n
vegivenreasonsforassociatingtheMV NV S
e w it h aV I T A E T V I C TO R I A i ss ue o fL o th ai re I , r ep re -
erlincabinet( cat. 593 , andforthink ing
moratedtheSynodofP aris( 825 . 74
characterofthetwoissues ingoldandin
ntedinF rank ishcoinage butentire lyhar-
manandB y antineseries indicates w e
ereparto f theF rank ishansw ertoachallenge
4/ 5.
erefirstpublished Mr.Griersonhas
atingforthetwopieces.75Acceptingthe
eofamedallionofL otha ire I closely re latedto
e Mr. Griersonmainta insthattherew ere in
arly issueofso lidiintheMunusD iv inumtype
theoccasionofhisimperialcoronationin81 ,
o f ( heavier medall ionsbyL ouis inthesame
I , i n t he V i t a et V i c to r ia t y pe o n L o t h a ir e s
rorin817.H isreasonsfordiscountingthe
o intissuesare(1 thatit is" pluslogi ue
usD ivinumwiththewreaththanwiththe
reisno connectionbetweenthecrossandin-
o lingianissues ( 2 that oncetheassociation
isremoved noreasone istsforconnecting
of825 and( 3 that if thisisso there lation
ronationsisapparent thewreathbeinga
ce.Mr.Griersonpoints outthattheword
tsotherthantherecordsof theSynodofParis
nsuchinstances ito f tenreferstotheroya lorim-
heargues w asconventiona lly representedbya
a inta insthattheMunusDiv inumissueof
nim itationof the issueofLouistheP ious
nsofLouistheP iousandLotha ire I andtheSynodof
p ec ul um 3 ( 1 9 1 , p p . 59 2- 59 9.
a d a te d e s mo n na i es d o r d e L o u i s le P i e u , " L e M oy e n Ag e
74 .
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w ulfdiedin821 theC aro lingianprototypeof
vebeenmintedbefore thatyear.
tinguishednumismatistcommandsre-
turetosuggestthe plausibilityofanother
rmino logy thequestionisnotproperly
ccursinotherconte ts butinw hatcon-
ningthe highlyspecifictermmunusdivinum
tw een" of f ice and" D iv ineOf f ice "
e moreimportantsincethetermMunus
tothe imperialofficeandonlyoncetothe
nderthemostunusualcircumstances.7
nerof theMunusDiv inumissuehadaspecif ic
planneditsreverse legend and sincethe
ccursonlyinthe liturgicalsenseofthe
e isevery reasontothink thathew ishedtoemploy
ahemadehispurposeclearbysettingacrossin
surroundingitw iththev ictor sw reath an
Christiandesignrepresentingthevictory
argumentthat inusua lreversetypes the
t city ortosomeelementotherthanthe
ttleconv iction sincetheMunusDiv inumseries
everyway ande ually sincethereare in
esintheCarolingianseries suchasthe
letypeandtheissuesdepictingcitygates
fthe mintcity inwhichtheinscription
entinthe design.F inally thelateimperial
waspatternedserveasprecedentforapplying
mtothecross forthetermsSalusMundi
nthoseissuesindisputablyreferto thecentral
erveningwreaths.
blereasonforidentifyingthelegend with
ntlywiththebusinessbeforetheSynodof
C oenw ulf sim itationasacheck onthe825
. I l l n o 3 5 p . 5 4 2 a t h e le t te r o f P o p e P a u l I t o C a rl o ma n
ouldbedif f iculttosuggestthatthisobscure letter o f
w rittensi tyyearsbeforetheSynodofP aris( 825 , gives
inology intheGaulo fLouistheP ious. Indeed the
ontheimperial office.
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ret sinceonecouldmaintainonthe same
sissuew astheprototypeandL ouis sthe
t inmaintainingthattheuni ue
piece( no. 514 w eight7. 04gr. , onw hichthe
mustbedistinguishedfromthemore
15 w eightabout4.30gr. , onw hichitfacesto
itaetV ictoriastrik ingseemstohavebeen
sD iv inumissue since ontheB erlin
esleft. AlthoughotherheadsinCarolingian
. g . n o s 6 4 3 a 1 0 9 t h e tr a it i s d is t in c tl y
gsomeheavierpieces thusdistinguished
eriesmayhavein factnotbeenpurely
mingthem" medallions implies butw hetherit
minationsuperiortothesoliduscannot be
Grierson spositionthatthepieces in
woissues the lighterin81 andtheheav ierin
da highlyeducatedhypothesispendingits
calevidence.
acteroftheMunusD ivinumandV itaet
rguefor simultaneousstriking andthe
storica l philological l iturgica l andeven
tsthattheyweremintedin825. Suchcon-
ow ever uni ue intheC aro lingianseries. The
heMunusDiv inumandtheV itaetV ictoria
ating.Sincethe lackofevidence
I S T A N A R E L I G O i s su e o f Ch a rl e ma g ne a n d
dabovecloudsourunderstandingoftheir
toricalevidenceisproportionatelydiminished.
bolismofCarolingianiconographicaltypes
estrictedbytherelativelysmallnumberof
rygeneralsymboliccontent andthe
correspondinglylimitedbytheinability
pestospecific historicalconte ts.
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nterpretationoftypes numismaticmetrol-
ofattributionunresolved.I foneacceptsthe
gestedbyfindevidenceandbytypology
cefrommetrologymuchconcerningthe
oftheCarolingianrulers butitmustal-
atsuchdeductionsareonlyas secureasthe
ny studyofCarolingianmetrology
rmofCharlemagne.D espitedisagreement
sagreethatthemonetaryreformofCharle-
orturning-pointsinmediaevaleconomic
ightstandardsintroducedthenwerethe
logywellintothelater MiddleAges in
helandswhichthegreatCharlesonce
r noscho larlyagreementonthecircum-
hereformoron thenatureofthereform
whichCharlemagnedesignedhisnew
ebeengreaterease andeleganceinreckon-
ubtfavoredby theca lculatoresw homtheK ing
etoF rancia in787. B uttoappra isethe
ementin thereform theincreaseinthe
onemustrefertothe historicalpressures
formandthe practicalgoalstheyinspired.
canperhapsneverbefully knownorappreciated
e reformisindoubt.D opschsuggested
o restoreconfidenceinofficialcoinage
nunderminedinsome waybytheearlier
8Morerecently B olinhasproposedthat
V i t a Ca r ol i M ag n i B o u u e t V , p . 1 85 .
i r ts c ha f ts e nt w ic h lu n g de r K a r o l in g er e i t I ( W e i m ar
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45/535
ighto f thestandardco in thedenarius w as
tratherthatit wasconstantthroughoutthe
nly inthereignofC harlestheSimple. H e
hangesin weightweremoreorlessin-
Charlemagneandhissuccessorstochanges
aluesintheArabworld.79B utthebasis
entsis clear.Thatconfidenceinagold
nweakandeasilytransferredto silveris
reisnoevidenceeither inarchaeologicalorin
mercialcontactbetweentheCarolingians
yandconsiderableas toproducethechange
esametok en onecannotatpresentdetermine
eCarolinepoundwas theI slamicsilver
othershaveproposed 80oranindigenousGer-
comeveryclose tothetruehistorical
erringtotherupturebetweenCharlemagne
se plicitly recordedthatthebreak w assosharp
wentbetweenMerciaandF rancia.U ntil
eCarolingiansstruckuponthe sameweight
omeevidencethatco insofOf faandP ippin
mm e d C h ar l em a gn e a n d R u r ic " S c an d in a vi a n E c o n om i c
1 9 53 , p p . 14 f f.
e rd " L e s r ef o rm e s mo n t a ir e s ca r ol i ng i en n es " A n na t es :
C i vi l is a ti o ns 7 ( 1 9 52 , p p . 18 f . A. L e w is T h e No r th e rn
58 ) pp. 22 1. Thisthesisw asa lreadypresentinthemid-
enA . Soetbeerrefutedit " B e itr gez urGeschichte
sensinDeutschland I V , " F orschungenzurdeutschen
) , 332. Hiscommentissti l lava liddescriptionof thef ind
orausset ungj enesZ usammenhangsstehtderU m-
w hrend w ieschonbemerkt soh uf igaucharabische
en s a us s p t e re r Z e i t i m n r d li c he n E u r o pa b e i E n t -
t eausdemzehntenbiszw lf tenJ ahrhundertsich
nderndesf r nk ischenR eichsk e ineSummenvergrabener
inV erbindungmitf r nk ischenDenarendesachtenoder
untenJ ahrhunderts gefundenw ordensind se lbst
denenz uD omburgundWyk teD uerstedeentdeck-
e itenvorundunterKarld. Gr. sche inenarabische
mmenz usein.D ieseW ahrnehmungsprichtentschei-
nesE influssesdesarabischenMiin wesensaufdie
a r l d. G r .
on o lo g ia " o p . ci t . p p . 75 f f .
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Continent.82Asto thepreciseyearofthe
ouistheP iousissuedco insinthefirststy le
eseprimitiveissuescirculatedside byside
tproves showsconvincinglythatthenew
institutedbefore781 theyearofL ouis s
A uita ine andthecontentsof the I lan I I
rliertypesofCharlemagnewerepredo-
sta f ter790. Therecanbenoquestion there-
idnotoccurbefore790 andthehistorica l
actual yearofthereformis mostcompelling.
musthavepromptedCharlemagne s
rialaspirations whichwouldnaturally
anddistinctivecoinageforall thelands
buttheraisingofthemonetarystandard
theadoptionofaniconographicaltypes
andthecommercia lbreachw ithOf fa a ll
suggestverystronglythatprimaryamong
reformwastheestablishmentofthemone-
k ishrea lm. I nfact noA nglo-Sa onco ins
any kind-occurin ninth-centuryfinds
undsofthe E mpire.83
ancopenedthequestionintheseventeenth
shednumismatistshaveattemptedtoascer-
mthroughwhichCharlemagnesoughtto
tegrity.Theirestimatesofhisnewmone-
w hichregisters" apennyofOf faw ithouttheportra it
foundatR ome " perhapsev idenceofaco indeposit.
kndlydrew myattentiontothisentry .
ptions: twodirhems the laterstruck byHaruna l-R ashid
n d in t h e I l a n I I d e po s it ( F . J e c kl i n. " D e r l a n go b ar -
fundbeiI lan , " MitteilungenderHyerischennumis-
2 5 [ 1 9 0 ] , 7 1 f . ; t h e di r he m of H a r u n a l- R a s h id w h ic h
f ind(A . C ahn V erste igerungs- ata log no . 42[ 1922 ,
terB erghausandPhil ipGriersonbroughtthisentry
odirhems( struck betw een84 and8 1 intheO doorn
t. p . 7 3 , a n d a di r he m ( d a t e d 8 6 ) s u pp o se d ly f r om t h e
ai ne s ( H . R o o se n s in R B N 1 9 50 p p . 20 3 -2 0 8 . A s t he
wasdispersedandreassembledoveralongspaceof
elater dirhemattributedtoitis bynomeansimpec-
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47/535
fom3 6 . 57gr. (B lancard to491.179gr.
a n c t h e i n it i at o r of t h e en u i ry p r op o se d 3 7 . 13 g r .
whohasdiscussedtheproblemmostrecently
nsufficientevidencehasbroughtmostofthese
pothesis formostofthem havebeende-
a fewcoinsofq uitedifferentprovenances
s.A decadeago P rofessorNasterdrew
hodologybyattemptingtoassessthe
undfromtheweightsof pieceswhich
e l ateandMui on- le -Malines atechni ue
hauthorityand e actitude.
orkinCarolingiannumismaticmetro-
oraryliteraryremains.Thefewrelevant
ndconciselythatthere weretwodenomi-
edenariusandtheso lidus thatthesoliduswas
enarii andthatthepoundconsistedof tw o
Thereisnomentionine tantdocuments
, c . 1 1 M G H Ca p . R e g .F r . I , p . 7 2 : " I n a r ge n to d u od e ci m
C a p. L e g i Ad d it a ( 8 1 ) , c . 3 M G H C a p .R e g . F r . I ,
solutioad ueconposit io que legeSa licacontineturinF rancia
so lidosconponatur. . .. C ap. LegibusA ddit. ( 803 ,
. F r . I , n o . 39 p . 1 14 : " O m n ia d e bi t a q u a e ad p a rt e m re g is
duodecimdenariorumsolvant e ceptofredaquaeinlege
odemsolidoq uocaeteraecompositionessolvidebentcom-
g o fcourse w asstandardlongbeforethe790reform.
7 4 3 , c . 2 M G H C ap . R e g . F r . I , n o . 11 p . 2 8 a n d t he
7 4 3 , c . 2 M G H C o nc . K . A . I , n o . 2 p . 7 . Th a t th e re
undis notestablishedindocumentsafter790
manearlier( 780 capitulary. MGH C ap. R eg. F r.
E t u n us u i s u e e pi s co p us a u t ab b as v e l ab b at i ss a q u i h oc
argentoinelemosinamdonet mediocresveromediam
s uin ue. .. E t uiredimerevo luerit f o rt io rescomitesuncias
iametdimidiam minoresso lidumunum. A sC harlemagne
koningproportionsof theearliersystemunchanged
onemaysurmisethathecontinuedtocalculatetw enty
ent paperssubmittedtotheAmericanNumismatic
narhavetreatedthe q uestionoftheCaroline
ichappro imatethosestatedinthepresent essay.
l l( " C arolingianMonetaryPo licy inI ta ly : 774-814 )
f405.72gr. consistingoffifteenounces andMiss
NorthI ta lianC o inageofOtto I andtheH onorantiaeCiv ita-
a inta inedthatthepoundw eighed434. 4gr. or435. 9gr. The
ysarefiledat theAmericanNumismaticSociety.
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ion theobolus thoughitappearstohave
eyondthis thesourcesadmitofambiguity.
dictofP ippin commandsthattw enty - twoso lidi
85buttheproportionof twelvedenariitothe
urcesspecify indicatesthattherewereonly
240denarii= 1 pound= 20so lidi .
ningise plicitly substantiatedbyadecreeof
rehisreform whilehewasstill strikingon
sfather.88Secondly thesourcesmention
ofweightandofvalue eventhoughthere
etimesquiteappreciableones inthew eightsof
ameissueand asw esha llsee inthew eight
heCarolingianrulers.F inally valuesare
nariiandsolidi sometimes asinthePo lyp-
termsbothofdenariiandofsolidi eventhough
ystruck byCarolingians.( TheMunus
stheP iousmaybeane ception. Numismatists
clarifythese ambiguities andthedivergent
he Carolingianpoundderiveinpartfrom
tiesasthese.
uggestthere uiredclarification for
ourcescitedabove n. 84 seeacapitularyofP ippin
, n o . 13 p . 3 2 c . 5 : " D e m o ne t a co n st i tu i mu s s im i i t er u t
rapensantenisiX X I I so lidos etde ipsisX X I I so lidis
umI etil losa liosdominocuiussuntreddat. F rom
ncluded " P epinava itf i e lava leurde la liv reav ingt-
scaro lingiennes p. x x i . A ndsomescho larshavesurmised
nderP ippinconsistedof2 4denarii( e . g. H . H .
p. 32 . Thedocumentdea lsw iththenumberofso liditobe
ver( themintpound notw iththenumbertobe
sinessnegotia tions( theaccountpound andone
ent asthemonetarycharge ortheprofitsof mint-
mment wronglyattributedtoI sidoreofSeville
lo gi co ru m Sc ri pt or um R e l i u i a e I I ( L e ip i g 1 8 6 ) , p . 13 9:
aparsunciaedenariusest etduodecimdenariisolidum
tanummerumdenariorumtresunciaequin ueso lidoscomplent.
ntresunciasredeunt. Namduodecimunciae libramX X
unt.Sedveteressolidumq uinuncaureusdicitur
ment however doesnot correspondmathematically
decree accordingtow hich5so lidi= 33/ 4o . =
1 5 o . = 1 l b .
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arii j o intly they indicatethatthedenarius
nabstractstandardofva lue and infact that
narii thedenariuswhichservedasa
ndthatw hichservedasastruck co in. When
pressedintermsofdenarii therefore the
tothestruck denarius thew eightofw hich
aningfulinsuchaconte t buttothe
arius-weight.Thispointis importantindeter-
rolinepound foritindicates thatone
nef igure asscho larshavehithertodone but
dappliedin mintageandthepoundupon
konedbytally.Thesepoundsmaybe
mintpound andtheaccountpound. The
f re uenciesof theco inagestruck byL ouis
sorsindicate thevariabilityoftheaccount
ynarrowscopeof thosefluctuationsandthe
rcontentrevealthepersistanceof the
outtheninthcentury.
m intdenarius dist inctf romtheactua lcoin
hreeambiguitiesmentionedabove the
dlikewiseclarifiesthe firstambiguity
noftwenty-twosoliditothepound byone
tysolidito thepoundbyothersources.
ncommandedthattwenty- tw osolidibestruck
andthattwoofthese shouldbedisposed
oneyerandtheotherto" the lord. H ere
specifythe allowancefortheprofitandthe
andto limitthesetotenpercentof thetota lm int
wenty-twosolidithereforecorresponds
ndtheremainingtwentysolidicomposedthe
rii.
distinctionsandproportionsinmind it
datarelatingtoCharlemagne smonetary
nceisthebody ofsurvivingcoins andwe
yoftheseremains.
entoftheseconclusionswaspublished
shedyetanothereffortto ascertainthe
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50/535
undCharlemagneinstitutedabout790; 87
anelaborationofourearliercomments. It is
ifted scholarsineasternE uropehave
ttentiontoproblemsconcerningtheir
canonlyhopethat westernscholarswill
w henitappearsandeven ifposssible return
hodolski sessayclaimsmeriton twocounts:
anew method theconclusionssuggestedby
ter w ithsomevariation bymeaboutthe
spound and second itpublishesinthe
uchodolskiemployed currentamongnumis-
hertoneglectedbywesternscholarsin
unk now ntomostof them. O f these the
mportant.H isconclusionsthatthestandard
harlemagne sreformwasabout1.70gr.
hew eightof thepoundw as respectively
isentirelyin linewiththeconsensuspreviously
chodolskihaspromisedafurtherstudy of
eferfullercommentonthis aspectofhiswork
fhismorematureconclusions.
nder reviewliesintwoaspectsof its
reefre uencytablesforthesamebody
ationbyformulaofaprecisemodalweight.
rts oneonthesca leof0. 05gr. ( f rom1.2 gr.
onthesca leof0. 10gr. (onef rom1. 21gr. to
m1.2 gr. to1. 8 gr. erroneouslymarked
, 1 .5 , 1 . 1 1 .7 1 1 .8 1 , t he a ut ho r ha s sh ow n th re e
uencyofhisspecimencoinsoccurs atabout
gr. and1. 71gr. between1. 1gr. and1. 71gr.
and1.7 gr. buthehasa lsoclearly suggested
dif ferentsca les thesamebodyofco insmay
eP o idsdesmonnaiesdeC harlemagneemisesapresla
u mi s ma t ic a ( F e s ts c hr i ft W . H a ve r ni c k e d s. P . B e r gh a us
b u rg 1 9 5 , p p . 43 - 50 . O n t h e p ra c ti c e of c o mp e ns a ti n g
sthroughw ear asusedbyDr. Suchodo lsk i seethe
son " C o inWearandtheF re uencyTable " P residen-
lMeetingof theR oya lNumismaticSociety
Recommended