Capsule Camera

DATA RECORDER

COMPUTER

Movement Of Capsule Through The Digestive System

Data Acquisition & Storage Of Data On Computer

Data Recorder with pick up antennae & a Computer.

A view of Data Recorder being mounted on a belt pack tied to the patient’s waist.

Crohn's Disease.

Celiac Disease.

Malabsorption Disorders.

Tumors of the small intestine & Vascular Disorders.

Ulcerative Colitis

Medication Related To Small Bowel Injury.

Capsule image of Bowel stricture in a patient with Crohn’s disease

M2A Endoscopy Procedure

Capsule is swallowed by the patient like a conventional pill.

It takes images as it is propelled forward by peristalsis.

A wireless recorder, worn on a belt, receives the images

transmitted by the pill.

A computer workstation processes the data and produces a

short video clip or still images.

Components Of M2A Endoscope

LIGHTINGDEVICE

LENS CMOS IMAGE SENSOR

TRANSMITTINGELECTRODE

Inside The M2A

OPTICAL DOMELENS HOLDERLENSILLUMINATING LED’S CMOS IMAGE SENSOR BATTERYASIC TRANSMITTERANTENNA

5 7

Specifications

Diameter of 10 mm and a Length of 20 mm.

Bullet shape - This shape and its diameter are critical for mapping the

small intestine.

Uses Silver oxide button batteries - high energy density & disposable.

Made up of biocompatible material.

Optical Dome

The Optical Dome is the front part of the capsule & is bullet shaped. This shape results in easy orientation of the capsule axis along the central axis of small intestine and so helps propel the capsule forward easily.

The Optical Dome contains the Light Receiving Window . It is made of non conductor material which is harmless to the body. The window along with the container are sealed to prevent infiltration of digestive fluids inside the capsule.

Lens Holder

The Lens Holder is that part of the capsule which accommodates the lens. The lens is tightly fixed to the holder so that it doesn’t get dislocated anytime.

Lens

The Lens is an integral component of the capsule. It is arranged behind the Light Receiving Window. Light passes through this window and falls on the lens. The Light is then focused on the CMOS Image Sensor arranged behind the lens.

Illuminating LED’s

Around the Lens & CMOS Image Sensor, four LED’s (Light Emitting Diodes) are present. These plural lighting devices are arranged in donut shape.

Non-reflection coating is performed on the inner and outer surfaces of the Light Receiving Window so that light irradiated from the LED’s may pass through the light receiving window smoothly and illuminate an object.

CMOS Image Sensor

CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) Image Sensor is the most important part of the capsule. It is highly sensitive and produces very high quality images.

It has 140º field of view and can detect objects as small as 0.1 mm. It is so precise that it can see apolyp (a growth that can lead to cancer) that is tinier than 0.1 millimeter (0.004 inch), something an endoscope can't do.

During an eight hour procedure, the camera obtains approximately 57,000 high quality images at a rate of 2 frames per second.

CMOS Image Sensor

PIXELARRAY

OSCILLATINGCIRCUIT

CURRENTLIMITINGCIRCUIT

CONTROLCIRCUIT

CODING CIRCUIT

SWITCHINGCIRCUIT

READCIRCUIT

Battery

Battery used in the capsule is button shaped and are two in number as shown. The batteries are arranged together just behind the CMOS Image Sensor.

Silver Oxide primary batteries are used (Zinc/Alkaline Electrolyte/Silver Oxide). Such a battery has a even discharge voltage, disposable and doesn’t cause harm to the body.

ASIC Transmitter

The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) Transmitter is arranged behind the Batteries as shown. Two Transmitting Electrodes are connected to the outlines of the ASIC Transmitter.These electrodes are electrically isolated from each other.

Antennae

As shown, the Antennae is arranged at the end of the capsule. Itis enclosed in a dome shaped chamber.

The Antennae receives the data from the ASIC Transmitter and sends it to the Data Recorder tied to the patient’s waist.

The dome containing the Antennae is made of non conducting material which is harmless to the human body. Parylene coated onto polyethylene or polypropylene is used.

Advantages

Painless, no side affects or complications.

Miniature size, so can move easily through the digestive system.

Accurate, precise & low power consumption.

Images taken are of very high quality which are sent almost instantaneously

to the data recorder for storage.

Made of bio compatible material, doesn’t cause any harm to the body.

Disadvantages

Gastrointestinal obstructions and swallowing disorders prevent free

flow of capsule through the digestive system.

Patients with pacemakers, pregnant women and all pediatrics have to

be monitored continuously while taking the capsule.

The M2A procedure is not a replacement for Colonoscopy.

Very expensive.

It is not reusable.

Future Improvements

Equipping the capsule with a LASER.

Adding additional features like Zooming & Auto Focus.

Can be used in Restorative Surgery & Pharmacological Intervention.

Further reduction in size using Nano Technology.

Making it cost effective.

Conclusion

The Given® M2A Endoscopy capsule is a pioneering concept for Medical Technology of the 21st century.

The endoscopy system is the first of its kind to be able to provide non-invasive imaging of the entire small intestine.

It has revolutionized the field of diagnostic imaging to a great extent and has proved to be of great help to physicians all over the world.