Can Stabilization and Symmetry Breakings give rise to Life in the...

Can Stabilization and Symmetry Breakings give rise to Life

in the Process of the Universe Evolution?

Can Stabilization and Symmetry Breakings give rise to Life

in the Process of the Universe Evolution?

Colloquium at Ehwa Woman University (11/01/2017) Colloquium at Yonsei University (11/29/2017)

C. S. Kim (Yonsei Univ)

Origin of Life (Bio-Genesis)

What is Life? How it started?

What is the definition of life?

Is it just accidentally made from a mixture of organic acid?

Is life present only on Earth?

Does it exist in all possible circumstellar habitable planetary zones of the universe?

Do aliens exist?

Does life evolve in the expansion of the universe, with the collapse of symmetry, inevitably as a natural phenomenon?

Was it deliberately created by a divine being?

Has it been created by chance in myriad possibilities?

can go on ….

11/28/2017 Evolution of Universe & Origin of Life 4

What are the meanings of the organisms found in meteors, possibly in comets?

What are the meanings that the discovery of the explosive new life form found in fossils of Cambrian epoch?

There are left-handed and right-handed amino acids in nature, but the amino acids present in living organisms are only left-handed;

What does it mean?

Is it the bio-scale chiral symmetry violation?

… … …

I would like to apply mathematically and systematically well-developed physics (especially astro-particle physics) approaches to the bio-genesis (origin of life) :

Miller-Urey Experiment

Definition of Life: What is the Life? Reproduction Response to Environment Heredity (Growth & Development) Energy Utilization (Metabolism) Evolutionary Adaptation Order …..

Most Simple Definition of Life (for my purpose) - Auto-reproducing Molecular System (ARMS) - Kineto-Molecular System (KMS)

Possible Clue

Evolution of the Universe !

Evolution of Life !

Possible Clue

Evolution of the Universe !

Origin of Life ?

Evolution of Life !

Power of approach via Physics “Principle” Ex) Einstein’s approach to special relativity vs. Poincare’s understanding through ether 2 simple principles: speed of light, relativity principle Ex) QM via Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle vs. Schroedinger’s wave equation for classical particle easy generalization to any scale Ex) “Exclusion Principle” can predict w/o knowledge of details can be interpreted as ‘driving force’ so called fifth force Easy way to predict long term future, and understand whole picture w/o knowing details

I would like to apply Physics Principle to Bio-Genesis !

Evolution of the Universe hot warm cool cold E(8) SO(10) SU(3)XSU(2)XU(1) U(1) energy Breaking [CP + Baryon # + thermal equilibrium] matter universe

Principles behind the Universe Evolution

1. Symmetry Breakings. - super-hot hot warm cool cold - gauge symmetry breaking E(8) SO(10) …. . SU(3)XSU(2)XU(1) U(1) - discrete symmetry breaking C(charge conjugation), P(space inversion), T(time inversion) - spontaneous symmetry breaking Higgs mechanism, Inflation(?), …..

Principles behind the Universe Evolution

1. Symmetry Breakings. - super-hot hot warm cool cold - gauge symmetry breaking E(8) SO(10) …. . SU(3)XSU(2)XU(1) U(1) - discrete symmetry breaking C(charge conjugation), P(space inversion), T(time inversion) - spontaneous symmetry breaking Higgs mechanism, Inflation(?), …..

Energy Matter (Baryo-genesis), Mass-less Massive

•Baryo-genesis (A. Sakharov) : 1 Baryon number violation

2 CP violation

3 thermal inequilibrium

2. Stabilization as the Universe cool down. - as the Universe expands (becomes globally cold) super-hot hot warm cool cold - Planck scale GUT scale ,,, weak (SM) scale nuclear stabilization (nucleosynthesis) atomic stabilization (atomic recombination) molecular stabilization (molecular compound) ……. bio stabilization (ARMS process) (??) cool down via “stabilization” processes

a. Nucleosynthesis

- at nuclear scale (~ 1 GeV, O(0.1~1) sec after big-bang)

- peaks and flat around Fe^56, Ni^62 most common metals - big-bang nucleosynthesis, stellar nucleosynthesis, supernova nucleosynthesis

b. Atomic recombination

- at atomic scale (~ keV – eV, ~ 400,000 yrs after big-bang)

- alkali metal(Li,Na, ..), …, noble gase(He,Ne, ..) decreases, as Z - flattening for Z > 86

c. Molecular compound

- at molecular scale (~ eV - sub eV), ionic & covalent bond - as molecules heavier, bond D.E. becomes smaller & smaller - (chemical, electrical, radiation) catalyst required against Coulomb

blockade [nucleosynthesis required very energetic due to strong Coulomb repulsion only big-bang nucleosynthesis, stellar …, … ]

We find here a very important tendency from the nucleosynthesis, atomic recombination and molecular compound

As the universe expands and gets cold and colder, that the matters fuse together at each scale to be more stable, and become heavier constituents, however, emitting less and less energy and with weaker and weaker blockade to overcome.

We find here a very important tendency from the nucleosynthesis, atomic recombination and molecular compound

As the universe expands and gets cold and colder, that the matters fuse together at each scale to be more stable, and become heavier constituents, however, emitting less and less energy and with weaker and weaker blockade to overcome.

As the universe expands even much further and

gets very cold globally to the scales below the molecular bond, at the places where bits of gravitationally accumulated matters exist, e.g. comets, meteors, deep outer planets,

what kind of stabilization will break out at those places?

Bio-scale stabilization As the universe expands even much further and gets very cold globally

to the scales below the molecular bond: at the places, where bits of gravitationally accumulated matters exist,

e.g. comets [locally cold places (LCPs)] What kind of stabilization ? Condensed such that the average distance among assembled molecular

subunits becomes O(0.1 ~ 1) nanometer, van der Waals forces take over the stabilization process.

As the universe expands and gets extremely cold (< 100 K) , such stabilization process must eventually meet cross-over (bio-scale stabilization cross-over) i.e. no more stabilization with such a fusing.

As the universe expands and gets extremely cold (< 100 K) , such stabilization process must eventually meet cross-over (bio-scale stabilization cross-over) i.e. no more stabilization with such a fusing. Not by fusing to heavier composites but by reproducing itself, new level of stabilization may be achievable at such locally cold places (LCPs) .

Auto-reproducing Molecular System (ARMS)

ARMS Stabilization Process (schematic description) : organic molecules; : catalysts; : Energy release ( : synthesized bio-molecule )

', ,δγ δγ∆Γ, ,D d δ,B C( )B C D A BC D+ + → ≡ + + ∆Γ A BC=

ARMS Stabilization Process (schematic description) : organic molecules; : catalysts; : Energy release ( : synthesized bio-molecule ) (almost no blockade , almost no energy release )

B C d A d δγ+ + → + + 0δγ 0d

ARMS Stabilization Process (schematic description) : organic molecules; : catalysts; : Energy release ( : synthesized bio-molecule ) (almost no blockade , almost no energy release ) Approaching to the extreme stabilization cross-over: ( and )

B C d A d δγ+ + → + +

'( ) 2A B C Aδ δ δγ+ + + → + +

' 0δγ

ARMS Stabilization Process (schematic description) : organic molecules; : catalysts; : Energy release ( : synthesized bio-molecule ) (almost no blockade , almost no energy release ) Approaching to the extreme stabilization cross-over: ( and ) (self-catalyst or no catalyst due to )

B C d A d δγ+ + → + +

'( ) 2A B C Aδ δ δγ+ + + → + +

' 0δγ '( ) 2A B C A δγ+ + → + 0δ →

ARMS Stabilization Process (schematic description) : organic molecules; : catalysts; : Energy release ( : synthesized bio-molecule ) (almost no blockade , almost no energy release ) Approaching to the extreme stabilization cross-over: ( and ) (self-catalyst or no catalyst due to ) (chemical equilibrium due to )

B C d A d δγ+ + → + +

'( ) 2A B C Aδ δ δγ+ + + → + +

' 0δγ '( ) 2A B C A δγ+ + → + 0δ →

( ) 2A B C A+ +

' 0δγ →

ARMS Stabilization Process (schematic description) : organic molecules; : catalysts; : Energy release ( : synthesized bio-molecule ) (almost no blockade , almost no energy release ) Approaching to the extreme stabilization cross-over: ( and ) (self-catalyst or no catalyst due to ) (chemical equilibrium due to ) (self-replication due to the universe expansion )

B C d A d δγ+ + → + +

'( ) 2A B C Aδ δ δγ+ + + → + +

' 0δγ '( ) 2A B C A δγ+ + → + 0δ →

( ) 2A B C A+ +

' 0δγ →

( ) 2A B C A+ + →

ARMS Stabilization Process (schematic description) : organic molecules; : catalysts; : Energy release ( : synthesized bio-molecule ) (almost no blockade , almost no energy release ) Approaching to the extreme stabilization cross-over: ( and ) (self-catalyst or no catalyst due to ) (chemical equilibrium due to ) (self-replication due to the universe expansion )

Candidates of ARMS? DNA, RNA or even PNA, or … ? Detailed thermodynamic study is under the way.

B C d A d δγ+ + → + +

'( ) 2A B C Aδ δ δγ+ + + → + +

' 0δγ '( ) 2A B C A δγ+ + → + 0δ →

( ) 2A B C A+ +

' 0δγ →

( ) 2A B C A+ + →

Some detailed study on ARMS

Governing interaction: van der Waals interactions at macromolecular scale. No energy release, no catalyst required. ARMS stabilization only possible at extremely cold places (LCPs).

Governing interaction: van der Waals interactions at macromolecular scale. No energy release, no catalyst required. ARMS stabilization only possible at extremely cold places (LCPs). not at early earth’s hot organic soup neither at hot water undersea volcanic eruptions nor at warm water underneath the Mars surface

Governing interaction: van der Waals interactions at macromolecular scale. No energy release, no catalyst required. ARMS stabilization only possible at extremely cold places (LCPs). not at early earth’s hot organic soup neither at hot water undersea volcanic eruptions nor at warm water underneath the Mars surface Life on earth Panspermia

Panspermia hypothesis states that life exists throughout the universe, is spread by comets, meteoroids and other debris

Supporting evidence (Data)

Article “Ribose and related sugars from ultraviolet irradiation of interstellar ice analogs”, of Science (2016) :

‘.... We empirically simulated this process in the laboratory at low

temperature (T = 78 K) and low pressure (p = 107 mbar). .... We observe an autocatalytic reaction. .... In this experimental frame, precursors of both proteins (amino acids)

and genetic material (sugars and their derivatives) are produced in large amounts so that if delivered from meteorites in the Earths environment, their coevolution may be considered one of the standing issues in prebiotic chemistry.’

Bio-parity violation in ARMS stabilization

Bio-parity violation in ARMS stabilization There are left-handed and right-handed amino acids in nature, but the amino acids present in living organisms exist only with left-handed.

There must be a symmetry breaking in the ARMS stabilization process, i.e. violation of chirality (parity, mirror symmetry).

Parity violation in nuclear physics Maximal parity violation in (nuclear) weak interaction [Lee & Yang (1956)]

Van der Waals forces between macro objects Remnant force between atoms, molecules, surfaces, macromolecules, … Caused by correlations in fluctuating polarizations of nearby particles, different from covalent and ionic bounding forces. 4 major contributions: - repulsive resulting from Pauli exclusion principle * attractive or repulsive electrostatic interactions between permanent dipoles, ... - induced attractive force (Debye force) - dispersive attractive force (London force)

Van der Waals forces between macro objects Remnant force between atoms, molecules, surfaces, macromolecules, … Caused by correlations in fluctuating polarizations of nearby particles, different from covalent and ionic bounding forces. 4 major contributions: - repulsive resulting from Pauli exclusion principle * attractive or repulsive electrostatic interactions between permanent dipoles, ... - induced attractive force (Debye force) - dispersive attractive force (London force) Induced and Dispersive are always attractive – isotropic, irrespective of orientation. Electrostatic v.d.W. force is anisotropic, attractive or repulsive, depending on … however, at room temperature, random thermal motion average out. At extremely cold places (LCPs, < 100K), this can be dominant one.

Parity violation from van der Waals interaction

Dynamical bio-parity violation in ARMS stabilization process - At extremely cold LCPs (comets, deep outer planes, meteors, ..) ( < 100 K) electrostatic v.d.Walls force in ARMS stabilization process can generate bio-parity violation. - Electrostatic v.d.W. force is anisotropic, attractive or repulsive, and dominant at LCPs (comets, ..) depending on the ORINENTATION of (sub-)macromolecules.

Parity violation from van der Waals interaction

Dynamical bio-parity violation in ARMS stabilization process - At extremely cold LCPs (comets, deep outer planes, meteors, ..) ( < 100 K) electrostatic v.d.Walls force in ARMS stabilization process can generate bio-parity violation. - Electrostatic v.d.W. force is anisotropic, attractive or repulsive, and dominant at LCPs (comets, ..) depending on the ORINENTATION of (sub-)macromolecules. ARMS stabilization process at the macromolecular scale at such LCPs can

generate dynamically the bio-parity violation, so that only left handed amino acids exist in living organisms of the Earth.

The rule of breaking is universal within the bio-horizon. We will find only left-handed amino acid in living matters from out of the Earth within our

galaxy, and aliens from far far away galaxies might have right-handed amino acids.

Kineto-Molecular System – molecular machine Once Bio-parity is violated, bio-molecules have DIRECTIONAL property. An-isotropic = left-right not same = back-forth different

ARMS can move, in principle, if there is some external energy source, e.g. chemical, solar energy or etc. ARMS becomes KMS

Kineto-Molecular System – molecular machine Once Bio-parity is violated, bio-molecules have DIRECTIONAL property. An-isotropic = left-right not same = back-forth different

ARMS can move, in principle, if there is some external energy source, e.g. chemical, solar energy or etc. ARMS becomes KMS Nobel Chemistry (2016) Lecture by Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir James Fraser Stoddart and Bernard (Ben) L. Feringa, compiled by the Class for Chemistry of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Molecular Machine

Panspermia

Locally Cold Places (LCPs) & Locally Hot Places (LHPs) - LHPs are the places like circumstellar habitable planetary zone in a planetary system, so called Goldilocks planets.

Panspermia

Locally Cold Places (LCPs) & Locally Hot Places (LHPs) - LHPs are the places like circumstellar habitable planetary zone in a planetary system, so called Goldilocks planets. Comets are very useful tool to explain the Panspermia proposition because

they regularly oscillate between LCPs and LHPs. As is well known, the comet Halley passes every 76 years around the sun,

with much elongated elliptical track from deep outer planetary space to the Goldilocks zone, the Earth and the Mars.

Comets are like a pendulum, to bring ARMS to circumstellar habitable planetary zone regularly, back and forth between LCPs and LHPs.

On Panspermia Lithopanspermia, Ballistic Panspermia, Directed Panspermia, …

Because only a few hundred million years separate the appearance of early life

forms on the earth and the formation of the earth, it has been suggested that the very first organisms on our earth may be visitors from outside.

Panspermia hypothesis, however, does not give any answer for the origin of life, but only ascribe it to another celestial object.

On Panspermia Lithopanspermia, Ballistic Panspermia, Directed Panspermia, …

Because only a few hundred million years separate the appearance of early life

forms on the earth and the formation of the earth, it has been suggested that the very first organisms on our earth may be visitors from outside.

Panspermia hypothesis states that life exists throughout the universe, is spread by comets, meteoroids and other debris, and that the microscopic forms of life are able to survive the extreme conditions of space.

Organic molecules, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have been recently detected in significant quantities in comets.

3 Conditions for Bio-genesis 1. Auto-reproducing molecular system, as the self-replicating biomolecules,

at locally cold places , which predict the existence of life inevitably everywhere, possibly every planetary system, not just on Earth by chance.

2. Bio-parity violation in the ARMS stabilization process at locally cold places , which makes the ARMS to be a kineto-molecular system to respond to environments.

3. Panspermia proposition with regular oscillatory motion of comets in a

planetary system, which connect regularly the ARMS of locally cold places to locally hot places.

Conditions for Bio-genesis 1. Auto-reproducing molecular system, as the self-replicating biomolecules,

3. Panspermia proposition with regular oscillatory motion of comets in a

planetary system, which connect regularly the ARMS of locally cold places to locally hot places.

•Baryo-genesis (A. Sakharov) : 1 Baryon number violation

2 CP violation

3 thermal inequilibrium

Conclusion For the simplest definition of life, that life is something which can reproduce itself, and

has such kinetic ability, at least for its microscopic level, responding actively to its surrounding environments.

The origin of life taking the final step of the evolution of the universe, as the universe expands and gets cold,

with the bio-scale stabilization cross-over and the violation of chiral symmetry (parity, mirror symmetry), finally with Panspermia hypothesis. Is life only on Earth? Or does it exist in all possible circumstellar habitable planetary zones of the universe? Do aliens exist? Does life evolve in the expansion of the universe, with the collapse of symmetry, inevitably as a natural phenomenon? Or was it deliberately created by a divine being? Or has it been created by chance in myriad possibilities? What are the meanings of the organisms found in meteors, possibly in comets? Is parity violated in bio-scale?

As the universe expands and gets extremely cold, bio-genesis can take place by auto-reproducing molecular system, not by fusing to heavier composites but by reproducing itself, new level of stabilization may be achievable only at such locally cold places, like comets, deep outer planets, etc., however, not at early earth’s hot organic soup, neither at hot waters around undersea volcanic eruptions, nor at warm water reservoir underneath the Mars surface, etc., even though non-living organic materials could be found in those water.

There must be the bio parity breaking in the bio stabilization process, which can be violated spontaneously, or dynamically by the van derWaals forces only possible at such locally cold places.

The rule of bio-parity breaking is universal within the bio-horizon. So we will find only left-handed amino acids in living matters from out of the Earth within our galaxy, and aliens may have dierent handedness for their flesh’s DNA only from galaxies far far away.

There must be the bio parity breaking in the bio stabilization process, which can be violated spontaneously, or dynamically by the van derWaals forces only possible at such locally cold places.

The rule of bio-parity breaking is universal within the bio-horizon. So we will find only left-handed amino acids in living matters from out of the Earth within our galaxy, and aliens may have dierent handedness for their flesh’s DNA only from galaxies far far away.

The idea of bio-genesis through the bio stabilization process in the evolution of the universe looks very consistent with Panspermia proposition, supporting the proposition by providing a viable answer for life’s origin.

Evolution of Life

Timeline evolution of life

Similarities in two evolutions 2 evolutions: - Evolution of the Universe (EoU) - Evolution of Life (EoL) • May be there is a common something, which drives those evolutions Principle of SB (Symmetry Breaking) • What SB governs each evolution ? - EoU C T P symmetries … - EoL ?

Why focus on “Principle”, rather than short-term phenomenological understanding ? Why consider Symmetry Breaking Principle ?

Can Stabilization and Symmetry Breakings give rise to Life in the...

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