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498
ISSN0429-9345
FAOFISHERIES
TECHNICALPAPER
Cage aquacultureRegional reviews and global overview
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$PWFSQIPUP-BSHFTBMNPODBHFTJOUIF3FMPODBWJ'KPSEJOTPVUIFSO$IJMF%4PUP'"0
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Cage aquacultureRegional reviews and global overview
E yMatthias HalwartFy R O (Aq)Aq M C SFAO F Aq DR, Iy
Doris Soto
S Fy R O (Aq R M)Aq M C SFAO F Aq DR, Iy
J. Richard ArthurFAO CB
B C, C
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSRome, 2007
FAOFISHERIES
TECHNICALPAPER
498
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T y y y F A Oz U N (FAO) y y, y, y , . T , , y y FAO .
T () y f FAO.
ISBN 978-9-5-105801-5
A . R - z y y y. R y .A :CE P Py S BC DFAOV T C, 0015 R, Iy y - :y@.
FAO 007
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iii
Preparation of this document
T FAO q , y C, A ( C), E, M, -S A, L A C, A O.T y . T 00 5 FAO S S C Aq R R G O A F Sy (AFS)S I Sy C Aq A (CAA), Hz, C, 8 Jy 006.
T FAO S S z y Aq M C S (FIMA) FAO F AqD y y -y , y J T F P T S Aq: S I G G P R F (FAO FC P).
My FAO F Aq D FAOS R O y . P AFS P, D C-L L, CAA .
T y , M. H,D. S J.R. A.
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iv
Abstract
C q y y z q. T - y. I , q - , , .
T q . I z C, A ( C), E, M, -S A, L A
C, N A O. T z q y y q . E ,y , y q; ; ; , , - q / . T q ; z , y ; y q, y q y y .
Halwart, M.; Soto, D.; Arthur, J.R. (eds.)C q R .FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. N. 498. R, FAO. 007. 41 .
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Contents
P A C F
Cage aquaculture: a global overview 3Albert G.J. Tacon and Matthias Halwart
Introduction 4
Lack of statistical information 4
Major cultured species, cage culture systems and culture environments 5Perceived issues and challenges to cage culture development 8
The way forward 10
Concluding remarks 13
Acknowledgements 13
References 14
A review of cage aquaculture: Asia (excluding China) 21Sena S. De Silva and Michael J. Phillips
Introduction 22
Inland cage farming 22
Brackishwater and marine cage farming 26
Country profiles 33
Constraints and challenges to brackishwater and marine cageculture development in Asia 42
The way forward 45
Acknowledgements 46
References 47
A review of cage and pen aquaculture: China 53Jiaxin Chen, Changtao Guang, Hao Xu, Zhixin Chen, Pao Xu,
Xiaomei Yan, Yutang Wang and Jiau LiuBackground 54
History and origin of cage and pen culture in China 54
The current situation 55
Emerging issues in inland cage and pen culture 60
Constraints to marine cage culture 60
The way forward 61
Conclusions and recommendations 64
References 66
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A review of cage aquaculture: Latin America and the Caribbean 73Alejandro Rojas and Silje Wadsworth
Introduction 74
Projection for aquaculture development in the region 74
Salmonid production 76
Cage farming systems 88
Other marine species 94
The way forward 96
References 98
A review of cage aquaculture: North America 105Michael P. Masser and Christopher J. Bridger
Background and aim of study 106
History and current status of cage aquaculture in North America 106
Current situation of cage farming 109Regional issues 117
The way forward 120
Conclusions and recommendations 122
References 123
A review of cage aquaculture: northern Europe 129Jon Arne Grttum and Malcolm Beveridge
Background 130
History of cage culture in the region 130
The current situation regarding cage culture in Europe 131
Major regional challenges 138
The way forward 148
Conclusions 153
Acknowledgements 153
References 154
A review of cage aquaculture: Mediterranean Sea 159Francesco Cardia and Alessandro Lovatelli
Background and aim of the study 160
The Mediterranean Sea 160
Reared species 161Mediterranean cage aquaculture 165
National cage production overview 166
Cage models 180
Main issues 184
The way forward 186
Acknowledgements 186
References and suggested reading 187
A review of cage aquaculture: sub-Saharan Africa 191
Patrick Blow and Shivaun LeonardIntroduction 192
The current situation 192
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The way forward 202
Conclusions 205
Recommendations 206
References 207
A review of cage aquaculture: Oceania 211Michael A. Rimmer and Benjamin Ponia
Background and aim of study 212
History and origin of cage culture in the region 212
The current situation 213
Major regional / country issues 223
The way forward 228
Conclusions 228
Acknowledgements 229
References 230
Annexes 233
1. The 2nd International Symposium on Cage Aquaculture in Asia 234
2. Agenda 236
3. List of FAO-sponsored participants/presenters 241
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Contributors
Cage aquaculture: a global overviewA G.J. T Aq F L
4919 K Hy, K, HI 96744, U S AM H F Aq D, FAO, R 0015, Iy
A review of cage aquaculture: Asia (excluding China)
S S. D S N Aq C A-PPO B 1040, K P O, B 1090, T
M J. P N Aq C A-PPO B 1040, K P O, B 1090, T
A review of cage and pen aquaculture: China
J C Y S F R I, Q, CC G Y S F R I, Q, CH X Fy My I R I, S, CZ C Fy My I R I, S, CP X F F R I, W, CX Y F F R I, W, CY W N S Aq T E, B, C
J L N L Y C A, N, F P, C
A review of cage aquaculture: Latin America and the Caribbean
A R Aq R M LT 171, C 166, P V, C
S W B Cy, N-410, H, Ny
A review of cage aquaculture: North America
M P. M D W F S
T A&M Uy, C S, T, U S AC J. B Aq E G I.7A F S, S. A, N B, E5B 1Y9, C
A review of cage aquaculture: northern Europe
J A G N S F, PB 114, N-746 T, NyM B WF C, PO B 161, M, C, Ey
A review of cage aquaculture: Mediterranean Sea
F C V A. F 8, 00161 R, IyA L F Aq D, FAO, R 0015, Iy
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A review of cage aquaculture: sub-Saharan Africa
P B L H, B , K, ZS L 68 J C, Cy, NC 7817, U S A
A review of cage aquaculture: Oceania
M A. R Q D Py I FN F C, PO B 596, C, Q, A
B P S P Cy
B.P. D5 98848, N C, N C
Photographic credits
T :P. Blow ( 190 )B. Branahl / Pixelio.de ( 7 )
J.C. Chen ( 5 )DigitalGlobe / GoogleEarth ( )M. Halwart ( 0 , 49, 69, 158 , 158 10)M. Heinemann / Pixelio.de ( 18 )Manuele De Mattia / Norwegian Seafood Export Council ( 18 )
J.F. Moehl ( 155 190 )NOAAs Fisheries Collection ( 17 , 17 , 104 104 )M. Phillips ( 0 )Sena S. De Silva ( 5 )D. Soto ( 7 , 101 101 )
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Foreword
T q y y 0 y y z q . R y 57 4 , y. R , z y , . W q y, - y. I , q - , ,
.W F Aq D F A Oz U N (FAO), Aq M C S (FIMA) , q q y, y. T S , FAO M q y q , , , y y , , q. I FAO, -, q.
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E, U, 0 O 004.1 T y y y- . A FIMA , A; - q A; , y y A y q . G y q , , FAO N AqS O J T F P T S Aq S I G, FIMA .
I 005, A F Sy (AFS)
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1 S H, M. M, J. F. (.) 006. FAO R T E W C C A. E,U, 0 O 004. FAO F P. N. 6, 11 . R, FAO.
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Cage aquaculture production 2005
Data were taken from fisheries statistics submitted to FAO by themember countries for 2005. In case 2005 data were not available,2004 data were used.
Map background image Blue Marble: Next generation courtesy of NASAs Earth Observatory
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Cage aquaculture:
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Cage aquaculture: a global overview
Albert G.J. Tacon1 and Matthias Halwart2
Tacon, A.G.J. and Halwart, M.C q: . In M. H, D. S J.R. A (). Cage aquaculture Regional reviews andglobal overview, . 116. FAO F T P. N. 498. R, FAO. 007. 41 .
ABSTRACTT - q y
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y, ,
y . T -
, z y
y .
1 Aq F L, 49-19 K Hy, K, HI 96744, U S A F Aq D, FAO, R 0015, Iy
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview4
INTRODUCTIONT - q y q . A
A (Py Ky, 005), y M ( S P, ), Ny (B, 004). T q y y 0 y
y z q . I y 57 , 6.7 1997 98.6 00 (D etal., 00). By , y y 4 , 8.1 1997 9. 00. R , , z
y , (D et al., 00).
A (F 1),
q y y , y (Fy et al., 005; T et al., 00), y . Py , , , .
LACK OF STATISTICAL INFORMATIONA q y (FAO,007), FAO y .I , 6 q y 005: 5 y ;
FIGURE 1
Land-use transitions: will aquaculture follow a similar pathway?
100%
naturalecosystems
frontierclearings
subsistenceagriculture
and
small-scalefarms
0%
pre-settlement frontier subsistence intensifying intensive
intensiveagriculture
urbanareas
protected/recreational lands
proportiono
flandscape
stage in land use transitionSource: Modified after Foley et al., 2005
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Cage aquaculture: a global overview 5
7 (T 1).
O 6 /,
1 FAO 004 005.
T q 6 / 41 167 40 7 y C et al. () C .
O , 005 : Ny (65 06 ),C (588 060 ), J (7 81 ),
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H, , , y (7 6) .
M y
, C
. A y C etal. ( ) q PR C 005 991 555 (704 54
87 01 ).In terms of national or regional importance, total
cage culture production from China amounted to just2.3 percent of total reported aquaculture productionin 2005 (Chen et al., this volume; FAO 2007).
By , M B ( ) q 70 q C 004, D S P ( ) y 80 90
A.
MAJOR CULTURED SPECIES, CAGE CULTURESYSTEMS AND CULTURE ENVIRONMENTST , y -( ) -- , (A , C ), (
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, M , )
TABLE 1
FAO member countries either reporting cage aquaculture production to FAO or otherwise known to be actively
engaged in commercial cage aquaculture production, but not currently reporting data on cage aquaculture
production to FAO
Countries reporting cage aquaculture to FAO Countries otherwise known to be actively engaged in commercialcage aquaculture
Latin America and the Caribbean region
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Martinique(France), Panama, Uruguay
Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua
North American region
Canada, United States of America)Northern European region
Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland,Ireland, Norway, Poland, Russian Federation, Slovakia,Sweden, United Kingdom
Mediterranean region
Albania, Bosnia and Herzogovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt,France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Malta,Morocco, Portugal, Slovenia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia,Turkey
Spain
Sub-Saharan African region
Benin, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritius, Mayotte (France),Mozambique, Runion (France), Zambia, Zimbabwe
Cte dIvoire, Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Rwanda, SouthAfrica, Uganda
Asia and Oceania
Azerbaijan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Hong Kong SAR,Taiwan Province of China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea,Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Nepal,Oman, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam
Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of),Democratic People's Republic of Korea, New Zealand
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview6
O
, A y y - y ; q 4 000- y 94 1970 1 5 97 005( US$4 767 000 ), 10 000 y , Ny, C, U K, C, F I, A I (T ).
N C C et al. ( ). T (6 , , 1 ) y .
( C ,, Colossoma, ).
H, y y y y y , y
y- (y A ; DS P, 007; Py Ky, 005) E A(G B, ; M B, ).
I y, 40 , y (S, S, C,P C) 90 y (S)
66 (F ).A , 80
y . O , (Salmo salar) (51 ) (F 4), (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Seriolaquinqueradiata, Pangasius . Oncorhynchuskisutch) (7 ).
Ny y ( : Oreochromis niloticus, Sparus aurata, Pagrusauratus Dicentrarchus labrax); 10 70+ .
FIGURE 2
Major cage aquaculture producing countries globally
China29%
Norway
19%
Chile17%
Japan8%
Viet Nam4%
Canada3%
United Kingdom4%
Turkey2%
Greece2%
Indonesia2% Philippines
2%Korea
1% Denmark1%
Australia1%
Thailand1%Malaysia
1%
FIGURE 3
Worldwide cage aquaculture production
by fish family
Salmonidae66%
Sparidae7%
Carangidae7%
Pangasiidae6%
Cichlidae4%
Moronidae3%
Scorpaenidae1%
Cyprinidae1%
Centropomidae1%
FIGURE 4
Worldwide cage aquaculture production by fish species
Salmo salar51%
Dicentrarchus spp2%
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha1%
Dicentrarchus labrax2%
Pagrus auratus
3%
Sparus aurata4%
Oreochromis niloticus4%
Oncorhynchus kisutch5%
Seriola quinqueradiata7%
Oncorhynchus mykiss9%
Pangasius spp6%
Marine fishes nei1%
Salmo spp1%
Oreochromis (=Tilapia) spp1%
Lates calcarifer1%
Scorpaenidae1%
Cyprinus carpio1%
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Cage aquaculture: a global overview 7
A F (006) , : D -
y (.., y
z y -);
A (Ny C 1 800 1 500 , y);
S ( , y y, , z, y ~ 60 , y );
G
( y y, , , , );
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B y ( , y , y , );
I , q
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I , C 700 000 q 68.4 q, y V N (16 000 1. ) I (67 700 6.6 ) (T ) . W PRC 0 q (C et al., ), y (T 4). M q , , y, - (T 5 6).
TABLE 2
Total reported Atlantic salmon Salmo salaraquaculture production in 2005 (FAO, 2007)
Country Quantity in tonnes (and as percentage of global total)
Norway 582 043 (47.02%)
Chile 374 387 (30.24%)
United Kingdom 129 823 (10.49%)
Canada 83 653 (6.76%)
Faroe Islands 18 962 (1.53%)
Australia 16 033 (1.30%)
Ireland 13 764 (1.11%)
United States of America 9 401 (0.76%)
Iceland 6 488 (0.52%)
France 1 190 (0.10%)
Russian Federation 204 (0.02%)
Denmark 18
Greece 6
Total 1 237 977
Source: FAO, 2007
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview8
PERCEIVED ISSUES AND CHALLENGES TOCAGE CULTURE DEVELOPMENTD
.
I , - y q / y q y, : ,
- ( / )
qy q y (M et al.,006; L, 006);
(C et al., ; M,006; T et al., 006)
( ) (F et al., 007);
y - y ,
, , - (A T, 004; D S P, ; E et al., 004;K A, 006; T et al.,006). N y q y, ;
-y ,
y y (FAO,006; M, 006; O et al., 004;R, 006);
q ( /
TABLE 3
Top ten freshwater cage aquaculture by country
Country Quantity (tonnes) in percent of total
China 704 254 68.4
Viet Nam 126 000 12.2
Indonesia 67 672 6.6
Philippines 61 043 5.9
Russian Federation 14 036 1.4
Turkey 10 751 1.0
Lao People's Democratic Republic 9 900 1.0
Thailand 7 000 0.7
Malaysia 6 204 0.6
Japan 3 900 0.4
TABLE 4
Production of the top ten species/taxa in freshwater cage aquaculture (excluding PR China)
Species Quantity (tonnes) in percent of total
Pangasius spp 133 594 41.1
Oreochromis niloticus 87 003 26.7
Cyprinus carpio 21 580 6.6
Oreochromis (=Tilapia) spp 16 714 5.1
Oncorhynchus mykiss 14 625 4.5
Salmo spp 12 071 3.7
Channa micropeltes 11 525 3.5
Salmo trutta 8 551 2.6
Freshwater fishes nei 6 914 2.1
Acipenseridae 2 368 0.7
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Cage aquaculture: a global overview 9
) , , (FAO, 006; F et al., 007; H etal., 006; Ny et al., 005; S et al., 001);
( / ) , y (B, 004; N et al., 000);
y ( ) - y ( , / ),
q (FAO, 006);
q ,
, /- (A et al.,006; By et al., 005; C et al., ;FAO, 006);
( y ) - y y (G,1997), - y - y y (C-P, 00; T et al., 006).I q
( y)
, , y y , y , y y,
TABLE 5
Production of the top ten marine and brackish water cage aquaculture countries
Country Quantity (tonnes) in percent of total
Norway 652 306 27.5
Chile 588 060 24.8
China 287 301 12.1
Japan 268 921 11.3
United Kingdom 131 481 5.5
Canada 98 441 4.2
Greece 76 212 3.2
Turkey 68 173 2.9
Republic of Korea 31 895 1.3
Denmark (including Faroe Islands) 31 192 1.3
TABLE 6
Production (tonnes) of the top ten species/taxa in marine and brackish water cage aquaculture (excluding PR China)
Species Quantity (tonnes) in percent of total
Salmo salar 1 219 362 58.9
Oncorhynchus mykiss 195 035 9.4
Seriola quinqueradiata 159 798 7.7
Oncorhynchus kisutch 116 737 5.6
Sparus aurata 85 043 4.1
Pagrus auratus 82 083 4.0
Dicentrarchus labrax 44 282 2.1
Dicentrarchus spp 37 290 1.8
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 23 747 1.2
Scorpaenidae 21 297 1.0
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview10
q. E y : W A y
- y (D S P, ), C L( ) M , B L ( ) y S-S A . H, q ( , , ,
), q (F 5) -y y y (FAO,006).
O z y , (. )
y (T F, 00), y z y - y q .
N , , - q y ; y
(0 ), (0 ), (0 ), (10 ), (10 ), (5 ), (5 : K, 00).A q ( , y z), y y ; y C (C et al., ; Dq M, 006; H etal., 006; X et al., 006) A
-, , / , y
y y(FAO, 006; H M 006; Hy,1999, 001; T, 001).
THE WAY FORWARDC . F, y- y y A (P D S, 006) y
(Hy, 006). H, y A / , P M , , (T et al., 006). O q y A y , y (R
T, 006).H,
q -. S , z - y y . C
q yy , y -.
Expansion, intensification, environmentalpollution and the state of our oceans andinland watersD z q y, ( S-S A) y
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Cage aquaculture: a global overview 11
N Z (R et al., ).E q . H,
q - y.
T q y (H M, 006).O
y C z q y .
M, , y, y (
y ) q , - -- q (FAO, 006; Sz et al., 006;T et al., 006).
C Ny y q (G B, )
y . Gy, y y C C
FIGURE 5
Major differences between conventional extensive, semi-intensive and intensive farming systems in terms of
production, resource use and potential/perceived environmental risks
Natural foodavailability &
supply
Polyculturefilter feedersherbivores
Use offeed inputs
Use of fishmeal & fish oil
Use of highvalue species
Ambient water& sediment
quality
Environmental& ecologicalsustainability
Farmed productquality &safety
Increased
farming &management skills
Increased
waste outputs &pollution impacts
Increased
disease risks &escapes/impacts
Increased
use of chemicals& therapeutants
EXTENSIVE
SEMI-INTENSIVE
INTENSIVE
FARMING SYSTEMS PRODUCTION
PLANTS, MOLLUSCS& FILTER FEEDERS
HERBIVORES & OMNIVORES
CARNIVORES
Production &profit/unit area
Land use & farm/pond size
Input costsper unit of
production
Water,aeration &
energy use
Source: adapted from Tacon et al. 1995
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview12
Nutrients
Molluscs
Seaweeds
R F y - ( G I Sy GIS) z (.. Pz et al., 005),
y (Cet al., 005), (.. Z et al., 005).
Integrating the system: a multi-trophicapproach to cage cultureI y , y ( y z
: C et al., ; C et al., 006; Ky
A-Mz, 007; L, 006) -- , , (R et al., 007; R, 006; W et
al., 006).T - -
- ( ) z y , , , / , (F 6).
H, - y (N etal., 004; T et al., 004), y
q y (L et al., 006; R et al., 007;
FIGURE 6Integrating the system: traditional finfish cage culture and co-culture of seaweeds in China
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Cage aquaculture: a global overview 13
9 y 050, q
.I , y
y y q y, ,y y y y y , , y q
. C q y ( ) , y y .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTST y y , y J. A-Mz,
J.R. A, P. Bz, D. By, M. B,P. B, C.J. B, F. C, B. C,
J. C, Z. C, S.S. D S, J. F, S. F-S, J.A. G, C. G, M. H, H,S. L, J. L, A. L, A. L,M.P. M, J. M, M.J. P, B. P,M. R, M.A. R, A. R, D. S,R. S, S. W, Y. W, H. X,P. X X. Y.
R, 006; X et al., 006; Y, 006;Y X, 006). O q - q -
- y (.. ) - q . Py y .
CONCLUDING REMARKST
, y 97 . Y, 71 99 , y y 10 y .
I y ( 99 q: FAO, 006),
y y 1 y (FAO, 006); 5 y , 0 y , 17 -,7 , , 1 (FAO, 005).
Cy, 80 y,
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview14
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Z. 006. C PTrachinotus ovatus - : 004 005 H,C, y ASA-IM/USB. I Book of Abstracts, 2ndInternational Symposium on Cage Aquaculture inAsia (CAA2), 3-8 July 2006, Hangzhou, China, .9-10 (P - ).
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Cage aquaculture production 2005Data were taken from fisheries statistics submitted to FAO by themember countries for 2005. In case 2005 data were not available, 2004data were used.
Map background image Blue Marble: Next generation courtesy of NASAs Earth Observatory
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A review of cage aquaculture:Asia (excluding China)
Sena S. De Silva1 and Michael J. Phillips1
De Silva, S.S. and Phillips, M.J.A q: A ( C). I M. H, D. S J.R. A (). Cage aquaculture Regionalreviews and global overview, . 1848. FAO F T P. N. 498. R, FAO. 007. 41 .
ABSTRACTC A , . F y M B . I y
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,
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview22
INTRODUCTIONA q, y A M
B - . Cy A , . A q , , y .
T q q 004 45.5 - US$6.4 . W q , 59.4
US$70. . T q , 7.7 q 00, 6.6 y q . C -y 1994 004, q 7.9 (FAO, 006). O , 90 A.
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q A, y , y q A. O ,8090 A y . I , , y . I , , , y
.This paper reviews cage culture in Asia, but onlybriefly that in China, which is covered elsewherein this volume by Chen et al.. Its focus is onbrackishwater and marine environments, since theinland sector has been dealt with by the same authorsin a review of inland cage farming in Asia (excludingChina) that was commissioned by FAO in 2004(Phillips and De Silva, 2006) and has been recentlypublished as a background paper for cage-culturedevelopment in Africa (Halwart and Moehl, 2006).
INLAND CAGE FARMINGI , . W
, y , y y, . H, , - A y q . S I M D. Cy, y .
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I y , y
y , y- y , y z . A y y , y - y A, y , , .
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A review of cage aquaculture: Asia (excluding China) 23
Grass carp farming in Vietcuomg Reservoirs, northern Viet Nam. Catfish farming in Nam Ngum Reservoir, Lao PDR.
Snakehead farming in the Tonle Sap, Cambodia (I). Snakehead farming in the Tonle Sap, Cambodia (II).
Chinese carp farming in Cai River, northern Viet Nam.Chinese carp farming in Kui Yang River, northern Viet Nam.
PLATE 1
Selected traditional, small scale, rural cage farming practices in Asia
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview24
The importance of inland cage farming toAsiaA, M E, 56.
4.44 , yy 00 (://../_y/_/1_005.). T A-P R y ; 0.10 0.4 (UNEP, 000). I A . AA qy , y (F 1). T
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( ), 450 000 005 800 000 y010 (L T H, ).H, , y y 0 . Iy , y 80 U S E U. Ty y y y 17 000 (H et al., 006; Ny, L Y, 006). T y V N , y
FIGURE 1
Total and per capita water availability
in each continent
2900
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82.20
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Total availabilityPer capita availability
Totalavailability(km/yr)
Percapitaavailability(m/yr)
Continent
Source: Nguyen and De Silva, 2006
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A review of cage aquaculture: Asia (excluding China) 25
7 y U S A , . A -
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.
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- y y y. T C S , y (Ay et al., 005). T , y , y y (KHV) (B-R, 004).
T - ,
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T y qy , y y . A
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview26
, q , . T y
y, z .
T y A, y M D V N. I, y y , ,y y ,
, . C- y . T - , y -, (P ), - (H et al., 006; Ny, L Y,006). S - y y
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A. T y C ( Cet al., ), I, T P C (T POC) V N. M q, y S A, , . W S A, q q. H, . I S A y y , (Epinephalus .)
I (P ), q. B ,y A (Latescalcarifer) (Chanos chanos), , y- y .
Production trendsFAO q , . T 1 y
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A FAO (1997) Aq q , , q . F , , , , . F . F , q y y
q q y y , , .
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A review of cage aquaculture: Asia (excluding China) 27
Cage farms using the lapis dua two cage systems in the CirataReservoir, West Java, Indonesia.
Cage farming in BatanAi Reservoir in Sarawak, East Malaysia.
Cage farming of red tilapia in the lower Mekong, SouthViet Nam.
Preparation of trash fish for feeding catfish.
Working with fishermen to identify the species used as trash fishfor cage farming in Cambodia.
Preparation of home made feeds for catfish cage farming usingtrash fish and other ingredients (I).
C
OURTESYDRLETHANGHUNG
FA
O/M.H
ALWART
PLATE 2
Clustered, relatively large-scale cage farming activites in Asia
FAO/M.H
ASAN
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview28
q A F . B , C , y I, J P. TP C, R K V N y , 50 000 004. C
( F 4).
FIGURE 2
Production and value of marine and brackish
aquaculture in Asia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
0
5
10
15
20
25Production Brackish Production Mariculture
Value Brackish Value Mariculture
Production
(106t
onnes)
Value(106U
S$)
TABLE 1
Farmed marine and brackishwater fish production from 1992 to 2004, based on FAO statistics
Country 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
China 58 716 71 672 101 110 144 957 182 155 254 97 9 306 697 338 8 05 426 957 494 725 560 404 519 158 582 566
Indonesia 193 136 215 065 208 824 212 733 250 617 195 54 3 232 708 265 5 11 278 566 308 692 314 960 316 444 315 346
Japan 263 503 259 273 271 351 279 182 256 223 255 77 4 264 018 264 4 37 258 673 263 789 268 405 273 918 262 281
Philippines 153 714 133 580 147 914 144 039 144 868 150 96 5 154 771 172 5 74 203 832 231 419 229 708 235 075 256 176
Taiwan POC 22 687 29 915 44 049 51 869 46 047 51 834 50 899 44 157 40 100 55 235 70 326 76 653 64 671
Korea, Republic of 4 595 5 471 6 643 8 360 11 384 39 121 37 323 34 382 27 052 29 297 48 073 72 393 64 195
Viet Nam - - - - - - - - - - - 51 893 57 739
Bangladesh 16 000 17 520 17 379 13 301 22 126 26 748 25 851 26 912 27 801 28 044 32 026 34 101 39 493
Australia 4 402 4 977 5 878 8 585 10 466 10 730 9 816 11 796 14 517 17 774 19 728 20 382 21 469
Thailand 3 832 3 794 5 293 5 131 6 235 5 616 8 761 7 359 9 300 9 497 12 238 14 598 16 978
Malaysia 3 561 6 508 5 999 5 767 5 943 6 215 7 548 8 302 9 267 9 508 10 110 11 802 11 969
New Zealand 2 800 3 300 3 800 4 800 6 200 4 200 5 500 5 400 5 685 7 887 6 989 4 800 5 196
India - - - - - 1 429 1 740 - - - - 2 644 2 778
Singapore 786 536 480 644 644 818 593 914 1 402 1 088 1 294 1 897 2 366
China, Hong Kong SAR 3 400 3 010 2 989 2 950 3 144 3 032 1 271 1 284 1 787 2 473 1 215 1 492 1 541
Brunei Darussalam 8 31 51 74 72 69 74 77 59 30 39 38 104
Kiribati 41 52 32 17 9 7 4 13 14 18 14 9 9
Tuvalu - - - - - - - - - - - 5 1
Cook Islands
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A review of cage aquaculture: Asia (excluding China) 29
Grouper farming in Indonesia. Grouper farming in Thailand.
Grouper farming in Viet Nam. Cobia farming in Viet Nam.
Trash fish for feeding cobia in Cat Ba Island, Viet Nam.Preparation of trash fish for feeding grouper in Thailand.
PLATE 3
Cage-farming activities
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview30
M, y , I P.T 70 A (T ). T (T ) - A 975 000 . C
y q A y.
Species culturedA A. A y - y , T.
TABLE 2
Farmed brackishwater fish production from 1992 to 2004, based on FAO statistics
Country 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Indonesia 193 136 215 065 208 824 212 733 250 617 195 543 232 708 263 262 275 979 300 155 303 213 302 025 305 424
Philippines 153 714 133 182 147 628 143 818 144 747 150 528 147 103 163 669 194 708 221 145 211 965 212 927 218 390
Taiwan POC 22 395 29 480 43 590 51 159 45 006 50 062 47 891 42 057 35 934 50 046 64 078 69 056 58 743
Viet Nam - - - - - - - - - - - 51 893 57 739
Bangladesh 16 000 17 520 17 379 13 301 22 126 26 748 25 851 26 912 27 801 28 044 32 026 34 101 39 493
Australia 4 067 4 341 4 603 6 658 8 453 8 546 8 117 10 194 11 786 13 699 15 716 16 882 17 439
Thailand 3 832 3 794 5 293 5 131 6 235 5 616 8 761 7 359 9 300 9 497 12 238 14 598 16 978
Malaysia 3 561 6 508 5 999 5 767 5 943 6 215 7 548 8 302 9 267 9 508 10 110 11 802 11 969
India - - - - - 1 429 1 740 - - - - 2 644 2 778
Brunei Darussalam 8 31 51 74 72 69 74 77 59 30 39 38 104
Singapore - - - - - - - 1 3 3 4 3 58
Kiribati 41 52 32 17 9 7 4 13 14 18 14 9 9
Cook Islands
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A review of cage aquaculture: Asia (excluding China) 31
Major species production profilesT T 4 FAO FISHSTAT P(FAO, 006). T -
FAOSTAT -
( ). T y / . T
, , (A )
TABLE 4
Farmed production of major species groups from 1992 to 2004, based on FAO statistics but with brackishwater fish
statistical categories removed
Species 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Marine fishes nei 64 469 77 14 4 10 6 713 152 158 188 625 262 2 79 314 369 348 557 439 217 505 501 573 542 200 843 212 359
Japanese amberjack 148 988 141 799 148 390 169 924 145 889 138 536 147 115 140 647 137 328 153 170 162 682 157 682 150 113
Silver seabream 66 067 72 896 77 066 72 347 77 319 81 272 83 166 87 641 82 811 72 910 73 199 88 082 85 297
Japanese seabass - - - - 266 - - 797 605 873 2 006 81 124 82 475
Large yellow croaker - - - - - - - - - - - 58 684 67 353
Lefteye flounders nei - - - - - - - - - - - 36 227 57 270
Porgies, seabreams nei 156 253 278 296 357 320 372 385 636 728 1 637 45 610 49 514
Red drum - - - - - - - - - - - 44 925 43 506
Groupers nei 369 271 255 320 407 379 415 2 271 1 573 4 341 7 845 36 159 40 000
Milkfish - - - 166 78 1 197 7 693 9 070 9 548 10 597 18 437 23 314 39 211
Bastard halibut 10 327 10 804 12 562 13 578 16 553 34 857 29 882 28 583 21 202 23 064 29 569 40 473 37 382
Cobia - - - 3 13 9 961 820 2 626 3 224 2 395 20 667 20 461
Scorpionfishes nei - - - - 2 036 12 430 14 634 10 180 8 698 9 330 16 636 23 938 19 708
Puffers nei 4 068 4 427 3 456 4 031 5 552 5 961 5 389 5 100 4 733 5 769 5 231 14 602 19 190
Amberjacks nei - - - 2 20 69 406 154 97 119 292 11 847 12 751
Coho(Silver) salmon 25 519 21 148 22 824 13 524 8 401 9 927 8 721 11 148 13 107 11 616 8 023 9 208 9 607
Righteye flounders nei - - - - - - - - - - - 5 356 8 048
Chinook(Spring, King) salmon 2 800 3 300 3 800 4 800 6 200 4 200 5 500 5 400 5 685 7 887 6 989 4 800 5 196
Southern bluefin tuna 335 636 1 275 1 927 2 013 2 089 1 652 1 373 2 649 3 889 4 011 3 500 4 030
Flathead grey mullet
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview32
. A , y -.
T M y
.T y y C, y y. T y C y ( C et al., ) y y y .
O y . I , y ,
, y J, y (F 5).
GroupersG A y FAO 004 58 000 . A V N ( y ) y 000 , 60 000 (R, P Y, 006). Py
70 y, . G y A, y - H K SAR C, y - (Sy L, 00) - -.
A y , y y
. Cromileptes altivelis, Epinephelusfuscoguttatus, E. coioides, E. malabaricus, E. akaara,E. lanceolatus, E. tukula, E. areolatus, E. tauvina E. polyphekadion (R,W P, 000; R, MB W, 004) y . M . G y z 0.51. , -z 850 ,q y .
SnappersT A, y .T q (Chrysophrys auratus), (Rhabdosargus sarba), y (Acanthopagrus schelgelii schlegelii) (Pagrus major). FAO 15 000 A 004. S y A . M y, yy E A. T z
50 450 . M .
Amberjacks and other CarangidsT J (Seriola quinqueradiata) A(F 5), 17 , 160 000 00 (FAO, 006). Ny J, y 140 000170 000
1980. M . O (Trachinotus blochii) (Pampus argenteus).
MackerelJ (Trachurus japonicus) . O (Pleurogrammus azonus) , y . S J E A.
FIGURE 5
Top five cultured marine fin fish species in Asia
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Japanese amber jack S ilver seabream Japanese seabass
Bas tard hal ibut Large yel low c roaker
Production(
x10tonnes)
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CobiaC (Rachycentron canadum) y , T P C,
C, My V N. P, , y y. M y C T P C 0 000 00 (FAO, 006).P - ( 6 y) y, y A A.
C q y y , T P C y
. S 1999 10 US$0.50 . T q , 68 ; z y y.C y y . T , 90 . M .
Barramundi
Production of barramundi (also known as Asianseabass, Lates calcarifer) increased during thepast ten years, and FAO statistics estimated that26 000 tonnes were produced in 2004 (FAO, 2006).Barramundi farming in Asia is carried out infreshwater, brackishwater and marine environments,with most production based on hatchery-reared stock.Global production has been relatively constant overthe past 10 years at around 20 00026 000 tonnes perannum, although production has decreased in Asiaand increased in Australia during this time. Most
barramundi is cultured in ponds and cages located inbrackishwater estuaries or coastal areas.
MilkfishM (Chanos chanos) A , I P 515 000 y FAO 004. P, 10 y, y y, y- y.M . Mq P, . I ,
y - . M I y J y. T P
I, K, N, P C I. A , .
Other speciesA , , , , , ,, , . My
.
COUNTRY PROFILESSouth AsiaS A I, S L, P, M B. T y ( FAO ), M I.
I I, y
A N , . T -y (.. RG C Aq T N C I B Aq C), y . A y M y 10 y 00; . N
006 y - A I, M P E D Ay(MPEDA).
T P B, y- , y.T M y , - . Fy M, y .
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Southeast AsiaS A B, My,T, My, S, P,I, C V N. T
y q, .
MyanmarG (Epinephelus .), y kyauk nga nga tauk tu, /z . L y H K S AR (SAR) , y My
y, y y . T 0 /y, , y 100 /y.M Ayyy D, R My. T , y- . S y T.
G y . F -
My (My A GT). Ay 0 My , y y - (E. coioides), y (E.tauvina), M (E. malabaricus) y (E. bleekeri).
N y My. A y
Ayyy D,
y. T q Ky S T Ty D.
ThailandS (Epinephelus coioides, E. malabaricus,E. areolatus, E. lanceolatus, E. fuscoguttatus Plectropomus maculatus) (Lutjanus argentimaculatus ), , q (Lizavaigensis) T.B (y E. coioides) 99 T, 85 (14 550 ) 004,
14 ( 95 )(T 5).M T
E C W C G T, A S C. T E W 0 0 T, y, A S C 50 . T A S Cy . Ey T ,
.S
T 5 6. B , , y .F , y . F y, y . I
, . H, y y
TABLE 5
Production (tonnes) from brackishwater and marine fish farming in Thailand
Species 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) 3 884 4 087 4 090 6 812 6 056 7 752 8 004 11 032 12 230 14 550
Groupers nei 674 774 793 1 390 1 143 1 332 1 443 1 170 2 338 2 395
Mossambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) 327 602 283 267 128 190 30 27 19 23
Squaretail mullet (Liza vaigensis) 246 363 295 288 32 26 20 9 11 10
Fourfinger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) 409 155 4 - - - - - -
Total 5 131 6 235 5 616 8 761 7 359 9 300 9 497 12 238 14 598 16 978
Source: based on FAO (2006) statistics
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. I , y y , .B y B.
T 5 0006 000 T . F y D
F ( 000) T 6.M T -
, y . T US$0.15-0./, (FCR) . F- , . C ; , .
B y S My y . S ( y ) H KSAR C, , y . I00 -z (500600 ) US$.5-/ US$4-5/. A , y , , y , -, , ,
US$1 = 40 THB
z -z . F (.. 1 ) 600
800 .M -
y T ( T H K), y, y . W - T, y z. A N / T, , y
006.
MalaysiaI My, y y q, q . C . C , y P (6 ), J (1 ),P (0 ), S (0 ) S (9 ) (y 000 ).
T My , ,, y, , , (T 7).
TABLE 6
Production of barramundi and grouper in ponds and
cages in Thailand in 2000
Culturesystem
No. farms Area (m) Quantity(tonnes)
Value(million US$)
Barramundi
Pond 378 4 516 464 1 414.10 2.89
Cage 2 805 265 517 800 6 256.51 14.47
Total 3 183 270 034 264 7 670.61 17.36
Groupers
Pond 154 1 116 656 357.91 2.05
Cage 1 983 148 876 989.88 5.93
Total 2 137 1 265 532 1 347.79 7.98
Source: Department of Fisheries, Thailand
TABLE 7
Species of interest in Malaysian mariculture
Common name Scientific name
Barramundi Lates calcarifer
Yellowstreaked snapper Lutjanus lemniscatus
Mangrove red snapper L. argentimaculatusJohns snapper L. johnii
Crimson snapper L. erythropterus
Orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides
Malabar grouper E. malabaricus
Sixbar grouper E. sexfasciatus
Brown-marbled grouper E. fuscoguttatus
Leopard coraltrout Plectropomus leopardus
Humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis
Fourfinger threadfin Eleutheronema tetradactylum
Cobia Rachycentron canadum
Red tilapia Oreochromis sp.Snubnose pompano Trachinotus blochii
Source: Department of Fisheries, Malaysia
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F . T y y y, y
.B, ,
. S (L) ; y (Lutjanus lemniscatus), (L. argentimaculatus), J (L.johnii) (L. erythropterus).I . Cy - (Epinephelusfuscoguttatus), - (E. coioides)
M (E. malabaricus). O (Eleutheronematetradactylum), (Rachycentron canadum), (Trachinotus blochii) (Oreochromis .).
I My y -. P y - q y . H, , y y
- .S , My D
F . H, ; 005 100 q-y 6 6 1 y- 15 . A L I,
My . T - y.
U y y ,
y. A 00 004 1.0 q , 14 y00 (T 8). T y 1 400 1 600 y 00 00/004, y (T 8).T y - ( ) -z (6 6 ) .S 00 1 000 , 6-1 . B
y y, y, y y. My qy .
I y y . Fq qy y . D-
TABLE 8
Facilities and operators involved in Malaysian marine
fish culture from 2002 to 2004
Facilities 2002 2003 2004
Hatcheries (units) 12 59 56Cages (m) 940 948 1 034 664 1 110 221
Cage operators(individuals)
1 374 1 651 1 623
Source: Department of Fisheries, Malaysia
TABLE 9
Production statistics and wholesale value for marine and brackishwater fish farming in Malaysia, 20022004
Year 2002 2003 2004 2002 2003 2004
Fish species Production (tonnes) Value (Malaysian Ringgit)
Barramundi(Lates calcarifer)
4 003.73 4 210.93 4 000.54 46 220.13 49 260.86 46 241.57
Mangrove red snapper(Lutjanus argentimaculatus)
591.44 706.56 572.97 6 157.05 8 415.69 7 742.36
Yellowstreaked snapper(L. lemniscatus)
1 556.15 2 351.55 2 263.33 20 188.00 32 491.55 32 771.81
Crimson snapper(L. erythropterus)
989.68 1 402.09 1 162.85 12 951.31 18 513.27 14687.02
Groupers 1 210.43 1 977.33 2 283.59 30 385.26 49 954.09 54 628.69
Tilapias 283.97 222.07 264.42 1 683.98 1 049.09 1 387.08
Total 8 635.4 10 870.53 10 547.70 117 585.73 159 684.55 157 458.53
Source: Department of Fisheries, Malaysia
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.
I L, y T POC
. P . C- My (MyB), y T S S, - .
P y, y - (T 9).
IndonesiaI S A . A , q 91 000 - . P
0.17 45.4 , y, .T, q y y y .
T ,, (T 10). O y y(Caranx sexfasciatus), y (Gnathanodonspeciosus), (Cheilinus undulatus) (Thunnus .). T J y B, y.
A FAO , I
05 000 004. T (41 000 ), q (6 55 ), ( 900 ), .H, y , -- .
TABLE 10
Aquaculture species and the status of their development in Indonesia
Species Status of development1
Common name Scientific name Grow out Hatchery
Milkfish Chanos chanos D D
Barramundi Lates calcarifer D D
Mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus ED R/D
Emperor red snapper L. sebae ED R/D
Rabbitfish Siganus spp. D R/D
Humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis LD D
Brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus LD D
Malabar grouper E. malabaricus ED R/D
Camoflage grouper E. polyphekadion ED D
Giant grouper E. lanceolatus ED R/D
Orange-spotted grouper E. coioides ED D
Leopard coralgrouper Plectropomus leopardus ED R/D
Humphead wrasse Cheilinus undulatus ED R/D
D = developed, ED = early development, LD = limited development, R/D = under research and development
Source: Directorate of Aquaculture, Indonesia
TABLE 11
Estimated annual production of fry and fingerlings of marine finfish from hatcheries in Indonesia
Species 1999 2000 2001 2002
Milkfish (Chanos chanos) 227 989 617 NA 240 000 000 NA
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) 15 000 000 NA NA NA
Groupers (Cromileptes altivelis, Epinephelus spp.) 186 100 287 000 2 742 900 3 356 200
NA = not available
2001 data on milkfish are unpublished data from private hatcheries.
Data for grouper seed production are from Kawahara and Ismi (2003).
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M () y I. G y. G
- y-, y . B , yI , y 10 y. H, 001 9 00 4 000 5 000 .
G y I, , y L S. C
I, S, B, B, L, KS, B, J, L, K S. H, . R L y y y y- . T y y I T 11.M , 40 001. Hy , .56 00.
O .7 - (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), 0.7 (Cromileptesaltivelis) - (E. coioides) L .
T y G B y 00. Iy y- , . T , y -
. T , . A , I y, y P L y - . A , .7 001 . 00.
C I , , y y, (y , VNN) , ) .
The PhilippinesI 004 P 54.5 14 94.4 . C
, (T 1).
M q y P. F y, y 194 0 000 69 90 004, 8.7 (T 1). F 10 ; (77.4 ) , y ,
1.6 , y.M
P qy , y qy y , , qy , y y , y , - .
Viet NamV N -y .G
TABLE 12
Marine fish production (tonnes) from cages and pens in
the Philippines in 2004
Culture system Total Milkfish Groupers Others
Fish cages 23 542.35 23 179.06 136.45 226.84
Fish pens 14 294.42 14 172.61 33.69 88.12
Total 37 836.77 37 351.67 170.14 312.96
Source: Philippine Fisheries Profile (2004)
TABLE 13
Philippine milkfish production (tonnes), 20002004
Year Production
2000 194 023
2001 225 337
2002 231 968
2003 246 504
2004 269 930
Source: Philippine Fisheries Profile (2004)
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00 000 y 010. V N, y - y.
M
V N: , 600 ; - , 900 ; , 1 100 , y 600 001. T My F y , 00 y 5 000 . T 00, y y
y.E V N (T 14). T , y -, , . T - M , - y .
M V N
. T y-, - . A D Aq (My F), 004 40 059 ( ). P y 005 5 000 1 795 , y. C y Q N, H P,
T H, N A, H T, P Y B RV T . T : 5 5 5 ,
N-y 910 N A V T T Ny (P y) N A y , 00 y . A - N y N T V N, y - N A (y 100 ). T
T VT V N, . T y T POC .
M 90 , ( 10 ) - , y .T .I 004 V N 0 81 000 q,
55 ; , y . Ny y q V N, (E,T A, 004).
V N , 00 000 yy 010. S , . T
, y , , . F y , y .
SingaporeS - y,y y .T 004 FAO y 66 , y ( 08 ) . M ,
TABLE 14
Main finfish species used for mariculture in Viet Nam
Species Sources of seed
Epinephelus coioides Hatchery + Wild
E. tauvina Wild + Hatchery
E. malabaricus Wild
E. bleekeri Wild
Rachycentron canadum Hatchery
Lates calcarifer Hatchery + Wild
Psammoperca waigensis Hatchery
Lutjanus erythropterus Wild
Rhabdosargus sarba Wild
Sciaenops ocellatus Hatchery
Siganus sp. Wild
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. Fy y .
A S ,
q. A M Aq C (MAC) S J I . T y - S . TC y y qy ; z S
y , ; qy y y z (.. ).
East AsiaE A C, R K,H K S A R (HK SAR), J T P C.T
q, A. A DP R K .
Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionT 1 400 z 50 5 500 -
y. C y q y H KSAR, . T y y, , C.T 001 468 HK$16 4.
T , y , H K SAR 19 00 001. Aq
4 HK$8=US$1.
y 1 ; 8. ; 74 , US$18.
T 14 H K SAR (T 15). G , 7 . T , 9 001.
Trash fish, moist diet and dry pellets are used forgrow-out culture. There are no precise data on thevolume of feed used. The price of trash fish is aboutHK$1/kg, while the price of dry pellets ranges from
HK$5-10/kg, depending on the nutritional content.T y HK SAR, G,C. A y/ H K SAR, y , T P C, T, P S A . T (E. chlorostigma) HK$8 1 (1015 ), ,
HK$1 ( .5 ). T H K SAR 001 US$7.8 .
TABLE 15
Major marine fish species cultured in Hong Kong SAR in
2001
SpeciesPercentage
of total
Greasy grouper (Epinephelus tauvina) 27
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) 17
Russells snapper (Lutjanus russellii) 16
Brownspotted grouper (E. chlorostigma) 10
Red mangrove snapper (L. argentimaculatus) 5
White blotched snapper 5
Head grunt 5
Crimson snapper (L. erythropterus) 3
Goldlined seabream (Rhabdosargus sarba) 3
Japanese meagre (Argyrosomus japonicus) 2
Pompano 2
Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) 2
Black porgy 1
Yellowfin seabream (A. latus) 1
Others 1
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ChinaT C ( C et al., ),
y y . C 18 400 1 q, 0.1 . T y , y C q. A , 50 . C , . I y
, y , y - .
JapanT
J , y 0 y qy.T J US$.8 . M , y, , Jy, . N
(Thunnus thynnus), (Veraspermoseri) (Epinephelus .).
T y J - .T y J q y . T y q.
Ry
J, , , -qy . T z. B J, H I . G J, y q ,y (VNN).
Taiwan Province of ChinaT P C - y . I 1998
64 ,90 y . T 004 58 000 . T , , ,y, , . R y, y.
S 000 T P
C, US$70 .I y T y y C . C F P y .
M y y yz , .. y , , y
y ( 6 TL) z.
T yy ( 100 - y) (- y) y . I y - . O y y y q. T - (Epinephelus coioides) . M y,
(E. lanceolatus), ( y). D , T y - y , y . I T 40 . A E. coioides, E. lanceolatus, Trachinotusblochii, Lutjanus argentimaculatus, L. stellatus Acanthopagrus latus. C T P C , y y .
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Republic of KoreaT R K 64 000 004. L 000
001 . T O (Pleurogrammusazonus), (Paralichthys olivaceus), (Mugil cephalus), (Epinephelus .), J (Seriola quinqueradiata), J (Lateolabrax japonicus), q (Chrysophrysauratus) (Stephanolepiscirrhifer). FAO 004
(Paralichthys olivaceus) 141 (S) 19 708 .
C y , - y. T y qy , y - , (Paralichthys olivaceus) K (Sebastes schlegelii) (T 16). B
-.Cy,
q y R K.
CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES TOBRACKISHWATER AND MARINE CAGECULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN ASIAT y
A . I , y, A y , , J, .
Availability of suitable sitesT z , , .
T y .E ,
N , y L I, My. T y q, qy y. O- A, J R K T P C,
y . T S CS, y q C, V N,My , y , y.Ay, - , C N .
A
- y z.
Fingerling suppliesT y y- y y . U I, T V N y - , y .T y y y y (N, 005).
TABLE 16
Finfish mariculture production and species produced in
the Republic of Korea in 2003
Species Quantity(tonnes)
Bastard halibut (Paralichthys olivaceus) 34 533
Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) 23 771
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) 2 778
Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) 114
Mullet (Mugil cephalus) 4 093
Red seabream (Sciaenops ocellatus) 4 417
Black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii schlegelii) 1,084
Parrot fish (Oplegnathus fasciatus)
Puffer (Takifugu obscurus) 14
Filefish (Monacanthus spp.)
Convict grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus) 39
Okhostk atka fish (Pleurogrammus azonus)
Total 72 393
Source: The Fisheries Association of Korea (2004)
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T , , y . F , q (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, E. coioides Cromolepis altivelis) y I, E. fuscoguttatus C. altivelis
y y .Epinephelus coioides E. fuscoguttatus T, V N (S, 006).A S (006) I y . E y 1015 , y y . I y y I T 17. H
y y 700 I (IDR)/5. Cy I y y y .
FeedsT Aq 4 y (E, T A, 004), C, H K SAR, I,T V N. T
5 8 500 IDR = US$1.
, y , y ( z z ), I
6 >17 (S, 006). A S (006) - I, T V N, y , y FCR (F 6). T y FCR - y , , y, qy
.W y J, y (W, Dy N, 1989). I , -y y
J . T z y (W, Dy N, 1989). O,
y . Cy -- A (R, MB W, 004).
TABLE 17
Average small-scale grouper hatchery operating costs
(as % total) in Indonesia
Operating expenses Gondol Situbondo Average
Brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)Fertilized eggs 7.4 8.7 8.0
Feeds 41.7 49.6 45.7
Chemicals and drugs 4.7 5.6 5.2
Electricity and fuel 4.1 4.9 4.5
Labour 36.3 24.2 30.2
Maintenance andmiscellaneous
5.9 7.0 6.4
Humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis)
Fertilized eggs 10.3 13.3 11.8
Feeds 31.5 40.6 36.0
Chemicals and drugs 3.3 4.2 3.8
Electricity and fuel 2.9 3.7 3.3
Labour 47.9 32.8 40.4
Maintenance andmiscellaneous
4.1 5.3 4.7
Source: Sih, 2006
FIGURE 1
Relationship of cost of production to food conversion
rate (FCR) in grouper cage farming in Indonesia,
Thailand and Viet Nam using trash fishas the primary feed
y = 0.2921x + 5.215
R2 = 0.3585
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$7.00
$8.00
$9.00
$10.00
$11.00
$12.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
CostofProduction(US$/Kg)
FCR
Source: Sih, 2006
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T , :
;
y , y;
y y ;
, y / q
y z .
DiseasesI A (B-R, K C, 00).
A O (1996) y
, , , , A. B-R,K C (00) : (VNN); -1 (GIV-1),
- (GIV-), S (SGIV) T (TGIV);
yy ;
; - ( y ); .
A , , z.
I y ,y A. W , , ,
y - .
Markets
O y , y , , y C, H K SAR S, .
T , - ,y (, y,.),
.H, - , y y 9/11 , yy (SARS) (S, 005).
I y, y. S-
.
Technological challengesFy A, , .F , 15 . T - .
M y
y - y , .I y qy .
V .
Gy A y .
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THE WAY FORWARDT y A
, : M
,V N .T y y- q, ,
6
. T R K , - y.
B A y y , y .
A y q ,
, y y y y .
C y, A (Salmo salar) y q.
A A y - , y y
. T , . O q , y .
T y y A
6 F , A P E C (APEC) A - z y- q.
, y .
F y y . H-y y .
T .T y:
- y y y
, ;
- - y , , .;
- y y- ;
- y
.
E y .
I q y yy - y, .
I -. S y y -.
T y q y U S A E U, A y y q .
T q y , -
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A .
G - ,
y y .
T .
C y ,
q q . Cy A q
y , y y. M - y y , y .
T A y y . T - .
O y A. H -, -, y -
E (.. Ny) S A (.. C) y A. I -, y, y y y . O- y A, y y yy , y y . D , A
y q A .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSW M K Y, M. KN D. Ty Ny NACA FAO , y; MS Y S A, Fy FA P.D. ; D L T H H C M
A Fy Uy y M D, V N.
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Cage aquaculture production 2005
Data were taken from fisheries statistics submitted to FAO bythe member countries for 20051. In case 2005 data were notavailable, 2004 data were used.
1 Data for China were taken from this review. Map background image Blue Marble: Next generation courtesy of NASAs Earth Observatory
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A review of cage and pen
aquaculture: China
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A review of cage and pen aquaculture:China
Jiaxin Chen1, Changtao Guang1, Hao Xu2, Zhixin Chen2, Pao Xu3,Xiaomei Yan3, Yutang Wang4 and Jiafu Liu5
Chen, J., Guang, C., Xu, H., Chen, Z., Xu, P., Yan, X., Wang, Y. and Liu, J.A q: C. I M. H, D. S J.R. A (). Cage aquaculture Regional reviewsand global overview, . 5068. FAO F T P. N. 498. R, FAO. 007. 41 .
ABSTRACTC 6 y C,
1970. C/
y, y. D
y , y, ., / qy y 1970. I 005,
7 805 87 75 , y. T
0 , , , , , ,
, . C y 704 54
47 18 q , y, 005.T , z
. S 1990, y
y- y. A 40 ,
7 . S ,
000 y . T 17
5.1 , y, 005; y
87 01 y.
I q , y , y,
, q . D y
US$10 y,
q.T y C G q
.
1 Y S F R I, Q, C Fy My I R I, S, C F F R I, W, C4 N S Aq T E, B, C5 N L Y C A, N, F P, C6 Pen: F, ; , ,
y y y . A y y .Cage: F y y , . I .
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview54
BACKGROUNDT y y F A Oz U N(FAO)
q S I Sy CAq A, Hz, C, 8
Jy 006.T y
q C, y C . D C y ,
. H, , y.
HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF CAGE AND PENCULTURE IN CHINAM C y 0 y, y 1970(H, 1991; W, 1991). D , C. I 005, / 1.46 ,
4.4 q y .9 y y (F B, 005). A y y q , z . A , C . A ,
/ y y . H, y , : () y q ; () - ; () q . C , y- .
Inland fish cage cultureC y . S 800 y , C y
y , -y 15 0 y (Z, 14).T y - y( - y 197) (H, 1991; X Y, 006). C (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) (Aristichthys nobilis) y (y) . T -
z (>1 ) y .T y. L, -y- .S 1977, q -z y. A , (Ctenopharyngodon idella), W (Megalobrama amblycephala) (Cyprinus carpio carpio)
.A y z
C , 1980. D , C : () y; () - y ; () y . A
y , -- y. S 1980, - q y .D () y - - () q y y.
I 1990, C -q. My ,
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A review of cage and pen aquaculture: China 55
.T C (Carassius carassius) W, y ,
(Oncorhynchus mykiss), (Oreochromis .) (Ictalurus nebulosus), , (Scortum barcoo), C (Siniperca chuatsi) A (Parabramis pekinensis).
W - , y . T
-y -q -qy q , y, , C .
History of pen cultureF 50 y, C q y y .
H, , , , y .I 1970, q -y (.. q z y q Chara, Isoetes, Ceratopteris, Alternanthera, . y ) q -y. I z q y,
q -y . I 1980, y y q. C y y . R : () - y;() q q y q y , y (.. ); () y
. S 1990, , y C (Eriocheir sinensis).
History of marine cage cultureI 1970, Hy Cy Z Cy,G P , , . T C (C X, 006; X Y, 006). By 1981 .A H K S AR (SAR) M S A
R, .B 1984 (.. F Z ) . A y, G, F Z 57 000, 40 . I y , . R y y 1990, y
q (Pagus major), J (Lateolabrax japonicus), (Rachycentroncanadum) (Larimichthyscrocea). T C y- y. Cy , C z: L, S,
J, Z, F, G H
G Zz AR. A , 000 .
THE CURRENT SITUATIONAdvantages of cage and pen cultureI C, q y: y y z
;
; (F , / y 69 111 J P 1995, q y
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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview56
9 1 7 500 /.)
y , ;
-y ;(C , y y . M, y y z
, qy, , y y y.)
y y ;
y . (F
, 1985 G L, y y, 150 /. I 1990 , 495 /,
. y 1994 698.5 / 460 y [F 1].)
Present status of inland cage and pen cultureP , C, y . C y, y . O
q . P , -y y, y . W 1 , y q . Ty -y q C .
I 004, C
99 700 , 1 689 600 77 400 , - y 1 147 000 , 051 000 77 000 , y(T 1). W 5 10 , y 59 , 01 900 ,y 487 751 . I y y . T, ,
- q y .
T y q y z:
Species cultured in freshwaterT A 1. F- y , , C, , , , , C A .N- , .
FIGURE 1
Increase in fish yield in Gehu Lake resulting from the
introduction of pen-culture technology
0
200
400
600
800
kg/ha
1985 1990 1995
Year
System Acreage(A) (ha)
Yield(Y) (tonnes)
Open waters
Lakes 939 700 1 147 000
Reservoirs 1 689 600 2 051 000
Rivers 377 400 773 000
Subtotal 3 006 700 3 971 000
Open water production (Y/A) 1.32 tonnes/ha
Cages 5 310 592 300
Cage production (Y/A) 111.54 tonnes/ha
Pens 301 900 487 700Pen production (Y/A) 1.61 tonnes/ha
Source: Fisheries Bureau, 2004; Xu and Yan, 2006
TABLE 1
Fish yields from natural waterbodies in China
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A review of cage and pen aquaculture: China 57
H y .A 8590 W , ,, C .
Size and typeT y 44.5 55.5 -z 1.5 1.5 . A , - , . I C, y z ; y . B-
.
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