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C++ Memory layout andProcess Image
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Sunday, July 21, 2013
C++ Memory layout and Process Image
The best way to learn a language is to speak it....so let speak C++
The diagram below shows the memory layout of a typical C’s process(Linux/Unix). The process load segments (corresponding to "text" and
"data" in the diagram) at the process's base address.1. The main stack is located just below and grows downwards. Any additional
threads or function calls that are created will have their own stacks,located below the main stack. Each of the stack frames is separated by aguard page to detect stack overflows among stacks frame.
2. The heap is located above the process and grows upwards.3. In the middle of the process's address space, there is a region is reserved
for shared objects. When a new process is created, the process managerfirst maps the two segments from the executable into memory. It thendecodes the program's ELF header. If the program header indicates thatthe executable was linked against a shared library, the process manager(PM) will extract the name of the dynamic interpreter from the programheader. The dynamic interpreter points to a shared library that containsthe runtime linker code.
4. The process manager will load this shared library in memory and will thenpass control to the runtime linker code in this library.
The Process (image)
A typical C’s process memory layout on an x86.
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The Memory Layout Illustration for C/C++ Program
What is ELF ?In computing, the Executable and Linkable Format (ELF, formerly calledExtensible Linking Format) is a common standard file format forexecutables, object code, shared libraries, and core dumps. First published in the System V Application Binary Interface specification,[1] and later in the Tool Interface Standard,[2] it was quickly acceptedamong different vendors of Unix systems. In 1999 it was chosen as the standard binary file format for Unix andUnixlike systems on x86 by the 86open project.ELF is flexible and extensible by design, and it is not bound to anyparticular processor or architecture.
An ELF file has two views: The program header shows the segments usedat runtime, whereas the section header lists the set of sections of thebinary.
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