C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. How to Draw Lewis Dot Structures (Demo)

How to Draw Lewis Dot Structures(Demo)

Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)

Step 1: Identify the central atom and draw the outer atoms around it.

Carbon is the central atom

Step 2: Connect each outer atom to the central atom using a dash.

Step 3: Count the total number of valence electrons.

H = 1 e-

C = 4 e-

H = 1 e-

C = 4 e-

N = 5 e-

H = 1 e-

C = 4 e-

+ N = 5 e-

H = 1 e-

C = 4 e-

+ N = 5 e-

H = 1 e-

C = 4 e-

+ N = 5 e-

Total = 10 e-

Step 4: Fill each outer atom with electrons such that the outer atoms obey the octet rule.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen full (2e- max for H)

Nitrogen

1 21 2

Nitrogen need 6 more

1 21 2

Nitrogen

1 23●1 2

Nitrogen

1 23 4● ●1 2

Nitrogen

1 23 4

● ●●1 2

Nitrogen

1 23 4

● ●●●

Nitrogen

1 23 4

● ●●●

Nitrogen

1 23 4

● ●●●

8 7●●

Step 5: Apply leftover electrons to the central atom.

CH N1 23 4

● ●●●

8 7●●

H = 1 e-

C = 4 e-

+ N = 5 e-

Total = 10 e-

CH N1 23 4

● ●●●

8 7●●

H = 1 e-

C = 4 e-

+ N = 5 e-

Total = 10 e-

used = 10 e-

CH N1 23 4

● ●●●

8 7●●

H = 1 e-

C = 4 e-

+ N = 5 e-

Total = 10 e-

- used = 10 e-

CH N1 23 4

● ●●●

8 7●●

H = 1 e-

C = 4 e-

+ N = 5 e-

Total = 10 e-

- used = 10 e-

CH N1 23 4

● ●●●

8 7●●

H = 1 e-

C = 4 e-

+ N = 5 e-

Total = 10 e-

- used = 10 e-

left = 0 e-

CH N1 23 4

● ●●●

8 7●●

H = 1 e-

C = 4 e-

+ N = 5 e-

Total = 10 e-

- used = 10 e-

left = 0 e-

No (zero) electron go on the central atom (C)

Step 6: Check each atom to see if the octet rule is obeyed.

CH N1 23 4

● ●●●

8 7●●

CH N1 23 4

● ●●●

8 7●●

We the electrons were assigned to the outer atoms, we made sure they obey the octet rule; therefore we need only check the central atom – carbon.

CH N● ●

●●

CH N● ●

●●

CH N● ●

●●

CH N● ●

●●

CH N● ●

●●

1 2 3 4

CH N● ●

●●

1 2 3 4

CH N● ●

●●

1 2 3 4

CH N● ●

●●

1 2 3 4

4 X – Does NOT obey the octet rule

Step 7: Move a pair of non-bonding (or lone pair) electrons from the outer atom to form a new bond with the central atom.

CH N● ●

●●

CH N● ●

●●

CH N● ●

●●

Check Octet Rule Again

CH N● ●

●●

CH N● ●

●●

CH N● ●

●●

CH N● ●

●●

1 2 3 4

CH N● ●

●●

1 2 3 4

CH N● ●

●●

1 2 3 4

CH N● ●

●●

1 2 3 4

CH N● ●

●●

1 2 3 4

CH N● ●

●●

1 2 3 4

6 X – Does NOT obey the octet rule

CH N● ●

●●

CH N● ●

●●

CH N ●●

Check Octet Rule Again

CH N ●●

4 bonds around carbon = 8 e-

+ 0 lone pair e- around carbon = 0 e-

valence electrons around carbon = 8 e-

CH N ●●

4 bonds around carbon = 8 e-

+ 0 lone pair e- around carbon = 0 e-

valence electrons around carbon = 8 e-

Octet rule is obeyed!

Step 8 & 9: Check and minimize formal charge on all atoms.

Step 8 & 9: Check and minimize formal charge on all atoms.F.C. = (normal # of valence e-) – (# non-bonding e- + ½ # of bonding e- )

CH N ●●

Atom Normal # of Valence

electrons

# of non-bonding electrons

# of bonding electrons

Formal Charge

CH N ●●

H = 1 - ( 0 + ½ (2) ) = 0

electrons

Formal Charge

CH N ●●

H = 1 - ( 0 + ½ (2) ) = 0 C = 4 - ( 0 + ½ (8) ) = 0

electrons

Formal Charge

CH N ●●

H = 1 - ( 0 + ½ (2) ) = 0 C = 4 - ( 0 + ½ (8) ) = 0 N = 5 - ( 2 + ½ (6) ) = 0

electrons

Formal Charge

CH N ●●

H = 1 - ( 0 + ½ (2) ) = 0 C = 4 - ( 0 + ½ (8) ) = 0 N = 5 - ( 2 + ½ (6) ) = 0

All Formal Charges Minimized!

electrons

Formal Charge

Final Structure

CH N ●●

Final Structure

CH N ●●

C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. How to Draw Lewis Dot Structures (Demo)

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