C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Invitation to Psychology, 5e...

C H A P T E R

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris

Body Rhythms and Mental States

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5Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris

Understanding biological rhythms

ConsciousnessAwareness of oneself and the environment

Biological rhythmsPeriodic, more or less regular fluctuations in a biological system; may or may not have psychological implications

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Endogenous biological rhythms

EndogenousGenerated from within

Circadian rhythmsOnce about every 24 hoursExample: the sleep-wake cycle

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5Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris

Circadian rhythms•Occur in animals, plants, and people.

•Studied by isolating volunteers from time cues.

•Regulated by hypothalamus by regulating melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland•Reset by light but not necessary

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Internal desynchronization

A state when biological rhythms are not in phase with each other

•Circadian rhythms are influenced by changes in routine.Ex. Airplane flights across time zones, Adjusting to new work shifts•Affected by illness, stress, fatigue, excitement, drugs, mealtimes, and daily experiences

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Moods and long-term rhythms

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)A controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring

Treatment involves phototherapy or exposure to fluorescent light. Antidepressants may be prescribed as well.

Evaluating the frequency of and treatment for SAD is difficult.

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Menstrual cycles and mood

•PMS and its more severe version Premenstrual dysphoric disorder PMDD•Physical symptoms are common Ex. Cramps, breast tenderness, and water retention

•Emotional symptoms are rareEx. Irritability and depression – However, fewer than 5% of women have symptoms predictably.

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Why women overestimate “PMS”

They notice depression or irritability when these moods occur premenstrually but overlook times when moods are absent premenstrually.

They attribute irritability before menstruation to PMS and irritability at other times to other causes.

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Learning objectives: The rhythms of sleep

5.5 – The stages of sleep

5.6 – How sleep gets disrupted and the consequences that result

5.7 – The mental benefits of sleep

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Realms of sleep

Stage 1. Feel self drifting on the edge of consciousness

Stage 2. Minor noises won’t disturb you; sleep spindles occur

Stage 3. Breathing and pulse have slowed down; delta waves occur

Stage 4. Deep sleep; most activity is delta waves

REM. Increased eye movement, loss of muscle tone, dreaming

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Why do we sleep?The exact function of sleep is unclear, but sleep appears to provide time for the body to carry out important functions.1.To eliminate waste products from muscles2.To repair cells3.To conserve and replenish energy stores4.To strengthen the immune system5.To recover abilities lost during the day

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Sleep disordersSleep deprivation leads to decreases in physical and mental functioning.

•Sleep apnea – stop breathing during sleep– 1 in 25 people (mostly overweight men)– Can repeat up to 400 times per night!– Wake up snorting so partner often complains

of loud snoring– Most don’t remember awakening

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• Night terrors – high arousal and physiological symptoms of terror during stage 4 sleep

- Heart rate and breathing rate double

• REM behavior disorder - A person acts out their dreams because REM-related muscle paralysis does not occur.

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• Insomnia – problems falling or staying asleep– People with insomnia tend to overestimate their

lack of sleep– Sleeping pills and alcohol reduce REM sleep

• Narcolepsy – uncontrollable sleep attacks– 1 in 2000 people– triggered by strong emotions– lapse into REM sleep with accompany muscular

paralysis

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• Other interesting sleep disorders –– Klein-Levin syndrome – sleep for days– Sleep-wake disorders – bodies run on 26 or

27 hour clock; fall asleep later each night– Hypnophobia – fear of going to sleep– Hypnalgia – dream pain

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Why we sleep?– Evolutionary psychology – sleep protects; better to be safe in

cave than vulnerable in dark– Physiological psychology – sleep frees up energy to restore

body and brain and allow for growth

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What is your experience?

Do you typically remember your dreams?

A.Yes

B.No

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What is your experience?

Have you ever died in a dream?

A. Yes

B. No

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What is your experience?Do you have a recurring dream?

A. Yes

B. No

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What is your experience?

Have you ever dreamed about doing something impossible (e.g., flying, playing music even though you can’t)?

A.Yes

B.No

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What is your experience?

Have you ever had a dream in which one person transformed into another?

A.Yes

B.No

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What is your experience?Do your dreams often contain

inconsistencies?

A. Yes

B. No

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What is your experience?

Have you ever dreamed about being attacked or pursued?

A.Yes

B.No

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What is your experience?Have you ever dreamed about acting violently or hurting another person?

A.Yes

B.No

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What is your experience?

Have you ever dreamed about arriving too late for something important?

A.Yes

B.No

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Dreams as unconscious wishesFreud concluded that dreams might provide insight into desires, motives, and conflicts of which we are unaware.

Manifest content includes aspects of the dream we consciously experience. Latent content includes unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized by the dream.

Not everything in dreams is symbolic.

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Dreams as reflections of current concerns

•Dreams may reflect ongoing conscious issues such as concerns over relationships, work, sex, or health.

•Dreams are more likely to contain material related to a person’s current concerns than chance would predict.

•Dreams may provide an opportunity for us to attempt to “solve” problems from our lives.

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Dreams as thinkingDreaming is similar to the activity we engage in when we are awake.

The difference is that the cerebral cortex is cut off from external stimulation.

Predicts that if we were awake, but cut off from external stimulation, our thoughts would have the same hallucinatory quality we experience in dreams!

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Dreams as interpreted brain activity

Activation-synthesis theoryDreaming results signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain.

At the same time, brain regions that handle logical thought and sensation from the external world are shut down.

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Evaluating dream theories

Psychoanalytic modelInterpretations are often far fetched

Problem-focused modelSkepticism about the ability to solve problems during sleep

Activation-synthesis modelDoes not explain coherent, story-like dreams or non-REM dreams

Cognitive modelSome specific claims remain to be tested

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HypnosisA procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject

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The nature of hypnosis•Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the person being hypnotized than on the skill of the hypnotist.•Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do things against their will.•Feats performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis.•Hypnosis doesn’t increase accuracy of memory.•Hypnosis doesn’t produce a literal re-experiencing of long-past events.

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When does hypnosis work?

•Hypnotic suggestions have been used effectively for medical and psychological purposes.Ex. pain management, quitting smoking

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Theories of hypnosisDissociation theories1. Hypnosis is a split in consciousness in which one part of the

mind operates independently of consciousness.2. During hypnosis, dissociation occurs between an executive

control system (probably in the frontal lobes) and other systems of thinking and acting.

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Sociocognitive theories1. Effects of hypnosis result from interaction between social

influence of the hypnotist and the beliefs and expectations of the subject.

2. Can explain “alien abduction” and “past-life regression”

Theories of hypnosis

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Classifying drugsPsychoactive drugSubstance capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior by changing the body’s biochemistry

TypesStimulants speed up activity in the CNS.Depressants slow down activity in the CNS.Opiates relieve pain.Psychedelic drugs disrupt normal thought processes.

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What do you think?Marijuana should be legalized.

A. Yes

B. No

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5Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris

What do you think?Should nicotine be made illegal?

A. Yes

B. No

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Physiology of drug effects

Psychoactive drugs work by acting on neurotransmitters. They can. . .•Increase or decrease the release of neurotransmitters

•Prevent the re-absorption of excess neurotransmitters by the cells that release them

•Block the effects of neurotransmitters on receiving cells

•Bind to receptors that would ordinarily be triggered by a neurotransmitter

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Cocaine’s effect on the brain

Blocks the brain’s reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, increasing the levels of these neurotransmitters.

Results in over-stimulation of certain brain circuits and a brief euphoric high.

When drug wears off, depletion of dopamine may cause user to “crash.”

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Psychology of drug effects

Reactions to psychoactive drugs depend on several factors.•The number of times a person has used a drug

•Physical factors such as body weight, metabolism, initial state of emotional arousal, and physical tolerance

•Environmental factors such as where and with whom one uses a drug

•Mental set or expectations of a drug’s effects and the reasons for taking it