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(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 1
LocalisationReinhard Schäler
www.gilc.info
www.localisation.iewww.tilponline.ie
Consortium for Training Translation Teachers (CTTT)in cooperation with the Intercultural Studies Group and the Department of Translation and Interpreting Studies at Bogazici University
Technology for Translation TeachersIstanbul, Turkey, 03 - 07 July 2006
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 2
Is this code valid?
char c;
//Get user input
If ((c>= ‘A’ && c<= ‘Z’) || (c>= ‘a’ && c<= ‘z’)) { //accept the input } else { //handle error case}
This is an English-specific way of checking for valid input.
This code would not work correctly in many non-English languages, including Danish.
In addition to 26 letters of English alphabet, Danish has three additional letters that appear after the letter z (æ ø, å).
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 3
Two internationalised and localised applicatoins
SpreadsheetOrganiser
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Objectives
Clarify common localisation concepts and reflect on commonly held believes about localisation
Analyse and localise a small software application
Discuss the implications of a changing localisation world for teaching and training
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 5
Localisation Workshop
SESSION I – Localisation
SESSION II - Characteristics
SESSION III – Tools and technologies
SESSION IV - Outlook
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 6
I18N - L10N – G11N
Internationalisation … the process of designing (or modifying) software so as to isolate
the linguistically and culturally dependent parts of an application … the development of a system that allows linguistic and cultural
adaptation supporting users working in different languages and cultures.
Localisation … the linguistic and cultural adaptation of a product to the
requirements of a foreign market. Globalisation
… a business strategy (not so much an activity) addressing the issues associated with taking a product to the global market.
Includes world-wide marketing, sales and support.
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Linguistic adaptation Translation of user interface and user assistance
Short turn-around time, often repetitive, always variety of digital formats
Translation of graphical user interface (GUI) Dialogues, menus, strings
Includes appropriate formats for Number, time, currency and measurements. These should
work if the product has been properly internationalised, but localisers have to make sure that they work and are used as defaults
Rendering, sorting, spelling, hyphenation. Users should be able to use their own script and process information in other languages without the loss or corruption of data. Again this should work ‘out of the box’ if properly internationalised.
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Cultural adaptation Folklore and stories
El Dorado, Red Riding Hood, The Holy Grail Songs and references
Songs that teach counting or the alphabet References (yellow school bus or the Acropolis), maps, images
Religion Images of Holy Mary and Jesus; references to gender in bible
translations; feast days (‘Sun’-Day; Christmas) History
The Diaries of Columbus, a distinctly European view of the New World
The second world war Sales and marketing
Drinks (Coca-Cola, Guinness: Irish/Nigerian), food (Chinese restaurants; McDonalds), cars
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Hofstedde
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Localisation strategiesStrategy
Product Function or
need satisfied
Conditions of product use
Ability to buy product
Recommended communications
strategy
Rank order from least to
most expensive
Product examples
1 Same Same Yes Extension 1 Soft drinks
2 Different Same Yes Extension 2 Bicycles, motor scooters
3 Same Different Yes Adaptation 3 Gasoline, detergents
4 Different Different Yes Adaptation 4 Clothing, greeting cards
5 Same - No Develop new communication
5Hand-powered
washing machines
Extension – same approach as in home marketAdaptation – requires some changes to fit the new market requirements
Invention – an entirely new approach is required
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South AmericanSouth AmericanEuropeanEuropeanEgyptianEgyptian
Examples of early L10N?
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GermanGerman DutchDutch FrenchFrench
Examples of modern L10N?
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Is McDonald’s localised?
USA Beef burgers and freedom fries
Spain Salads and outside chairs/tables
Greece Lamb burgers and feta cheese
India No beef; no animal fat
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Why many definitions have to be refined Localisation is not the adaptation of any service or product Clearly differentiate localisation from
Mainstream translation Global marketing Graphic design, printing Film / radio production
Take account of Move from localisation of software applications to more general digital content as
traditional publishing industries (film, printing, recording) converge in the digital world.
Applications Websites Games Courseware eGovernmet, eHealth
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It is localisation
If the material to be adapted is digital
because this determines
the process (analysis, pre-processing, translation automation, testing, engineering)
the tools and technologies the release and distribution
this determines the challenges specific to localisation, including
file formats (huge variety, ever growing number) encoding, fonts, rendering (dependent on standards; sometimes
difficult to implement; not always available) user interface space restrictions context (or lack thereof) and visual translation environment
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 16
Definition – refined …
… the linguistic and cultural adaptation of
digital content to the requirements of a foreign market.
… the provision of services and technologies for the
management of multilinguality across the digital,
global information flow.
[… the commoditisation of translation services.]
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The rationaleThree underlying principles of current localisation efforts
Motivation: Increase return on investment (ROI) Adapt an already developed product superficially to the requirements of
foreign markets - with a minimum effort Then sell it into these new markets for a similar price as the original product:
there is no easier way to make money
Use globally acceptable content (LCD / I18N) Develop products using the lowest common denominator (LCD);
the out-of-the-box product should not offend anyone Use recognisable colours, symbols, sound and signs Less adaptation = higher potential earnings Reduce the localisation effort to translation Good for revenues, but bad for diversity and the information and
entertainment value of the product and/or service
Re-use (leverage) as much as possible (L10N) Process as much as possible – translate as little as possible;
reuse previous translations Limit changes to an absolute minimum (eliminate snowball effect) Recycling of translations is good for business, but bad for living languages
(and the people using them)
Localisation is a success if the people buying a product or paying for a service believe that it has been developed for them, in their country – although this was not
the case.
TM
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 19
When is localisation successful?
When products and services have been linguistically and culturally
adaptated to the point that…
users do not notice that the product or service they are using was
developed in a different country for a different target group
Localisation…
is the linguistic and cultural adaptation with the aim to produce digital
products and services for which the country of origin can no longer be
traced
removes the last barrier to the equal and inclusive information society:
linguistic and cultural diversity
Measure of success
I believe it’s mine, you believe it’s yours (and underneath it is all the same)
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Stop a moment and reflect
Do we want to preserve diversity (of languages and cultures) while at
the same time removing the last barrier for the equal and inclusive
information society (linguistic and cultural diversity)?
Does the creation of products that use globally acceptable content
preserve linguistic and cultural diversity?
What is the effect of the use of Translation Memories on a language
over time?
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 21
Alternative strategies
Development localisationSocial, political, cultural and long-term investment reasons to localise
Social reasons Bridging the social divide
Political reasons Access to information
Cultural reasons Survival of languages and cultures
Long-term investment market penetration, access to millions of
potential users, competition
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 22
Exercise I
Open Calendar application and familiarise yourself with it
How should this calendar application be localised and what are the issues?
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Localisation Workshop
SESSION I - LocalisationL10N, I18N & G11N
Why localise?Development Localisation
SESSION II - Characteristics
SESSION III - Tools and technologies
SESSION IV - Outlook
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Characteristics
SESSION I - Localisation
SESSION II – Characteristics
SESSION III – Tools and technologies
SESSION IV - Outlook
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Localisation
300,000300,000How are products localised and how much does it cost?
Projectplanning and
analysis
Vendorselection
Translationkit
preparation
Translationand
editing
Softwareengineering and
testingRelease
Post M
orte
m
Financial project management
Project schedule
price/word (translation: doc., online, software)price/time (engineering, testing, screen dumps)price/item (graphics, DTP)percentage (project management)
Cost HierarchyTranslation
TestingEngineering
Project Management
OriginalProduct
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 26
Localisation
300,000300,000How are products localised and how much does it cost?
Projectplanning and
analysis
Vendorselection
Translationkit
preparation
Translationand
editing
Softwareengineering and
testingRelease
Post M
orte
m
Financial project management
Project schedule
price/word (translation: doc., online, software)price/time (engineering, testing, screen dumps)price/item (graphics, DTP)percentage (project management)
Cost HierarchyTranslation
TestingEngineering
Project Management
OriginalProduct
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 27
Examples
Websites: PeopleSoft
Applications: Oracle
Content: Bosch
Frequent updates of online information
10 languages, 24 websitesThousands of pages in synch with
English source content
4m wordcount software strings30 languages simultaneous
release13k localisable files
Localisation group: 5,000 people
150.000 terms, 23 languages250.000 requests per month
Simultaneous update and access
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 28
Examples
Websites: PeopleSoft
Applications: Oracle
Content: Bosch
Frequent updates of online information
10 languages, 24 websitesThousands of pages in synch with
English source content
4m wordcount software strings30 languages simultaneous
release13k localisable files
Localisation group: 5,000 people
150.000 terms, 23 languages250.000 requests per month
Simultaneous update and access
Fundamental problemsIdentification of translatable strings (large variety of file formats)
The invisible target (<visual> editors)
The screen as the medium of delivery (restrictions)
Process and cascading value chain (cost, quality)
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 29
How to access the content
Content? Clients do not always know where the translatables are
Clients do not necessarily tell you what has been updated
Clients do not always have appropriate editors for all types of files to access content (in a visual environment)
How does it all come together Context, space, concatenation
File (menu)
File (dialog)
File (error message)
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Question: What went wrong?One minute check
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Identification of translatable strings (Win32)
Working with resource files Create resource source
file (.RC) text file, contains all the
string resources Specific syntax (Windows
Software Development Kit, MSDN)
Associate identifier (ID) with each resource
Reference each ID in your code
Use resource compiler, e.g. Rc.exe, to convert resource source file into resource file (.RES)
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 32
Example: QSv21.RC - Menu
IDR_MAINFRAME MENU BEGIN POPUP "&File" BEGIN MENUITEM SEPARATOR MENUITEM "Recent File", ID_FILE_MRU_FILE1, GRAYED MENUITEM SEPARATOR MENUITEM "E&xit", ID_APP_EXIT END POPUP "&View" BEGIN MENUITEM "&Toolbar", ID_VIEW_TOOLBAR MENUITEM "&Status Bar", ID_VIEW_STATUS_BAR MENUITEM "Op&tions", ID_VIEW_OPTIONS END POPUP "&Help" BEGIN MENUITEM "&Help Topics", ID_HELP_FINDER MENUITEM SEPARATOR MENUITEM "&About QSv21...", ID_APP_ABOUT ENDEND
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 33
The invisible target
Different file formats.ini File
[DAYS]1="M"2="T"3="W"4="T"5="F"6="S"7="S"[MONTHS]1="JANUARY"2="FEBRUARY"3="MARCH"4="APRIL"5="MAY"6="JUNE" 7="JULY"8="AUGUST"9="SEPTEMBER"10="OCTOBER"11="NOVEMBER"12="DECEMBER"
.txt file
$^%interface%^$&^%options%^*&^%STD3%^*(^%TXT4%^**^%rows%^**^%cols%^*$^%interface%^$&^%options%^*&^%STD3%^*(^%TXT4%^*$^%interface2%^$&^%options4%^*&^%STD3%^*(^%TXT7%^*
.XML file
<?xml version="1.0"?> <!-- File Name: XslDemo.xml --> <INVENTORY> <BOOK> <TITLE>The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</TITLE> <AUTHOR> <FIRSTNAME>Mark</FIRSTNAME> <LASTNAME>Twain</LASTNAME> </AUTHOR> <BINDING>mass market paperback</BINDING> <PAGES>298</PAGES> </BOOK> <BOOK> <TITLE>The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</TITLE> <AUTHOR> <FIRSTNAME>Mark</FIRSTNAME> <LASTNAME>Twain</LASTNAME> </AUTHOR> <BINDING>mass market paperback</BINDING> <PAGES>205</PAGES> </BOOK>
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 34
The screen as medium
Type of devices and screens PC screens Mobile devices (phones, MP3/4 players, personal organisers) Photocopy machines
Modes of display Line moving (‘news ticker’) Scrolling (windows-like scroll bars) Fixed
Restrictions Size and layout Memory/Storage Capacity Power Processor Screen Size & Orientation Input Methods
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 35
First mobile
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Today’s devices
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 37
Deae Minervae coh(ors) II Tungrorum mil(liaria) eq(uitata) c(ivium) L(atinorum) cui praeest C(aius) Sil(vinus) Auspex praefectus
To the goddess Minerva, the second (partly) equestrian cohort of the Tungrians with one thousand men, citizens of Latin rights, Caius Silvius Auspex (dedicated this altar) when he was prefect of the same.
Roman stones
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 38
In h(onorem) d(omus) d(ivinae) Genio [s]enturiae Satton[i]us Aeneas (centurio) po(suit).
In honour of the divine house. To the genius of the company, the centurion Sattonius Aeneas erected (this statue).
erased stonelapis deleticius
(former inscription highlighted in red)
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 39
Iranian Museum of Ancient Art
Different scriptsand languages
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Cascading supply chainpromotes commoditisation and exchange-value system
MLVSLV
BrokerTranslator
Client170%
100%
30%
300%Project Mgmt
Quality AssuranceProcurementFile Handling
Exchange-valuedetermined by market conditionscould add additional percentage
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 41
Exercise II
Insert source material into a GUI localisation tool
.exe, .txt, .ini, .xml
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 42
Localisation Workshop
SESSION I - Localisation
SESSION II – CharacteristicsIdentification of translatable strings (large variety of file formats)
The invisible target (<visual> editors) and the screen as the medium Complex, international process and cascading value chain
SESSION III – Tools and technologies
SESSION IV - Outlook
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 43
Localisation Workshop
SESSION I - Localisation
SESSION II – Characteristics
SESSION III – Tools and technologies (GUI)
SESSION IV - Outlook
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 44
GUI localisation technology Main characteristics of tools
Easy access to strings (in a visual environmnet, with restrictions) Edit executables (no need to recompile -> much less testing) Different editors for different resources (menus, dialogs, messages),
platforms (Win32, .NET, Java) and file types Cover standard file formats Supply standard editors, development of specific editors possible
Fixing problems: testing and engineering File analysis, preparation and localisation (pre-translation, leveraging) Identification of common localisation problems Allow easy-fix without recompilation
Project management Examples
Alchemy Catalyst, Passolo, Multilizer, RCWintrans, SDL - Suite
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 45
GUI localisation technology Main characteristics of tools
Easy access to strings (in a visual environmnet, with restrictions) Edit executables (no need to recompile -> much less testing) Different editors for different resources (menus, dialogs, messages),
platforms (Win32, .NET, Java) and file types Cover standard file formats Supply standard editors, development of specific editors possible
Fixing problems: testing and engineering File analysis, preparation and localisation (pre-translation, leveraging) Identification of common localisation problems Allow easy-fix without recompilation
Project management Examples
Alchemy Catalyst, Passolo, Multilizer, RCWintrans, SDL - Suite
Why are these tools and
technologies different from
those used for the translation of
help and documentation?
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 46
Directly edit compiled files
Dramatically reduces the need for (re-)testing Ease of use, less technical More accessible to translators Large variety of in-built functionality
Translators (visual editor, translation memory, leveraging) Engineers (text extraction and preparation) Testers (duplicate/missing/inconsistent hotkeys, truncation) Project Managers (scheduling, progress report)
(Partially) integrate the roles of translator, localisation engineer, tester and project manager
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 47
Workflow Identity files to be translated Insert into translation environment Pseudo translate Prepare
Parse Pre-translate (leverage from previous versions, use
glossaries/TMs) Add comments, protect non-translatables, implement
restrictions (e.g. on length) Chunk – prepare and export translator-specific sections
Translate – check – fix Import sections translated by individual translators
Extract
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 48
Insert resource into a L10N environment
GUI localisation platforms do not allow you to edit files directly
Files are first imported into a tool-specific file format
Specific editors handle different types of resources (menu, dialog, messages)
Visual editing support is generally only available for Win32 and .NET content BUT – what you see is NOT what you get
(WYSINWYG), it is only an approximation
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 49
Prepare source for L10N Pre-translation
Restrictions? Messages can have length restrictions
Untranslatables? Certain strings should not be translated and can be marked as
such Company names, catch phrases
Strings which are not part of the visible interface
Strings which are expected by the programme
Creation of translation kits
Dealing with ‘unusual’ file formats Many tools allow the creation of custom editors
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 50
Determine the size of the project
Evaluate the size of project Number of words Number and type of dialogs
Simple Complex
Identify linguistic resources (TM) Previously translated versions Terminology / glossaries / translation memories
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 51
Pseudo translation
Estimate the effect ‘localisation’ will have on the
interface
In the localisation environment
Layout
In the running application
Layout (dynamic resources)
Functionality
Character encoding issues
Non-translatables?
Hard-coded strings?
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 52
Detect and fix problems
Layout Can be done within localisation environment
CAUTION: what the tool displays as the GUI is NOT the GUI users will see – it is an approximation!
Functionality Duplicate, missing hotkeys
Links
Amend translation guidelines Maximum length of strings
Untranslatables
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 53
Localise
Translate, check and fix common localisation problems
Create target file by extracting the material from the tool’s internal file
Report I18N problems Graphic images Character encoding Hard-coded strings Untranslatables (translation of strings causes
performance problems) DO NOT fix I18N problems
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 54
Exercise III
Pseudo translate the application
Identify and fix problems
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 55
Localisation Workshop
SESSION I - Localisation
SESSION II – Characteristics
SESSION III – Tools and technologiesAccess translatable resources
Check effects (expansion, char sets etc.)
Fix problems
SESSION IV – Outlook
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 56
Localisation Workshop
SESSION I - Localisation
SESSION II – Characteristics
SESSION III - Tools and technologies
SESSION IV - Outlook
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 57
Localisation Workshop
2 worlds of L10NThe L10N factory
Localisation Community Initiatives
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 58
Localisation is processingLarge scale – high end
Scenarios Large amount of data Highly repetitive content Large number of updates
Pre-processing Automatic testing
Constant release (no traditional release cycles Large number of (small) files Complex supply chain
Requires Standard tools and processes Sophisticated tools and technologies
Leveraging Testing Project management Distribution and workflow control
1
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 59
Localisation is translationSmall scale – low end
Working with sections that could not be pre-processed Translation Editing Re-sizing Testing
Requires translation tools and technologies for individual translators Terminology databases Shared Translation Memories Visual editors Automated testing Basic project management functions
2
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 60
Implications for teaching and research
Specialised translation Translation schools Working with existing tools and technologies
Training Evaluation
Specialised engineering Computing schools Standards and interoperability of tools, technologies and
resources Process automation
Development of tools and technologies Integrated development environment with plug-ins
Design and development guidelines for international digital content
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Case study Current throughput: 100,000
language check-ins per month 2 million files per month 98% of words leverage Average time to process a file:
45 seconds Fully scalable “add-a-box
model” Simship of all 30 languages International version testing
before US release Reduced no. of release
engineers (20->2) resulting in US$20m saving per year
Positive ROI within 1 year
Project constraints4m wordcount software strings30 languages simultaneous
release13k localisable filesLocalisation group in Dublin;
5,000 people world-wide distributed development team
Objectives24/7, 100% automated process – no
exceptionsTranslation in parallel with
developmentTranslation begins at code check-inTranslation “on demand” – no more
“big project” model
The Setting
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 62
Standards: the automated localisation processusing standard automation procedures and tools
not much different from those used in a manufacturing environment
DevelopmentTeam
Original LanguageVersion Store
¦--- store contents¦--- maintain contents¦--- <CMS>
LSPLocalised Language
Version Store
Development
TranslationLocalisation
Kit Prep.Testing andEngineering
Content Markup
Content Transfer
Pu
blish
ing
Pla
tform
ProductDesign Team
LSP TranslationLocalisation
Kit Prep.Testing andEngineering
LSP TranslationLocalisation
Kit Prep.Testing andEngineeringTranslation
LocalisationKit Prep.
Testing andEngineering
TranslationLocalisation
Kit Prep.Testing andEngineering
TranslationDevelopment
{Passolo, Catalyst, Multilizer, RCWinTrans}{TRADOS, SDLX, TRANSIT}
Two dimensional interoperability vector
Objective: achieve interoperability in (1) content markup/capture of localisable data and (2) content transfer
between and within different stages of the localisation process without loss and (almost) no human intervention.
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 63
IGNITEIGNITELinguistic Resources
Language data Tools StandardDigital content source/target
TerminologiesTranslation memories
Terminology DBsTM systemsUI editors
OASISISOUnicode
Exam
ple
s
Performance analysis
IGNITEConsortium
IGNITEContact Group
Ph
ase I
Ph
ase I
IP
hase I
II
Linguistic Resources
Language data Tools StandardDigital content source/target
TerminologiesTranslation memories
Terminology DBsTM systemsUI editors
OASISISOUnicode
Exam
ple
s
Linguistic Resources
Language data Tools StandardsDigital content source/target
TerminologiesTranslation memories
Terminology DBsTM systemsUI editors
OASISISOUnicodeW3C
Exam
ple
s
Localisation Process EnvironmentState-of-the-art technologies and process environent
IGNITEConsortium
IGNITEContact Group
Ph
ase I
Ph
ase I
IP
hase I
II
L i n g u i s t i c R e s o u r c e s S u p p o r t N e t w o r k
Performance analysisStandard verification and enhancement
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 64
Kofi Annan
The new information and communications technologies
are among the driving forces of globalisation. They are
bringing people together, and bringing decision makers
unprecedented new tools for development. At the same
time, however, the gap between information "haves"
and "have-nots" is widening, and there is a real danger
that the world's poor will be excluded from the
emerging knowledge-based global economy.
http://www.unicttaskforce.org/sg_challenge.html
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 65
GILC2005 – the year of…
Supporting local computing across geographical, political, social and economic divides
Building, on existing frameworks, the infrastructure for regional initiatives to coordinate, pool resources, raise awareness, and communicate on a
global level
Removing myths around localisation, dealing with real needs and requirements in an imaginative, inspired and creative way
Creating a framework for just and balanced localisation activities
Localisation is not an option – it is a fundamental right
Launch date: 13-14 September 2005
Creating the accessible framework for localisation
www.gilc.info
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 66
The Institute of Localisation Professionals (TILP)
Certified Localisation Professional (CLP) Programme Accreditation of course providers Certification of individuals
Localisation Teaching, Training and Research Network (LttN) Join and help to develop
The Localisation Technology Laboratory and Showcase (LOTS) Satellites
Ask the Expert Sessions Offer Host
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 67
Localisation Workshop
SESSION I - Localisation
SESSION II – Characteristics
SESSION III – Tools and technologies
SESSION IV – Outlook2 worlds of L10NThe L10N factory
Localisation Community Initiatives
(c) 2006 Localisation Research Centre 68
Thank you!
www.localisation.iewww.electonline.org
www.gilc.infowww.tilponline.org
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