By Satyadhar Joshi shivgan3@yahoo.com How to Excel AWA, bringing the research simplified to the...
Preview:
Citation preview
- Slide 1
- By Satyadhar Joshi shivgan3@yahoo.com How to Excel AWA,
bringing the research simplified to the students of GMAT, GRE &
TOEFL http://www.freegregmatclass.com/
http://onlineclasses.nanotechbiz.org/
- Slide 2
- Contents of Plan What is E rater How to optimize you score
Research on the structure of e rater Basic errors of grammar
derived from GMAT Minimizing errors using critical reading of your
own essay Building basic Pre-knowledge Sample Essays Conclusion
www.ets.org/Media/Tests/GRE/pdf/awintro.pdf
http://www.ets.org/research/capabilities/automated_scoring
- Slide 3
- Scoring Graph for GRE
http://www.powerscore.com/gre/help/scoringscale.cfm
- Slide 4
- Three Domains 1. E-Rater 2. Grammar and Punctuations 3. Extra
Idioms and examples
- Slide 5
- Nova GRE AW is similar to GMAT Grammar Punctuations Usage 1.
Pronoun Errors 2. Subject Verb Agreement 3. Misplaced Modifiers 4.
Faulty Parallelism 5. Faulty verb tense 6. Idioms
- Slide 6
- Punctuations (you need to know) Commas Semi colons Dashes
Apostrophes Sentence fragmentation Run on Sentence
- Slide 7
- Usages Examples Pronoun Error Subject verb agreement Misplaced
modifiers Faulty parallelism Faulty verb tense Faulty Idiom
- Slide 8
- Misplaced modifiers
- Slide 9
- Introduction to E-rater (GRE-GMAT) Its a software developed by
ETS It is used to rate Essays Very sophisticated techniques used
The E-rater favors transitional words 1. Ordinal numbers that
introduce examples or reasons: first, second, third, first of all,
etc. 2. Transitional words that relate each sentence to other:
since, because, therefore, thus, etc. 3. Mood words that indicate
the author's position: fail, ignore, overestimate, underestimate,
exaggerate, misrepresent, overlook, etc. 4. Counter-evidence
indicators: actually, despite, admittedly, except, even though,
nonetheless, nevertheless, although, however, in spite of, do,
does, may, might, etc.
- Slide 10
- Some experts advice that: (i) to use transitional words (ii) to
include a topic sentence in every paragraph (iii) that the e-rater
is very sensitive to spelling and grammatical mistakes (contrary to
the real GRE) and (iv) is not sensitive at all to the intuition of
your writing and to the organization of your essay (e.g. the
e-rater never identified my main point). Taking all these into
consideration I took one more test and guess what.... 6/6 although
my ideas where a little bid stupid, my examples where out of place
and the e-rater did not identify any main idea in my essays. Just I
had to take care to give a LENGTHY and free of mistakes essay.
- Slide 11
- Length First note that your essay will be graded by an e-rater,
which is software that checks your essay for structural keywords
and overall organization. Then it will be graded by a human grader
who has about 2 minutes to read each essay. According to Princeton
Review "Cracking the GMAT," more length is better to get a high
score from the e-rater (software that ). However 800score suggests
that going on and on will irritate the human grader. I have read in
a number of places that 300-500 words is a good length.
- Slide 12
- Criterion (ETS) The Criterion Online Writing Evaluation service
provides instructors and students with reliable evaluations of
English- language essays. It delivers immediate score reporting and
diagnostic feedback that students can use to revise and resubmit
their essays. Instructors can use their own topics or select from
the Criterion topic library of more than 400 essay assignments at
various skill levels. http://www.ets.org/criterion
- Slide 13
- Controversial Areas pertaining to Essay Human vs. Machine It
does not assess specific content knowledge ETS
Essay-Similarity-Detection Software
http://www.ets.org/Media/Tests/GRE/pdf/awintro.pdf
- Slide 14
- Essay writing has these basic functions Grammar Content
(Examples related to the essay) Critical Reasoning Idioms
Punctuation Triggering words Arguments and counter arguments
- Slide 15
- ETS says:
- Slide 16
- EST further says:
- Slide 17
- Evaluating Multiple Aspects of Coherence in Student Essays
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology-new/N/N04/N04-1024.pdf
- Slide 18
- Exploring the Feedback and Revision Features of Criterion Yigal
Attali ETS, Princeton, NJ Paper presented at the National Council
on Measurement in Education Summary Relation of length to grade
Critique, is comprised of a suite of programs that evaluates and
provides feedback for errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics,
identifies the essays discourse structure, and recognizes
undesirable stylistic features The writing analysis tools identify
five main types of grammar, usage, and mechanics errors agreement
errors, verb formation errors, wrong word use, missing punctuation,
and typographical errors.
http://www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/erater_NCME_2004_Attali_B.pdf
- Slide 19
- Types of error
http://www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/erater_NCME_2004_Attali_B.pdf
- Slide 20
- Grammar Errors
http://www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/erater_NCME_2004_Attali_B.pdf
- Slide 21
- Three main errors in Grammar Be very careful about fragmented
sentences. Possessive errors of vs. s Subject Very Agreement
Garbled sentences
- Slide 22
- Usage Errors in Essay
- Slide 23
- Style Errors
- Slide 24
- Devastating errors Below are the ranking of most costly errors
which can take your score down: 1. Garbled sentences 2. Repetition
of words 3. Missing Apostrophe 4. Fused Words 5. Capital Nouns 6.
Inappropriate use of words or phases
- Slide 25
- Garbled Words I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty
unesdnatnrd waht I was rdgnieg>The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan
mnid aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at > Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it
deosn't mattaer in whaht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny
iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit
pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it
wouthit a porbelm.
- Slide 26
- Framing of Paragraph First and last lines are important
Conveying words are important use all of them Idioms are important
Paragraphs should have sentences of good length Writing strategy
must includes an introductory paragraph, at least a three-paragraph
body with each paragraph in the body consisting of a pair of main
point and supporting idea elements, and a concluding paragraph.
Missing elements could include supporting ideas for up to the three
expected main points or a missing introduction, conclusion, or main
point. On the other hand, identification of main points beyond the
minimum three would not contribute to the score.
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Using pre-knowledge Examples are important One area of each
examples that the E-rater understand
- Slide 29
- Idioms Lexicon complexity is an important parameter, use as
many good words as possible Book: Chandresh Agrawal, CAT Priyanka
Prakshan
- Slide 30
- Punctuations One of the most important area of Essays Comma
(series, introduction, clauses, interjections, conjunction) Use of
comma with transition words Helps in avoided choppy sentences Semi
Colons: To join two independent clauses, to separate items in
series Page 508 of Book: Novas GRE
- Slide 31
- Style Transition Figurative language Dictions
- Slide 32
- Arsenals for cases & Examples Science Philosophy Arts
Politics
- Slide 33
- Pre-knowledge on USA Areas to Quote examples in Essay can be:
American freedom History:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States George
Washington ( the first president of USA), current Barack Obama
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington Abraham Lincoln
served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861
until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led the
country through the American Civil War, and ended slavery.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln Martin Luther King,
Jr. was an American clergyman, leader in the African American civil
rights movement. Worked for civil rights in the United States and
around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings
of Mahatma Gandhi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr
- Slide 34
- Scientist Thomas Alva Edison (American; Bulb, camera, etc)
Sergey M. Brin & Lawrence E. Page(Google)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton (English)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan Genetics and
evolution are most topics: Charles Darwin Big Bang
- Slide 35
- Artists Michelangelo (Italy)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Pablo Picasso (France)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso Leonardo da Vinci
(Italy) Painter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Rockwell
- Slide 36
- Politics & Wars http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Benito Mussolini (World
War 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Teresa World is Flat: Thomas
FriedmanThomas Friedman
- Slide 37
- Economics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_yuan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol World Bank and
International Monetary Fund
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Buffett
- Slide 38
- Sample Essay Content "Societies should try to save every plant
and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort,
time, and financial well-being. PETA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Tre
atment_of_Animals Kyoto Protocol Global Warming & Carbon Tax
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nat ure WWF
Framing/ Grammar/ Punctuations / etc will reduce marks
- Slide 39
- GRE Analytical Writing ISSUE Essay Topic 72 (ETS) "The true
value of a civilization is reflected in its artistic creations
rather than in its scientific accomplishments. All planning will
help you
- Slide 40
- A few of GRE Analytical Writing ISSUES & Essay Topics
(source ETS) "Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers
seriously, even when they claim to admire them. "The best ideas
arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things." "It is
more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social
problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help
future generations. "A nation should require all its students to
study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather
than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine
which academic courses to offer. "The most effective way to
understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its
youth. When someone achieves greatness in any field such as the
arts, science, politics, or business that persons achievements are
more important than any of his or her personal faults.
http://www.testpreppractice.net/GRE/awa-samples/gre-awa-essay-samples.html
- Slide 41
- More topics It is necessary for everyone to read poetry,
novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature.
Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years
that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars
can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use.
Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the
financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is
primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are
preserved and generated. All nations should help support the
development of a global university designed to engage students in
the process of solving the world's most persistent social
problems.
- Slide 42
- The Argument Essay Argument in the official test bank contains
3-5 major logical fallacies 1. Drawing an unfair analogy (ignoring
relevant dissimilarities between two things when comparing them) 2.
Generalizing from particulars (relying on a small number of
particular cases too small to reach a reliable general conclusion)
3. Confusing chronology with causation (because one event occurs
after another, the earlier event caused the later event) Go for
breadth, not depth. 1. what additional information is needed to
better evaluate the argument, and/or 2. what additional evidence
(facts) would serve to strengthen the argument.
http://majortests.com/gre/argument.php
- Slide 43
- Argument (GRE Barrons) Identify claims Question the claims
Write body And introduction and summary at the last Re Read and
revise
- Slide 44
- Inductive vs Deductive Logic Generalization Analogy Causal
Reasoning
- Slide 45
- Logical Fallacies Contradiction Equivocation Circular Reasoning
Shifting the Burdon of Proof Unwarranted assumption Appeal to
authority Personal Attack True but irrelevant
- Slide 46
- Structure Restate Assumption Never address Omits important
evidence Conclusion
- Slide 47
- Support Signaling words For example For instance Let me
illustrate Such as Additional reason Additionally Also Furthermore
In Addition Likewise Moreover
- Slide 48
- Contrast Signaling words Although But Despite Even though
Except However In Contrast In Spite of Nevertheless On the contrary
On the other hand Rather than
- Slide 49
- Cause and effect signal words Accordingly Consequently For this
reason In conclusion So.. That In summary
- Slide 50
- Arguments All the arguments will be seriously flawed. You will
lose marks if you do not identify the major faults. The main
categories of logical error that you should be able to spot are:
Generalizations 1. Problems with surveys and statistics 2. False
causes 3. False analogies 4. Hidden assumptions 5. Inadequate
authority
- Slide 51
- Common logical fallacies Inductive fallacies Hasty generations
Unrepresented facts
- Slide 52
- Reasoning Flaws (Logical Fallacies) Confused Cause and Effect
reasoning Weak correlation Temporary and time being effect ie with
time things have remained the same Weak analogy Unrepresentative
statistical sample Tainted sources Certain condition is necessary
for certain output Certain things apply to each group vs apply from
one to all
- Slide 53
- Essay analysis: Brain storming Prons and Cons
- Slide 54
- Use scratch paper Yes that is another arrow in the quiver
- Slide 55
- Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and
the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated. It is
true that many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws,
as moral behavior is something for which a person has to be
responsible himself. Although there are some problems that can be
solved by laws, other problems like moral behavior have to be
solved by the persons themselves. It is a persons responsibility to
judge his behavior and follow the rules formed for the welfare of
the society. Law cannot punish every person for his or her
behavior. For example, to save water or not to waste water is the
moral responsibility of every member of a society. Any law cannot
punish an individual for such behavior. In the first look, it does
not seem to be a big harm to the society but in the end, he is
wasting a precious thing. Similarly, the behaviors like throwing
plastic in public or spitting in public places is certainly not
good behavior. Laws can do little to stop these behaviors. However,
there are countries where there are laws to punish a person who
does not behave properly in public places. Similarly, with the
invention of internet, there are more and more of cyber crimes
where it is difficult to find a witness. A person can easily hide
his identity, his name, sex, address on the internet. Hence, it
becomes very difficult for law to punish the criminal. Although now
a days, lawmakers have also found the ways to identify these
persons. However, here again, moral behavior can play a role in
reducing these kind of crimes. However, we cannot underestimate the
importance of laws in our life. We need laws to protect ourselves
and punish those who harm the society. Law helps in balancing the
society to be more harmonious and peaceful. Although moral behavior
cannot be legislated, thorough enforcement of a few laws can help
to solve social problems to some extent. Laws teach people many
things about moral behavior and force them to follow those rules.
If everyone conforms to laws, it would be very easy for everyone to
get rid of social problems. Still, there are people who find it
difficult to follow the laws. Then for these types of people, there
should be strict punishments. Otherwise, it will be very difficult
to live in the society. Only enactment of stringent laws can
protect everyone in the society from the problems caused by the
non-moral behavior of a few persons. To make our society, we have
to instill good values in the society at the school and college
levels. It will help to teach the students a subject related to
moral behavior in their schools and colleges. This will help in
reducing problems related to moral behavior. Hence, although moral
behavior cannot be legislated, laws have to be there to curb the
problems arising out of immoral behavior. The society and laws have
to work hand-in-hand to solve the problems of the modern society
and to make our society peaceful.
- Slide 56
- Publication Referred Tetreault, J. & Chodorow, M. (2008).
The ups and downs of prepositional error detection in ESL writing
(PDF). In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on
Computational Linguistics (pp. 865- 872). Manchester, UK: COLING
2008 Organizing Committee.The ups and downs of prepositional error
detection in ESL writing (PDF) Tetreault, J., & Chodorow, M.
(2008, August). Native judgments of non-native usage: Experiments
in preposition error detection (PDF). In COLING 2008: Proceedings
of the workshop on Human Judgements in Computational Linguistics
(pp. 24-32). Manchester, UK: COLING 2008 Organizing
Committee.Native judgments of non-native usage: Experiments in
preposition error detection (PDF) Chodorow, M., Tetreault, J.,
& Han, N-R. (2007). Detection of grammatical errors involving
prepositions (PDF). In Proceedings of the Fourth ACL-SIGSEM
Workshop on Prepositions (pp. 25-30). Prague, Czech Republic:
Association for Computational Linguistics.Detection of grammatical
errors involving prepositions (PDF) Higgins, D., & Burstein, J.
(2006). Sentence similarity measures for essay coherence (PDF). In
Proceedings of the seventh international workshop on computational
semantics (IWCS-7), Tilburg, The Netherlands.Sentence similarity
measures for essay coherence (PDF) Burstein, J., & Higgins, D.
(2005). Advanced capabilities for evaluating student writing:
Detecting off-topic essays without topic-specific training (PDF).
In Proceedings of the international conference on artificial
intelligence in Education, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Advanced
capabilities for evaluating student writing: Detecting off-topic
essays without topic-specific training (PDF) Attali, Y. (2004,
April). Exploring the feedback and revision features of Criterion
(PDF). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National
Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA.Exploring the
feedback and revision features of Criterion (PDF)
- Slide 57
- Publication Referred continued Han, N-R., Chodorow, M., &
Leacock, C. (2004). Detecting errors in English article usage with
a maximum entropy classifier trained on a large, diverse corpus
(PDF). In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on
Language Resources and Evaluation, Lisbon, Portugal: European
Language Resources Association.Detecting errors in English article
usage with a maximum entropy classifier trained on a large, diverse
corpus (PDF) Higgins, D., Burstein, J., Marcu, D., & Gentile,
C. (2004). Evaluating multiple aspects of coherence in student
essays (PDF). In S. Dumais, D. Marcu, & S. Roukos (Eds.),
HLT-NAACL 2004: Main Proceedings (pp. 185-192). Boston, MA:
Association for Computational Linguistics.Evaluating multiple
aspects of coherence in student essays (PDF) Burstein, J.,
Chodorow, M., & Leacock, C. (2003, August). Criterion: Online
essay evaluation: An application for automated evaluation of
student essays (PDF). Proceedings of the fifteenth annual
conference on innovative applications of artificial intelligence,
Acapulco, Mexico. (This paper received an AAAI Deployed Application
Award.)Criterion: Online essay evaluation: An application for
automated evaluation of student essays (PDF) Burstein, J., &
Wolska, M. (2003, April). Toward evaluation of writing style:
Finding overly repetitive word use in student essays (PDF). In
Proceedings of the 10th conference of the European chapter of the
Association for Computational Linguistics, Budapest, Hungary.Toward
evaluation of writing style: Finding overly repetitive word use in
student essays (PDF) Burstein, J., Marcu, D., Andreyev, S., &
Chodorow, M. (2001, July). Towards automatic classification of
discourse elements in essays (PDF). In Proceedings of the 39th
Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
(pp. 98-105). Toulouse, France: Association for Computational
Linguistics.Towards automatic classification of discourse elements
in essays (PDF) Leacock, C., & Chodorow, M. (2001). Automatic
assessment of vocabulary usage without negative evidence (TOEFL
Research Rep. No. 67, ETS RR-01-21). Princeton, NJ: ETS.Automatic
assessment of vocabulary usage without negative evidence
- Slide 58
- Youtube Series Intro Punctuation and grammar Extra knowledge
Idioms & Phrases Review of some topics from GRE Pool
- Slide 59
- Books Book: Novas GRE Barrons GRE
- Slide 60
- Resources on internet
http://www.urch.com/forums/gmat-awa/50851-6-0-my-
awa-experience.html
http://www.urch.com/forums/gmat-awa/50851-6-0-my-
awa-experience.html