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Definition: A species whose population is so small that it is at risk of becoming extinct
5 Most Common Reasons for Endangerment:
Habitat loss Pollution Over Exploitation Climate Change Disease
Prevent Endangerment by: Learning more about the Species Being aware of possible
environmental problems Creating Conservation groups or
clubs
Indiana Bat
Scientific Name: Myotis Sodalis
Reasons that Endangered: Cave Commercialism and Improper Gating, Loss of Habitat, Insect pesticides, Environmental Contaminates
Piping Plover
Scientific Name: Charadrius melodus Reason that Endangered: Loss of Habitat
by Commercialism of Beaches, Dams flooding nesting areas and making them too dry, Sensitivity to humans causes them to abandon their nests, eggs being crushed by humans, animals preying on the eggs
Bog Turtle
Scientific Name: Glyptemys muhlenbergii
Reasons that Endangered: Habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation due to
development, encroachment of invasive exotic plant species
Northeastern bulrush
Scientific Name: Scirpus ancistrochaetus
Reasons that Endangered: filling and ditching in it’s wetland habitats
Small-whorled pogonia
Scientific Name: Isotria Medeoloides
Reasons that Endangered: collecting habitat and alteration, only 3 populations in PA
Native: Species that has been in an area for a long time
Introduced: Species which is brought into a new area
Invasive: A species whose introduction causes environmental harm
Definitions
5 most common ways invasive species come into the U.S. :1. foreign ballast water
2. hidden in wood packing material
3. hidden in other vegetation via the nursery trade
4. hidden aboard ships
5. hitchhiking on other species
Negative effects on the environment:
Increased Competition and Predation Disease Habitat Destruction Genetic Stock Altercation
Wild Boar
Scientific Name: Sus scrofa Linnaeus
Origin: Eurasia
Niche in Natural Environment: Scavenger and Nuisance
Niche in Introduced Environment: Scavenger and Nuisance
Problems they cause: Damage Native plants and animals
in PA
Mexican Fruit Fly
Scientific Name: Anastrepha ludens Origin: Mexico and Central America
Niche in Native Environment: Eat fruit, part of food chain
Niche in Introduced Environment: Eat fruit, part of food chain
Problems they cause: Larvae attack Fruit of Economic Value
in PA
Cane Toad
Scientific Name: Rhinella marina Origin: South America
Niche in Native Environment: Insect control, scavengers
Niche in Introduced Environment: Insect control, scavengers, nuisance
Problems they cause: Preys on and competes with native species; poisonous to pets
in PA
Chocolate vine
Scientific Name: Akebia quinata Origin: Central China, Korea, Japan Niche in Native Environment: Nuisance, part of
food chain
Niche in Introduced Environment: Nuisance, part of food chain, invades under-story plant growth
Problems it causes: Outgrow, choke, and displace native plants; monopolize nutrients, water, light, and space
in PA
Amur maple
Scientific Name: Acer ginnala Origin: Russian Federation, Mongolia, China, Japan, Korea
Niche in Native Environment: provides shade, shelter, and beauty
Niche in Introduced Environment: Displaces native shrubs and under-story trees, provides shade, shelter, and beauty
Problems it causes: out-competes native flowers, prevents surrounding plants from growing, displaces native plant species
in PA
Reintroduced Species: a species that is reinstated into an area in which it was established before but became extinct
Extirpated Species: a species that becomes extinct from a particular area
Definitions
Elk
At one time, elk were extinct in North America. In 1913-1927 elk were introduced to Pennsylvania and several other states. In 1999 a relocation program released more elk in Pennsylvania.
http://www.fws.gov U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program
www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov National Invasive Species Information Center
intranet.iucn.org IUCN/SSC Guidelines for Re-Introductions
http://kids.nationalgeographic.com National Geographic Kids
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