By Jonathan Levesque 1. Table of contents: 1. What is fiber optics? 2. History 3. What is...

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Transoceanic fiber optics

By Jonathan Levesque

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Table of contents:1. What is fiber optics?2. History3. What is transoceanic fiber optics?4. How does it work?5. Advantages/Disadvantages6. How is it installed?7. How is it repaired?8. What do we use it for?9. Submarine cable types10. Submarine cable faults11. Impact on the environment12. Other amazing technologies using fiber13. References

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What is fiber optics?•It is a cable that contains hundreds of little fibers•Transmits light pulses•Widely used in fiber-optics telecommunications.•Made of either glass(GOF) or plastic (POF)•Single-mode or multimode fiber.•Applications done with fiber : • Voice– Telephone trunk – Subscriber service – Near power plants– Along power lines – Along electric railways – Field communications• Sensors– Gyroscope – Hydrophone – Position – Temperature– Electric and magnetic fields• Video– Broadcast TV – CATV – Surveillance – Remote monitoring– Fiber-guided missile – Fiber-to-the-home• Data– Computers – Interoffice data links – Local-area networks– Fiber-to-the-home – Aircraft/ship wiring – Satellite ground stations

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History: -First submarine cable between England and France. -Proposed by Charles K. Kao and George Hockham in 1966.-Successfully developed by Corning Glass Works in 1970.-In 1975 the first commercial fiber optic communication system was developed-In 1977 General telephone and Electronics sent the first live telephone traffic through fiber.-In 1981 single mode fiber was released.-In 1988 the first transatlantic telephone cable to use fiber.-In 2001 fourth-generation fiber reached a bit rate of 10Tb/s.

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What is transoceanic fiber?Communication across the ocean with fiber

cables at the bottom of the ocean.Long communication distancesNeeds repeatersNu-wave xls/DWDM and repeaters (nxt).

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How does it work?Transmission of light pulsesTransmittersReceiversAmplifiersRepeaters

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Advantages/DisadvantagesAdvantages: -Quality -Noise

immunity -Time delay -BandwidthDisadvantages: -vulnerable -Special equipment needed -Susceptible to physical

damage -Cost still high

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How is it installed?Floated ashore from shipFloatation bagsCableship follows predetermined routeCable ends jointedDeployed on the seabedhttp://www1.alcatel-lucent.com/submarine/pr

oducts/marine/index.htm#

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How is it repaired?Recovering the cable from seabedRemoving the damaged partReplacing the damaged partPlacing it back on seabed

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What do we use it for?Telephone trafficInternet trafficPrivate data trafficBackbone

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Submarine cable types

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Submarine cable faults

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Impact on the environmentUse of environmentally friendly fluidsNo greases, oils or lubricants in contact with

the seaContainmentDouble/triple sealing

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Other amazing technologies using fiber.TelecommunicationIlluminate decorative applicationsRemote sensingNetworkingAmplification

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References

•Wikipedia/multimode fiber•Wikipedia/fiber optics•Alcatel•Google books•Google images•SCIG cable faults•Fujitsu