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BY: CARLOS QUIROZ & AL I MEHDAWIINSTRUCTOR: EL IZABETH PILON – SMITHS
NOVEMBER , 2010
Leachate’s Phytoremediation at the
Fort Collins Landfill
Photographic credit: Quiroz, 2010
Background
Photographic credit: Quiroz, 2010
Background
Basic concepts
Landfill
Leachate
Background
Fort Collins Landfill
Background
Operation
Leachate Management
Photographic credit: Quiroz, 2010
Background
Fort Collins Landfill
Background
Operation
Recycling
Hazardous management
Leachate Management
Photographic credit: Quiroz, 2010
Background
Fort Collins Landfill
Background
Operation
Recycling
Hazardous management
Leachate Management
Photographic credit: Quiroz, 2010
Background
Fort Collins Landfill
Background
Operation
Recycling
Hazardous management
Leachate Management
Photographic credit: Quiroz, 2010
Background
Fort Collins Landfill
Background
Operation
Recycling
Hazardous management
Leachate Management
Photographic credit: Quiroz, 2010
Background
Fort Collins Landfill
Background
Operation
Recycling
Hazardous management
Leachate Management
Photographic credit: Quiroz, 2010
Background• Using Popular Trees to Remove Contaminants
Scientific facts
• Che et al, (2006)
• Danha et al, (2006)
• El Gendy, (2008)
• Nagendran et al, (2008)
• Jones et al, (2005)
• Justin et al, (2010)
• Kang et al, (2008)
• Zalesny et al, (2006)
• Zalesny et al, (2007)
Scientific facts
• Using Popular Trees
• Using Popular Trees to Remove Contaminants
Background
Scientific facts
• (PRS)
• Passive Remediation Systems. (PRS) Background
Background
Scientific facts
• PRS irrigates hybrid poplar with the landfill leachate
Background
Scientific facts
Increasing of poplar trees biomass.
Objectives
Evaluate the current risk in the landfill.
Evaluate the current phytoremediation on the landfill.
Recommend suitable options to enhance the current situation.
Method
Topography, hydrogeology and heavy metals in ground water.
Heavy metals in plant tissues. Proposals to situation.
Method
Topography, hydrogeology and Heavy Metals in ground water.
Source: Larimer County Landfill.
Results
Geology & hydrogeology
Source: Larimer County Landfill.
Results
Geology & hydrogeology
Source: Larimer County Landfill.
Results
Geology & hydrogeology
Source: Larimer County Landfill.
Native Plants (North)Method
Heavy metals in plant tissues.
Control Samples (South)
Photographic credit: Quiroz, 2010
Method
Heavy metals in plant tissues.
Sunflower
Smooth brome
Cottonwood Photographic credit: Quiroz, 2010
Method
Heavy metals in plant tissues.
Photographic credit: Quiroz, 2010
Method
Proposals to situation
- Buffer strip.
- Remediation of ground-water through the irrigation of plants.
Licht & Isebrands (2005).
Results
Results
Metals in plant tissues.
North Samples
Metal
Cotton Wood Smoothbrome Sunflower
PPMStand. Desv
% Dry Mass PPM
Stand. Desv
% Dry Mass PPM
Stand. Desv
% Dry Mass
Arsenic 0 0 0.00000 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000
Cadmium 5.10 4.16 0.00051 0.15 0.19 0.000015 0.47 0.33 0.00005
Chromium 0.12 0.12 0.00001 0.20 0.30 0.00002 0.39 0.88 0.00004
Copper 4.63 2.77 0.00046 5.67 2.51 0.00057 45.31 41.15 0.00453
Iron 27.44 5.10 0.00274 51.06 22.16 0.00511 128.07 106.77 0.01281
Lead 2.21 1.65 0.00022 1.55 2.27 0.00015 2.59 0.73 0.00026
Magnesium 3670.60 1001.48 0.36706 2357.01 558.61 0.23570 3330.80 604.23 0.33308
Manganese 67.69 26.67 0.00677 33.88 15.48 0.00339 15.14 6.24 0.00151
Mercury 0.44 0.69 0.00004 0.00 0.00 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00000
Molybdenium 0.37 0.83 0.00004 1.42 1.40 0.00014 1.47 2.15 0.00015
Nickel 0.13 0.19 0.00001 0.09 0.20 0.00001 0.03 0.06 0.00000
Sulfur 11858.60 6014.05 1.18586 4255.66 1590.24 0.42557 7092.00 2457.91 0.70920
Selenium 19.22 3.31 0.00192 18.54 13.28 0.00185 20.69 4.59 0.00207
Tellurium 50.86 56.76 0.00509 78.49 134.63 0.00785 94.84 56.21 0.00948
Vanadium 0.00 0.00 0.00000 6.62 13.58 0.00066 0.41 0.91 0.00004
Tungsten 1.23 2.70 0.00012 0.33 0.74 3.3111E-05 1.84 1.62 0.00018
Zinc 119.88 216.72 0.01199 0.00 0.00 0 88.06 173.49 0.00881
Results
Metals in plant tissues.
South Samples (Control)
Metal
Cotton Wood Smoothbrome Sunflower
PPM Stand. Desv
% Dry Mass PPM Stand.
Desv% Dry Mass PPM Stand.
Desv% Dry Mass
Arsenic 0 0 0.00000 0 0 0.00000 0 0 0.00000
Cadmium 0.32 0.17 0.00003 0 0 0.00000 0.25 0.09 0.00003
Chromium 0.00 0.00 0.00000 0.32 0.45 0.00003 0.01 0.01 0.00000
Copper 4.55 0.66 0.00046 8.07 6.12 0.00081 41.33 24.77 0.00413
Iron 33.30 4.76 0.00333 70.30 13.46 0.00703 125.06 34.28 0.01251
Lead 1.74 1.53 0.00017 3.97 4.81 0.00040 2.44 2.30 0.00024
Magnesium 2457.00 736.92 0.24570 2315.17 1365.92 0.23152 3009.00 427.98 0.30090
Manganese 16.94 4.45 0.00169 11.35 6.60 0.00114 6.62 1.59 0.00066
Mercury 0.22 0.50 0.00002 3.00 3.82 0.00030 0.00 0.00 0.00000
Molybdenium 1.09 1.13 0.00011 1.56 1.17 0.00016 0.20 0.42 0.00002
Nickel 0.75 0.89 0.00008 0.08 0.18 0.00001 0.74 1.17 0.00007
Sulfur 5125.00 2651.79 0.51250 6126.73 3061.60 0.61267 10310.20 3316.54 1.03102
Selenium 12.76 4.85 0.00128 23.14 14.77 0.00231 13.55 6.21 0.00135
Tellurium 107.43 29.04 0.01074 59.60 81.73 0.00596 33.53 43.64 0.00335
Vanadium 5.37 12.00 0.00054 0.35 0.78 0.00004 0.00 0.00 0.00000
Tungsten 1.23 0.64 0.00012 0.85 1.90 0.00009 0.55 0.81 0.00006
Zinc 114.68 92.24 0.01147 2.85 6.38 0.00029 82.18 112.82 0.00822
Results
Current Remediation of Groundwater by Native Plants
Metal Guideline Value PPM*
Groundwater Plant Tissue Plant with Highest Concentration of Metal
PPM** Stand. Desv. PPM*** Stand. Desv.Antimony 0.02 0.020 0.025 NE Arsenic 0.01 0.019 0.023 0 Barium 0.70 0.824 0.243 NE Beryllium 0.001 0.0004 NE Cadmium 0.003 0.001 0.0003 5.104 4.162 CottonwoodCalcium 215.842 47.934 NE Chromium 0.05 0.021 0.008 0.394 0.881 SunflowerCobalt 0.011 0.005 NE Copper 2.00 0.014 0.015 45.306 41.152 SunflowerIron 14.766 16.249 128.068 106.766 SunflowerLead 0.01 0.014 0.013 2.594 0.73 SunflowerMagnesium 282.263 41.793 3670.6 1001.48 CottonwoodManganese 0.40 NE 67.688 26.667 CottonwoodMercury 0.001 0.0002 0.442 0.692 CottonwoodMolybdenium 0.07 NE 1.47 2.151 Smoothbrome / SunflowerNickel 0.02 0.026 0.014 0.126 0.194 CottonwoodPotassium 149.821 72.167 NE Selenium 0.01 0.028 0.034 20.688 4.588 SunflowerSilver 0.014 0.021 NE Sodium 742.053 205.658 NE Sulfur NE 11858.6 6014.05 CottonwoodTellurium NE 94.84 56.21 SunflowerThallium 0.013 0.010 NE Tin 0.1 NE Vanadium 0.029 0.047 6.617 13.581 SmoothbromeTungsten NE 1.840 1.619 SunflowerZinc 0.06 0.198 119.876 216.717 Cottonwood
Results
Proposals to situation
Option 1Solution: Buffer strip.Plants: Cottonwood, sunflower, smoothbrome & vetiver.Perimeter: 2.35 milesPlantation density: 10,000 plants / ha. (Sebastian et al. 2004)
Buffer strip Area
Results
Proposals to situation
Option 2Solution: Buffer strip plus irrigation system to remediate polluted groundwater.Plants: Cottonwood, sunflower, smoothbrome, vetiver.Perimeter: 2.35 milesPlantation density: 10,000 plants / ha. (Sebastian et al. 2004)Irrigation: Wells located on the landfill.
Buffer strip Area
Conclusions
Conclusions
Current Risk: Antimony, Arsenic, Barium, Lead, Nickel, and Selenium are still over the guideline value.
Current Phytoremediation: Cadmium and Mercury by Cottonwood. Chromium by Sunflower.
0.17 Acres on the north side (0.09% of area)
0.57 Acres on the south side (0.32% of area)
Suitable Options:
Buffer strip around the landfill perimeter to prevent pollution of water resources. Determine the groundwater flow to evaluate the feasibility of plant’s irrigation with leachate.
Conclusions
None of the plants evaluated showed absortion of As. Thus, Vetiver could be applied. L.T. Danh et Al (2009)
More researches are needed to remediate antimony and barium on leachate.
The buffer strip around the landfill could reduce the concentration of lead, nickel and selenium.
Acknowledgments
Steve Harem, Environmental Specialist of Larimer County Landfill.
Colin Quinn, Post-Doc, Biology Department
Elizabeth Pilon – Smiths, Professor, Biology Department.
References
Barazani, O., Sathiyamoorthy, P., Manandhar, U., Vulkan, R. & Golan-Goldhirsh, A., 2004. Heavy metal accumulation by nicotiana glauca graham in a solid waste disposal site. Chemosphere, 54 (7), 867-872.
Che, D., Meagher, R.B., Heaton, A.C.P., Lima, A., Rugh, C.L. & Merkle, S.A., 2003. Blackwell publishing ltd. Expression of mercuric ion reductase in eastern cottonwood (populus deltoides) confers mercuric ion reduction and resistance. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 1, 311-319.
Danh, L.T., Truong, P., Mammucari, R., Tran, T. & Foster, N., 2009. Vetiver grass, vetiveria zizanioides: A choice plant for phytoremediation of heavy metals and organic wastes. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 11 (8), 664-691.
Dimitriou, I., Aronsson, P. & Weih, M., 2006. Stress tolerance of five willow clones after irrigation with different amounts of landfill leachate. Bioresource Technology, 97 (1), 150-157.
Eberts, S.M. & Shalk, C.W., 1999. Hydrologic effects of cottonwood trees on a shallow aquifer containing trichloroethene. U.S. Geological Survey.
El-Gendy, A., 2008. Modeling of heavy metals removal from municipal landfill leachate using living biomass of water hyacinth. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 10 (1), 14-30.
Jones, D., Williamson, K. & Owen, A., 2006. Phytoremediation of landfill leachate. Waste Management, 26 (8), 825-837.
Justin, M.Z., Pajk, N., Zupanc, V. & Zupančič, M., 2010. Phytoremediation of landfill leachate and compost wastewater by irrigation of populus and salix: Biomass and growth response. Waste Management, 30 (6), 1032-1042.
Justin, M.Z. & Zupančič, M., 2009. Combined purification and reuse of landfill leachate by constructed wetland and irrigation of grass and willows. Desalination, 246 (1-3), 157-168.
Kang, D.-H., Tsao, D., Wang-Cahill, F., Rock, S., Schwab, A.P. & Banks, M.K., 2008. Assessment of landfill leachate volume and concentrations of cyanide and fluoride during phytoremediation. Bioremediation Journal, 12 (1), 32-45.
References
Kim, K.-R. & Owens, G., 2010. Potential for enhanced phytoremediation of landfills using biosolids – a review. Journal of Environmental Management, 91 (4), 791-797.
Lee, R.W., Jones, S.A., Kuniansky, E.L., Harvey, G., Lollar, B.S. & Slater, G.F., 2000. Phreatophyte influence on reductive dechlorination in a shallow aquifer contaminated with trichloroethene (tce). International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2 (3), 193-211.
Nagendran, R., Selvam, A., Joseph, K. & Chiemchaisri, C., 2006. Phytoremediation and rehabilitation of municipal solid waste landfills and dumpsites: A brief review. Waste Management, 26 (12), 1357-1369.
Sang, N., Han, M., Li, G. & Huang, M., 2010. Landfill leachate affects metabolic responses of zea mays l. Seedlings. Waste Management, 30 (5), 856-862.
Sebastiani, L., 2004. Heavy metal accumulation and growth responses in poplar clones eridano (populus deltoides $times; maximowiczii) and i-214 (p. $times; euramericana) exposed to industrial waste. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 52 (1), 79-88.
Shen, C., Tang, X., Cheema, S.A., Zhang, C., Khan, M.I., Liang, F., Chen, X., Zhu, Y., Lin, Q. & Chen, Y., 2009. Enhanced phytoremediation potential of polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated soil from e-waste recycling area in the presence of randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrins. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (2-3), 1671-1676.
Zalesny, J., Zalesny, R., Wiese, A. & Hall, R., 2007. Choosing tree genotypes for phytoremediation of landfill leachate using phyto-recurrent selection. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 9 (6), 513-530.
Zalesny, R. & Bauer, E., 2007. Selecting and utilizing populus and salix for landfill covers: Implications for leachate irrigation. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 9 (6), 497-511.
Zalesny, R.S. & Bauer, E.O., 2007. Evaluation of populus and salix continuously irrigated with landfill leachate i. Genotype-specific elemental phytoremediation. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 9 (4), 281-306.
Zalesny, R.S. & Bauer, E.O., 2007. Evaluation of populus and salix continuously irrigated with landfill leachate ii. Soils and early tree development. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 9 (4), 307-323.
Zalesnyjr, R., Wiese, A., Bauer, E. & Riemenschneider, D., 2006. Sapflow of hybrid poplar (populus nigra l.×p. Maximowiczii a. Henry ‘nm6’) during phytoremediation of landfill leachate. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30 (8-9), 784-793.
Zalesnyjr, R., Wiese, A., Bauer, E. & Riemenschneider, D., 2009. Ex situ growth and biomass of populus bioenergy crops irrigated and fertilized with landfill leachate. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33 (1), 62-69.
QUESTIONS?
Leachate’s Phytoremediation at the
Fort Collins Landfill
Photographic credit: Quiroz, 2010
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