View
236
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Burglary
Professional Opportunist
(Bennet & Wright, 1984; Nee & Taylor, 1988; Barker, 2000)
Largely non-violent crime in which environmental influences play a significant role
Geography of burglary Ranges and zones
Minimum and maximum range Safety zone Awareness space
Brantingham and Brantingham (1981)
Spatial patterns Uniform Distance bias Bimodal Directional
Rengert and Wasilchick (1985)
Mental maps How people
understand environment relate to the environment make spatial decisions
(Kaplan, 1973; Cadwallader, 1976; Garling et al., 1985; Kitchin, 1994)
Direction Linear Spread
Region Specific Large
Divisions
Personality Cloninger’s Temperament and
Character Inventory (TCI) Battery of tests Designed to assess differences between
people 7 dimensions of temperament and character
Temperament is defined as automatic
emotional responses to experience that are partly heritable and stable throughout life.
The temperament dimensions
Novelty seeking high - excitable, exploratory, curious, easily bored and
easily angered, disorderly low - slow tempered, indifferent, stoical, systematic
Harm Avoidance high - cautious, careful, timid, nervous and passive, however, take greater care in anticipating danger low - carefree, daring and courageous, confident in danger
Reward Dependence high - loving, warm, sensitive, sociable, they seek social contact. low - practical, toughminded, socially insensitive, they do not strife to please others
Research Sample 27 burglars At least once imprisoned for burglary 4 prisons of minimum and medium security Age 20 - 56 (mean = 31.3)
Questionnaire regarding family and criminal history
Semi-structured interview accompanied with drawing of sketches of mental maps
Cloninger test
Typology of burglars Content analysis of interviews
Source of the decision External Internal
Flexible Loner
Explorer Opportunist
Action Mental Physical
Cloninger 4 types of offenders’ personalities
Flexible offenders 11 offenders Middle values in all three temperament char. Main theme - influence of external sources Weak influence
a tip or specialisation in very specific items, such as garages or tools
puts quite an effort into looking for targets as well as preparation
Strong influence of the situation, such as unlocked doors or open
window of friends, who needed help
Spatial behavior Shows journeys to different places Away from home Large environment Along familiar route or no preference in direction Little or no planning is involved
Loners 8 offenders Low values in reward dependence Main theme - fulfilment of practical needs. Immediate fulfilment
least effort to gain what they aim for, for ex. money, food.
Sufficient fulfilment for ex. enough of money for 6 months
Spatial behaviour Specific place - burgle within their
home area using opportunities presented by that environment
Large region - travel farther distances and place large emphasis on preparation and choice of target
Explorers 5 offenders High on novelty seeking The main theme: occupation (mental) and
maintaining standards Like to overcome obstacles Detailed process of choosing targets Professionals
Spatial behaviour: far distances from their homes as they prefer the
uncertainties of unknown areas can spend several days on the road or in one city
Opportunists 3 offenders The opposites of explorers High on novelty seeking and low on reward
dependence Main theme: occupation (physical) and
experience novelty Burgle almost everyday
Spatial behaviour exploratory trips specific process of exploring burgle everyday very often under the influence of alcohol little or no planning is involved
Conclusion The current research shows that
the personality influences the spatial behaviour of burglars
The personality influences burglary with regards to sources of decision to burglar and action while burgling
4 types of burglars with specific spatial behaviors
Recommended