Bulk Cargo

Bulk Carrier Derbyshire

1

AIM

• To learn about loading and unloading of Solid Bulk Cargo.

2

Objective

To understand

• the hazards of bulk cargo

• Use of IMSBC Code

• Planning, Loading, Carriage and Unloading of Grain bulk cargo.

3

4

Hazards of Bulk Cargo

Chemical Stability Structural

5

Hazards of Bulk Cargo

Structural

High density

SF/BM

Bulk cargo must be properly distributed through the ship in order to provide adequate stability and to ensure that the structure is never overstressed.

6 A

• Detailed information should be provided for the loading of high density cargoes (SF ≤ 0.56m³/t)

7

High Density Cargo • When loading a high density solid bulk cargo ,

particular attention shall be paid to the distribution of weights to avoid excessive stresses, taking into account that the loading conditions may be different from those found normally and that improper distribution of such cargo may be capable of stressing either the structure under load or the entire hull. 8

9

Deformation of localized structures due to excessive loading of cargo hold

10

Asymmetric Distribution

Structural Damage due to

Cargo discharging Operation

11

12

SF & BM

Before a solid bulk cargo is loaded or unloaded, the master and the terminal representative shall agree on a plan which:

(i) shall ensure that the permissible forces and moments on the ship are not exceeded during loading or unloading, and

(ii) shall include the sequence, quantity and rate of loading or unloading,

(iii) taking into consideration the intended speed of loading or unloading, Intended number of pours and the deballasting or ballasting capability of the ship. The plan and any subsequent amendments thereto shall be lodged with the appropriate authority of the port State.

13

and the hull is subjected to load forces

as the cargo is loaded

keep an eye out for warnings

as the cargo is loaded

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

as the cargo is loaded

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

as the cargo is loaded

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

as the cargo is loaded

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

as the cargo is loaded

keep an eye out for warnings

easeacon loading computer systems

the entire loading procedure is animated

as the cargo is loaded

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

as the cargo is loaded

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

as the cargo is loaded

watch the development of all critical values

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

as the cargo is loaded

watch the development of all critical values

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

as the cargo is loaded

watch the development of all critical values

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

as the cargo is loaded

watch the development of all critical values

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

easeacon loading computer systems

the entire loading procedure is animated

as the cargo is loaded

watch the development of all critical values

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

as the cargo is loaded

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

as the cargo is loaded

monitor the key parameters change

watch the development of all critical values

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

as the cargo is loaded

watch the development of all critical values

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

as the cargo is loaded

watch the development of all critical values

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

monitor the key parameters change and the hull is

subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

the entire loading procedure is animated

as the cargo is loaded

monitor the key parameters change

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

as the cargo is loaded

don’t worry, it will come around again did you get it all?

and the hull is subjected to load forces

keep an eye out for warnings

37

Hazards of Bulk Cargo

Chemical Stability Structural

SF/BM Load Density

Shift of ‘G’

Wet Shift

38

Hazards of Bulk Cargo

Chemical Stability Structural

ChemicalReactions

Spont.Ignition

SF/BM Load

Density

Shift of ‘G’

Initial GM

Dry Shift

Wet Shift

39 Nickel ore Nickel concentrate

Wet Shift

Moisture Migration

• Moisture migration means the movement of moisture contained in a cargo by settling and consolidation of the cargo due to vibration and ship’s motion. Water is progressively displaced, which may result in some portions or all of the cargo developing a flow state.

40

Moisture Content

"moisture content" means the amount of moisture present in a particular sample expressed as a percentage by weight of the total wet weight of the sample;

41

TML (Transportable Moisture Limit)

• the maximum moisture content of the cargo which is considered safe for carriage in ships.

"transportable moisture limit" means 9/10ths of the flow moisture point;

42

Flow State

• Flow state means a state occurring when a mass of granular material is saturated with liquid to an extent that, under the influence of prevailing external forces such as vibration, impaction or ships motion, it loses its internal shear strength and behaves as a liquid.

43

FMP (Flow Moisture Point)

• Flow moisture point means the percentage moisture content (wet mass basis) at which a flow state develops under the prescribed method of test in a representative sample of the material

44

Onboard Test Half fill a cylindrical can or similar container

(0.5-1 litre capacity) with a sample of cargo. Take the can in one hand and bring it down sharply from a height of about 0.2m to strike a hard surface such as a solid table. Repeat the procedure twenty-five times at one or two second intervals. Examine the surface for free moisture or fluid conditions. If free moisture or a fluid condition appears, make arrangements to have additional laboratory tests on the cargo conducted before it is accepted for loading. 45

46

MC > TML

• Cargoes with moisture content more than TML may be accepted for loading on specially constructed or fitted cargo ships .

47

specially constructed or fitted cargo ships

• Shall have permanent structural boundaries, so arranged as to confine any shift of to an acceptable limit. The ship concerned shall carry evidence of approval by the administration.

48

49

Hazards of Bulk Cargo

Chemical Stability Structural

SF/BM Load Density

Shift of ‘G’

Wet Shift

Dry Shift

50

Dry Shift

Cohesive Non Cohesive

• Angle of Repose

51

Angle of Repose • It is the maximum slope angle of non cohesive

(ie Free flowing) granular material. It is the angle between a horizontal plane and the cone slope of such material

52

Angle of Repose

Angle of Repose

Permanent List

53

High AOR or Cohesive Cargo

AOR Low Free movement (Free Surface)

54

Trimming of Bulk Cargoes

BULK CARGO

COHESIVE NON COHESIVE

AOR ≤ 30 Deg 30< AOR ≤ 35 AOR > 35

55 note

56

Non-cohesive bulk cargoes having an angle of repose less than 30 degrees should be carried as per grain cargoes

•If necessary, free surface must be secured •Trimming is essential

Trimming of Non-cohesive cargo

57

30⁰ ≤ AOR ≤ 35⁰

58

Shall not exceed B/10 , maximum 1.5m

B = the beam of the ship in meters

AOR > 35⁰

59

Shall not exceed B/10 , maximum 2.0m

B = the beam of the ship in meters

Classification of materials

possessing chemical hazards

• Class 4.1 • Class 4.2 • Class 4.3 • Class 5.1 • Class 6.1 • Class 7 • Class 8 • Class 9 • MHB

60

IMDG • Should have a special list or manifest setting

forth the dangerous cargo and their location.

• Appropriate information for use in emergency response to accidents and incidents in the case of dangerous cargo.

• Should have a DOC when transporting Group B except for MHB.

61

Shipper’s Declaration

• BCSN • IMO Class • UN No • Total Quantity • S/F • Trimming Procedure • AOR • For cargoes which may liquefy Inform of a cert – MC /TML Any other relevant information

62

IMSBC code

63

The Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes (BC Code) has been revised, updated and re-named the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code (IMSBC Code). It is mandatory under SOLAS from 1 January 2011

Groups

• A = Cargoes which may liquefy

• B = Cargoes which posses a chemical hazard

• C = Cargoes which are neither liable to liquefy nor to possess chemical hazards.

64

IMSBC Code Supplement

• BLU Code

• BLU Manual

• MSC Circulars

65

Group Activity Find the characteristics and other information(related to

loading) of following cargoes from the IMSBC Code.

• 1. Copper Concentrate SF 0.47m³/t

• 2. Sodium Nitrate and Potassium Nitrate UN 1499 (single commodity)

• 3. Sodium Nitrate UN 1498 and Copra (Dry) UN 1363 (two commodities to two consignees)

66