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8/6/2019 Building Material for Ecologically Sustainable Developments
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Building material and Construction technologies
for
Ecological Sustainable Developments
SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth
SEMESTER, JAMIA MILLIA
ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI
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SUSTAINABILITY IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IS GENERALLY
ACHIEVED BY :
Defining clear goals sympathetic to sustainability issues.
Concentrated effort at design stage to achieve these goals.
Focussing on decisions like site selection, building layout , design etc.
Choosing the right materials which are recyclable after their useful lives
Choosing the right methods of construction in terms of energy and resource
efficiency
Creating an efficient and integrated building envelope harnessing the gifts
of nature
Using HVFAC systems.
2
SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER,
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI
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In building construction industry Variety ofalternative building materials areavailable which provide better, efficient, durable and cost effective construction
and also ensurejudicious utilization of available limited resources with least
possible degradation of environment. Besides being ecofriendly, the other
advantages of using these materials for construction are;
1. Better functional efficiency
2. Cost effectiveness
3. Better durability
4. Ease of construction
5. Better finish
6. Minimum waste0
7. Less maintenance cost
8. Minimum defects
9. Less energy intensive
SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER,
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI
ALTERNATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS
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1. Moderninnovations of concrete High Volume fly Ash Concrete (HVFAC)
All though the Indian code does not encourage a replacement of above 35% of flyash, it has been
adequately demonstrated in projects
spread out in different parts of the globe as well as in India ( no less prestigious than the Delhi Metro) thatconcrete mixes with 50% fly ash and cement contents lower than conventional have yielded far
more superior performance.
Such HVFAC consumes
nearly 40 % less cement
and hence save heavily on GHG emissions.
cost at par or less, are far more durable than conventional,
and hence have a lower life cycle cost.
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BASIC BUILDING MATERIALS
2. Moderninnovations of brick CellularLightweight ConcreteBlocks (CLC)
CLC blocks are masonry blocks cast out of cement-flyash-sand slurry.
Foam produced separately is introduced during mixing so as to incorporate millions of tiny cells of air
in the mix thereby
reducing the block weight as well as
enhancing its insulative value-3.5 to 4 times that of burnt clay bricks
Due to the lighter weight of the blocks they are easier to handle and
consume masonry mortar far less than conventional brickwork.
Due to the reduced self weight of tall buildings the earthquakeforces get reduced and it is possible to economize on the structural design requirements.
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MATERIALS REPLACING WOOD AND OTHER CONVENTIONAL
RECONSTITUTED WOOD PRODUCTS
1. Developed Bagasse-CementBoardsand Panels:
different natural and synthetic and man-made fibers have
been used for making
high density fiber-board using cement (inorganic) as binder.
The development is aimed to develop building boards and
door shutter using bagasse fiber. Building board is suitable for
partitioning, paneling etc.
2. Arhar Stalk CementBoard:
The work being carried out in CBRI, Roorkee, India is intended
to explore the possibilities of using fibrous biomass such as
Arhar Stalks, Groundnut Shells etc. for the production of
composite materials. Composite panels developed using Arhar
Stalks meets the requirements of ISO, BS, and BIS
specifications.
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3. Coir CNSL (cashew nut shell liquid ) Board
The Coir-CNSL Board is a wood alternative which can be used
for surfacing, door and window shutters, partitioning, false
ceiling, panelling , furniture, cabinets, packaging etc. It is a
single layer flat pressed class Medium Density Fiber (MDF)
Board. It has low water absorption, negligible change in
dimensions due to water absorption, workable with normal wood
working tools, paintable, pre-laminable, nailable and screwable,
passes IS-3087. The board is eco-friendly and can replace wood
or re-constituted wood by 100%.
Salient features of Coir-CNSL Board are as under;
i) Both the starting materials i.e. coconut fibre and cashew nut shell liquid are available substantially in
coastal areas and are renewable agro-wastes.
ii) Technology is developed at pilot level and ready for transfer.
iii) The technology and product both are patented.
iv) Technology is techno-economically viable as per pre-estimates
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4 Lightweight Sandwich Panels
The cellulosic refuse of paper industries are rich in small fibres and can be used to make value added
product, which can be used for acoustics, thermal insulation and false ceiling purposes in buildings.
Their end applications is in
partitioning,
paneling,
thermal insulation and
false ceiling with its unique aesthetics
product has been patented
most suitable for paper industries as a down stream process.
SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER,
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI
5. Coir-CNSL Thermal Insulation Boards
This is a composite material, which utilises the coconut fibres as reinforcing material and CNSL as the
natural binder. The density of the board is kept very low i.e. around 350-450 kgs/ mtr3. The product
can be given suitable shape to be fitted with equipment or surface to be insulated. The thermal
conductivity is 0.0745 kcal/hr.m2.C.
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SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER,
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI 8
Variety of products made up of PVC
areavailable commercially for use inbuilding construction such as pipe,
sanitary wares, tiles, electric switches,
and wires etc. there is another product
made of PVC is board which is a wood
alternative. The product and technology
has been developed in CBRI at pilot
level using industrial PVC scrap. In this
developmental work emphasis has
been given to keep the dependency on
imported equipment and chemicals
lowest. This helped in keeping theoverhead expenditure at lower side
leading to lower product cost.
6. Rigid PVC Foamed and Un-foamed Boards
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SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER,
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI 9
Other Alternative Building Materials Under Development at CBRI :
Some other new alternative building materials are being developed in
CBRI using other un-exploited natural resources as well. A few such
materials include;
1. Plywood/ Veneer waste lignin composite Boards
2. Bagasse-Plastic Composites Boards
3. Oil palm fiber cement boards
MATERIALS BEING DEVELOPED
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HISTORICAL EVOLUTION
It is evaluated that:
about 1.7 billion people of theworld's population live in earthenhouses:
About 50 % of the population in
developing countries,
and at least 20% of urban andsuburban populations.
EARTH HOUSES
Down through the ages, people have beenusing raw earth for building their living spaces
. Every single continent, and nearly everycountry, possesses a rich heritage of earthenbuildings.
ALTERNATIVE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
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The world's oldest earthen buildingstill standing is about 3,300 yearsold. The Ramasseum, made ofadobes, was built around 1,300 BC inthe old city ofThebes. It can still bevisited on the left shore of the Nile,opposite Luxor.
People from all
countries with so manydiverse cultures, social &constructional habits;have used this material
from our Mother Earth
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BUILDING WITHEARTH..
The end of the 19thcentury, the skills of earthbuilders have beenprogressively lost.
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At the dawn of this new millennium, our Mother Earth gave us two challenges:
How to build with earth on a large scale, while respecting Nature?
How to realize architecture full of light, suppleness, simplicity,imagination and beauty with a heavy and formless mud?
EARTHTECHNOLOGY :
This research aims to make extensive use of raw earth as the main buildingmaterial, thereby using a local resource, which can help developingtechnologies that are energy saving, eco-friendly and sustainable.
on minimising the use of steel, cement and reinforced cementconcrete (RCC).
alternative stabilizers to cement and alternative waterproofing withstabilized earth, composed of soil, sand, cement, lime, alum andtannin
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The following technologies have been mastered and are disseminatedsince years:
Stabilised rammed earth foundations
Rammed earth walls, rammed manually
Composite plinth step plinth with CSEB and plinth beamcast in U shaped CSEB
Wide variety of compressed stabilised earth blocks (15modules available today)
Stabilized earth mortars and plasters
Composite columns Round hollow CSEB with reinforcedcement concrete
Composite beams and lintels U shaped CSEB withreinforced cement concrete
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This type of foundations is usedsince 1990 for all kinds ofbuildings, up to 4 floors high.
The soil, excavated from thetrench foundation, is sieved andmeasured in the mean time.
Sand needs always to beadded.
T
he cement percentage willvary with the soil quality.
1.STABILISED RAMMED EARTH FOUNDATIONS
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2.STABILISED RAMMED EARTHWALLS
This technique has been introduced in Aurovilleonly in 1995, for the construction of MirramukhiSchool, which has been renamedDeepanam
School.
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PROCESS :
A slipping type formwork has been designed and developed.
The panels are lifted up and the walls are built like piers walls.
The process is similar to the modern rammed earth system practiced in USA orAustralia, but adapted to the local context of a developing country and, withlight peripheral equipment and manual ramming.
Some sand is always added: 25 to 30 % according to the soil quality, so asto reduce shrinkage.
Cement percentage will vary with the soil quality, but in Auroville, wealways use 5 % by weight of cement.
ROLE Of SAND :
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THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF EARTHENWALLS
"Earthen buildings (rammed earth) are cool insummer and hot in winter.-HYDRO THERMAL
BEHAVIOUR.
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The soil for a compressed earth block (CEB) is slightly moistened, poured into a steel press (with orwithout stabiliser) and then compressed either with a manual or motorized press. CEB can becompressed in many different shapes and sizes. For example, the Auram press 3000 proposes 16types of blocks.
3.COMPRESSED STABILISED EARTH BLOCKS
Many stabilizers can be used. Cement and lime are the most common ones. Others, likechemicals, resins or natural products can be used as well.
The selection of a stabilizer will depend upon the soil quality and the project requirements:
Cement will be preferable for sandy soils and to achieve quickly a higher strength.
Lime will be rather used for very clayey soil, but will take a longer time to harden and to givestrong blocks.
The input of soil stabilization allowed people to build higher with thinner walls, which have amuch better compressive strength and water resistance.
Soil Stabilization
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A soil is an earth concrete and a good soil for CSEB ismore sandy than clayey. It has these proportions:
According to the percentage of these 4 components, a soil with more gravel will
be called gravely, another one with more, sand, sandy, others silty or clayey, etc.
The aim of the field tests is to identify in which of these four categories the soil is.
From the simple classification it will be easy to know what to do with this soil.
SOIL SUITABILITY FOR CSEB :
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ADVANTAGES OF CSEB :A local material
A bio-degradable material
Limiting deforestation
Cost efficiency
Energy efficiency and eco friendliness
An adapted material
A transferable technology
A job creation opportunity
Market opportunity
Reducing imports
Flexible production scale
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ENVIRONMENTAL
COST
MONETARY COST STRENGTH
CSEB and rammed earthare more eco-friendly:Pollution emission2.4 times less than wire cutbricks7.9 times less than country
fired bricksEnergy consumption4.9 times less than wire cutbricks15.1 times less than countryfired bricks
A finished m3 of CSEBwall is:25.9 % cheaper than countryfired bricks47.2 % cheaper than wirecut bricks
A finished m3 oframmed earth wall is:26.2 % cheaper than CSEBwall45.3 % cheaper than countryfired bricks bricks61.0 % cheaper than wirecut bricks
CSEB and rammed earthare:1.4 times the strength ofcountry fired bricks0.5 times the strength ofwire cut bricks
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HOLLOWINTERLOCKING BLOCKS
. Its principle is to reinforce the masonry by grouting a concrete into theholes of the blocks where stands a steel rod at the critical locations (Corners,ends, near openings, etc,). Horizontal reinforcements are also cast in blockswith a U shape.
. The advantage of hollow interlocking CSEB, compared to hollow concreteblocks, is that they offer keys, which interlock in the other blocks.
Thus these walls offer more resistance to shear and buildings wouldbe even stronger. They would better resist earthquakes and withoutmajor damages.
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This technique is extensively used since 1995.
Round hollow CSEB are reinforced with cementconcrete. Reinforcements vary with the heightand load, but the rod diameter cannot exceed 10mm for the blocks 290 and 12 mm for the blocks
240.
COMPOSITECOLUMNS
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COMPOSITE BEAMS
This technique is extensively used since 1993. U-shaped CSEB are withreinforced cement concrete. Reinforcements vary with the span, but therod diameter cannot exceed 12 mm for the blocks 290 & 295 and 16 mmfor the blocks 240 & 245.
The bottom part of the beamis precast in a reversedposition on the ground.
Once cured, after 28 days, itis lifted and the middle andtop parts are built on it.
The blocks are used as lostshuttering, but they also helpthe compressive strength ofthe beam.
The double and triple height beams have onlytheir bottom part precast on the ground. Therest is done in situ.
The reinforced concrete part must be placeddownwards: to bear the tensile forces and the Ushaped block will react in compression.
The maximum span, with a triple height beam,will be limited to 3 m with reinforcement steelbars of 12 mm.
The main limitation of this technique ishandling long beams.
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The aim of this research is to find alternative plasters to cement plasters forwaterproofing roofs. The earth is mixed with sand and stabilised with cementand a paste made of lime, tannin, alum (Ammonium sulphate) and water.
STABILISED EARTHWATERPROFING
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Tannin is extracted by soaking into water broken seeds of an Indian tree,namedkaddukai in Tamil Nadu. Its botanical name is Terminelia Chebula.The lime paste is prepared by mixing powdered alum with lime and tannin
juice and extra water.
PROCEDURE:Three coats of plaster are done with different proportions of
these components. The last coat, which is the most waterproof, is done with a 5mm thick plaster composed of soil, sand and lime paste. No cement is added tothe latter.
Note that cement is giving strength to the plaster and also helping thewaterproofing, but the effectiveness of this waterproofing is given by the
combination of clay in the soil, lime, alum and tannin.
(The results obtained with this waterproofing are excellent: But this research isstill under way )
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Appropriatebuilding
technologies
FerrocementFerrocement avariation of
reinforced concreteisanotherappropriatetechnology for
certaintypes of constructions. It
usesthecommonlyavailable,
energyintensivematerials like
cementand steel butinahighly
efficientmannerthussavingscarcematerialresources. With
anabilityto be castinto thin
shellelements, Ferrocement
opens possibilitieswhicharenot
possiblein conventional brick
and concrete.
Ferrocementcanbeusedin
excitingwaystomake
durable,lightweightbuildings
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SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER,JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI
SOME OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
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Appropriatebuilding
technologies
Sandbaghelters/emergency
sheltersbyNadarKhaliliofiran
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SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER,JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI
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Appropriatebuilding
technologies
Rat-trap bondwall,brickarchesandfillerslab
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SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER,JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI
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Appropriatebuilding
technologies
Fillerslab
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SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER,JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI
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Appropriatebuilding
technologies
Brick arch and Brick corbelling
46SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER,
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI
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THANK YOU
SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER, JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEWDEHI47
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