View
22
Download
1
Category
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
project
Citation preview
1RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Chapter I
BACKGROUND AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
In a world where resources are getting scarce and protecting the
environment is becoming more important, efficient use of energy is a key value
for our society. Worldwide, buildings consume large amount of energy for
electricity, exceeding any other asset. To reach sustainable energy consumption
levels, it is essential that intelligent and effective building management system
should be employed. Generally, building management system is an independent
control system installed on buildings that controls and monitors its mechanical
and electrical equipment. A building management system (BMS) is the core of a
building automation system (BAS) which includes connectivity of the various
components and systems such as heating, ventilating and air conditioning
(HVAC), fire safety systems, and lighting controls. This study examines the
potential of Department of Instrumentation and Control Technology (DICT) of
having a building automation system represented via its miniature.
Every building is different but energy consumption within all buildings varies
and fluctuates which should be managed in a unique manner. Intelligent
2RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Building Automation System (BAS) is a potent solution for this matter for it
stabilizes energy consumption and maximizes efficiency. BAS makes buildings
become intelligent and helps to increase safety and energy efficiency. “Building
automation for the Department of Instrumentation and Control Technology” is a
study of applying the ideas of building management system to DICT.
In our study, the building is controlled by a PLC which is dependent on the
information transmitted by the sensors and responds in the way it is
programmed. The signals from the sensors, such as motion sensor and smoke
detector, are the inputs to the PLC; and actions on the building, such as lighting
and alarm, are the outputs of the system. Access card and time based control
are also included in the system.
Today, building automation is widely applied to most buildings and even to
some houses around the world. This study intends to propose the application of
building automation to the Department of Instrumentation and Control
Technology (DICT) so that the said department, as well as Rizal Technological
University, would not be left behind as far as the uprising automated facilities
around the world is concerned. Also, the DICT will have an energy management
system which will benefit the building by efficiently controlling its lighting, air
conditioning and fire safety system. Furthermore problems like failure of turning
3RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
off lights and air-condition units of people leaving the rooms are solved in an
automatic way. Hence, this study can offer a wide range of solution in handling
efficient use of energy and safety for the Department of Instrumentation and
Control Technology and Rizal Technological University.
Objectives of the Study
A. General Objective
To design a miniature of rooms AB-401, AB-407 and AB-405 of Rizal
Technological University with a reliable building automation system.
B. Specific Objectives
1.) To design and install all the components of the building automation system in
the miniature namely: (1) Light Dependent Resistor Sensor; (2) Programmable
Logic Controller (S7 300); (3) Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (Simatic
WinCC Explorer 7.2) (4) Other Components (Electrical and Emergency Lights,
Electrical Motors, and Alarm).
2.) To construct a representation of actual moving people inside the miniature
specifically vibrating robot and light emitting diode.
4RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
3.) To integrate a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) in the
system to monitor and control the different rooms remotely.
4.) To apply a time-based control in the building automation system.
5.) To test if the miniature is working based on its desired function.
6.) To create a system design for actual implementation of the miniature.
Significance of the Study
The study proposes the implementation of advance building facilities in the
Department of Instrumentation and Control Technology (DICT).
For the DICT. It will have a network of automated components that would
control its wide range of building operations like lighting, air-condition units, fire
safety system, special access control and energy management system. Not only
the DICT but also Rizal Technological University (RTU) can save on its utility
cost through managing the air conditioning and lighting systems.
For the Students, Professors and Other Occupants of the Rooms.
Automatic on and off of lights and air-condition units both provide efficient use of
energy and create a more convenient atmosphere while inside the department.
The automation system ensures the operational performance of the facility as
5RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
well as the comfort and safety of building for people inside it. Likewise,
automatic activation of sprinklers in case of fire prevents bigger problems and
increases safety for the said occupants.
For Building Administrators. The building automation systems will not only
conduct building functions but also compile data to help them determine ways to
further cut costs and increase the efficiency, comfort and safety of the buildings.
For the Students and Future Researchers. The study shall indicate a different
application of automation in our world. This study can make students of
Instrumentation and Control realize that PLC programming is not only applicable
in industrial processes and trainers but also in other applications.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study concentrated on determining the advances of applying the ideas
of building automation in the DICT. A miniature represents a down-scale of half
of the Administration Building (AB) 4th floor, specifically rooms 401, 405 and 407.
Since air condition units and projectors cannot fit inside the miniature, these are
represented by fans and electrical lights respectively. Manual push buttons
outside the miniature represent the activation of projector and appearance of
room occupants. Light dependent resistors that served as sensors was also
6RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
installed outside the miniature to represent the pulsing of counter and
generation of access card.
Inside the room AB-407 of the miniature, sensors specifically, light dependent
resistor, were installed in every cubicle. A number electrical motors were also
installed to represent the change of temperature inside the miniature. Lastly,
human representation is certainly impossible inside the miniature; nevertheless,
light emitting diodes were used to represent individual students and vibrating
robot to represent the moving bodies (i.e. Professor).
The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Simatic S7-300 CPU 313C,
controls both the electrical components of the building namely lights, electrical
motor fans, alarms and the mechanical components like doors. Time-based
control was also implemented in the system to ensure security around the
building. The Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), WinCC version
7.2, for data gathering and remote monitoring and control is integrated to the
system.
7RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Definition of Terms/Variables
Building Automation System is a centralized network of hardware and
software that monitors and controls the mechanical and electrical equipment of
a building such as lights, air-condition units, power systems, fire systems and
security systems.
Line Tracking Robot is basically a machine designed to follow a path
determined by the user. The path may be a straight or a curved line.
Miniature is a copy or model that represents something in a greatly reduced
size.
Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures
infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. All objects with a
temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of radiation.
Light Dependent Resistor / Photosensor is an electronic component that
detects the presence of visible light, infrared transmission (IR), and/or ultraviolet
(UV) energy. Most photosensors consist of semiconductor having a property
called photoconductivity , in which the electrical conductance varies depending
on the intensity of radiation striking the material.
8RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is an industrial computer control
system that continuously monitors the state of input devices and makes
decisions based upon a custom program to control the state of output devices.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) refers to an industrial
computer system that monitors and controls a process that gathers and analyze
real time data.
Smoke Detector is a fire-protection device that automatically detects and gives
a warning of the presence of smoke.
9RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY
This chapter presents facts from other researches and studies that gave
significant relevance to the present study cited from different books, internet and
other references. Some of this is the case study “Energy Conservation and
Efficiency in Shanghai Office Building” conducted by a company named
Advantech in China using their Building Energy Management System (BEMS).
Advantech’s BEMS combines two major devices namely the Direct Digital
Controller which delivers various I/O’s to satisfy versatile requirements in each
floor and the Energy Data Concentrator which is in charge of data collection
from water and power meter. Another is the documentation book entitled
“Motion Detected Lighting and Air-Conditioning Control with Remote Monitoring
System” studied by a group of DICT students using motion and light sensor.
http://www.advantech.com/industrial-automation/CaseStudies/%7BE699A7E4-D3F1-4662-83F6-6B58799B2EF/“Motion-Detected Lighting and Air-Conditioning Control With Remote Monitoring System For DICT AB-401”
Today, buildings are becoming more and more advanced and the demands on
building services are increasing. With rising energy cost, increased security
concerns and the needed productivity for more comfortable work environments,
building automation have become more than norm rather than the exemption. It is
10RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
expected for a building to provide conditions for a number of services with high
security, energy efficiency and convenience. For a several building that composed
of critical requirements (i.e. temperature), such as hospitals and calibration
laboratories, the services provided are even more advanced and must be
convenient. To control and monitor several building services in an efficient way, a
more or less advanced building automation system is required. Some advantages
using an advanced building automation system are:
1.) Monitoring of several systems from one place;
2.) Sharing of alarms;
3.) Interaction for more efficient control strategies; and
4.) Remote service and etc.
Building Automation Systems (BAS) provides automatic control of the
conditions of indoor environments. It is management system that consists of
computerized, interlinked, networks of hardware and software which monitor
and control the mechanical and lighting systems in commercial, industrial, and
institutional facilities. The core promises of BAS are to keep the building climate
within a specified range, provide lighting based on occupancy schedules, and
monitor system performance. It grants higher energy efficiency, lower operating
and maintenance costs, better indoor air quality, better occupant comfort and
11RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
more convenient work environment for productivity through its automatic control
system.
Automation control widely employed in many technological and biological
systems to perform operations not feasible for a man because of the necessity
of processing a large amount of data in a limited time. It is the creation and
application of technology to monitor and control the production and delivery of
products and services. It is also used to increase the productivity of labor and
the quality and accuracy of regulation and to free men from controlling system
that operate under conditions which are relatively inaccessible or hazardous to
health.
RELATED STUDIES OF BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM
Some previous research and study that were found related to the present
study are indicated below.
Table 1. Related research to the present study.
TITLE OF THE STUDY
RESEARCHER PURPOSE OF STUDY
Energy Conservation and
Efficiency in a Shanghai Office
Building(January, 2012)
AdvanceTechChina
Smart building, cost-effective and energy efficiency
Motion-Detected Lightning and Air- Automatic
12RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Conditioning Control with Remote
Monitoring System(S.Y. 2012-2013)
DICT Students (batch-2013)
control of lights, projector
and air-condition units
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM
Building Automation Systems (BAS) more often than are also voiced as
Building Management Systems (BMS). Some people define BAS as applying
only to mechanical/electrical systems and BMS to further include fire prevention
and communications networks such as remote cameras and speakers.
Whatever name is used, centralized management of lighting, heating, ventilating
and air-conditioning, fire detection and alarm, communications, and security
systems is now commonly available to and used by building managers and
facilities.
Building Automation Systems are composed of an array of mechanical and
electrical equipment in a building or on a campus. The devices are connected to
a control station, usually a computer, where system oversight can be
accomplished by an operator who is trained in its use. A tethered or wireless
network connects the control station to the equipment control devices. Overall
system conditions are displayed graphically on computer screens. Common
graphic data will include: equipment that is on or off, temperatures within room,
and alarm indicators.
13RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
http://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/facilities-ops-maintenance/building-automation-systems
AIR-CONDITIONING ANALYSIS
Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) control can be designed
and implemented using centralized and decentralized systems. Characteristics
of the said systems are distinguished and evaluated in Table 2.
Table 2: Centralized HVAC System vs. Localized AC System
Centralized System Decentralized System
Structural Design/Costs
For Central systems, the building structure should be designed to take the weight of equipment.
Suitable vibration control must be considered.
Adequate load bearing beams and columns must be available for lifting and shifting of such equipment.
The decentralized systems are smaller in size and are less bulky.
Costs are lower due to less assembly of component ducting etc. However interference to the front is high.
Building Management Systems
Central systems are amenable to centralized energy management systems. If properly managed these can help in optimal utilization of the air conditioning plant and can reduce building energy consumption besides providing effective indoor temperature and humidity control.
Decentralized system units cannot be easily connected together to permit centralized energy management operations.
Decentralized systems can be integrated to BMS with respect to
14RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
on-off functions.
Engineering Costs
Central chilled water systems incur around 4 to 5% of the capital costs towards engineering efforts.
• A central plant equipment, ducting, piping layouts and control schemes are much more complex.
• Layout finalization is time consuming and requires close interaction with architect, interior layouts, electrical and structural disciplines.
• The system selection must precede the final architectural design of the building.
Engineering costs, skills, time and risk factors for designing and installing decentralized floor-by-floor system are usually lower than those for a central system for the following reasons:
•Load calculations and corresponding equipment selections are less critical. The multiple numbers of modular units will provide built in safety cum flexibility into the design.
• Since the units are factory built standard equipment, the quantum of work to be carried out at site is much less as compared to central system.
Maintenance Cost
The breakdown, repair, replacement and maintenance cost of central plants can be expensive and time consuming. However, the frequency of such breakdown is quite low. These systems require routine inspection and planned checks. Daily operation also adds to the running cost, as trained operators are
The decentralized system repair cost per breakdown is normally low. With the emergence of reliable hermetic and scroll compressors, their maintenance expenditure has shown remarkable improvements and is less time consuming and simple.
15RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
required.
Maintenance costs are difficult to predict since they can vary widely depending on the type of system, the owner's perception of what is needed, the proximity of skilled labor and the labor rates in the area. A recent survey of office buildings indicated a median cost of $0.24 per sq. ft. per year.
Roof mounted packaged units typically have maintenance costs of 11% or higher than a central plant system serving the same building.
Operating Costs
The modern centrifugal machine is capable of operating at a power consumption of 0.50 - 0.60 kW per ton. In addition to the above, centrifugal machines are now available with variable speed drives (VSD), which enables machines to operate at off design conditions at 0.40, 0.30 and even at 0.20 kW/ton. This leads to an unprecedented energy saving. Note: For all air-conditioning systems a vast majority of operating hours are spent at off design conditions. Therefore it is important select machines which the best off design performance.
The power consumption of Decentralized compact units can vary from 1.0 kW per ton to 1.3 kW per ton. The type of compressors used in these machines is either hermetic reciprocating type or scroll. The part load efficiency of such units is lower than their full load efficiency.
Cooling efficiency for air conditioners, splits, package units and heat pumps is indicated by a SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) rating. In general, the higher the SEER rating, the less electricity the unit will use to cool the space. The government-mandated minimum efficiency standards for units installed in new homes at 10.0
16RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
SEER. Air conditioners and heat pumps manufactured today have SEER ratings that range from 10.0 to about 17.
Air Distribution System
• High pressure loss in the distribution system.
• High area requirements for air distribution system.
• High efficiency of fans.
Small static pressure of fans and low efficiency of fans.
Decentralized systems air distribution is not as good as ducted systems.
Condensate Removal
Condensate removal is easily achieved in central systems since the cooling coil (evaporator) is located remotely in air handling unit room.
Condensate disposal is cumbersome and sometimes difficult especially in multiple unit installation.
Heat Rejection Options
Central air conditioning systems expel heat by air or water cooling.
Most decentralized systems use air-cooled condensers to expel heat.
They have to be generally kept very close to the evaporator units and for smaller sized equipment; the length should be 30 to 40 feet whereas for larger systems it may go up to 3 to 4 times this figure.
17RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
The paucity of good quality soft
water makes it imperative to opt for
air cooled systems
Usage Patterns
Centralized systems are preferred where the usage time is high and consistent.
Decentralized or individual systems are preferred where the air conditioning requirements are low or intermittent. Such systems offer high flexibility in meeting the requirement of different working hours and special design conditions
http://www.seedengr.com/Cent%20Vs%20Decent%20AC%20Systems.pdf
FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a modular industrial computer
control system that continuously monitors the state of input devices and makes
decisions based upon a custom program to control the state of output devices.
Almost any manufacture line or process can be greatly improved using this type
of control system. However, the major benefit of using a PLC is the ability to
change and replicate the operation or process while collecting and
communicating fundamental information.
18RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Communication Protocol
A Communication Protocol is a language by which two devices communicate
and exchange data. These devices are microprocessor-based products, such as
an input/output board, rooftop unit controller or a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU),
personal desktop computer or even central enterprise servers.
The data exchange usually happens over some physical wire such as on a
twisted pair RS485 or Ethernet CAT5 cable. It can also happen wirelessly over
Wi-Fi network. In order for two people to have a meaningful exchange they need
to speak the same language and have a medium to communicate. Both devices
have to know the data structure in order to facilitate the exchange of data.
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) has three basic
functions namely monitoring, control and user interface functions. The
monitoring function collects data and sends it back to the central computer. The
control function gathers data from monitoring sensors processes it and send
control signals back to the equipment according to a prescribed software
program. The user interface is often a large control room where individuals can
monitor SCADA input and output responses in real time.
19RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
APPLICATION:
A large-scale application of a SCADA system is a nuclear power plant where
thousands of sensors monitor mission-critical and safety-critical systems. The
computer system collects data from the sensors, processes updates and makes
computer-controlled adjustments to equipment as required to maintain
operational and safety parameters. In addition to the automatic controls,
employees staff a large control room where they monitor the entire system
around the clock.
Air Conditioning Unit (ACU)
Also known as a room air conditioner, an appliance that cools a single room
rather than an entire home or business. The unit consists of a long, spiral coil
shaped like a cylinder. Inside the coil is a fan, to blow air through the coil, along
with a weather-resistant compressor and some control logic. This approach has
evolved over the years because it is low-cost, and also because it normally
results in reduced noise inside the house (at the expense of increased noise
outside the house).
20RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Other than the fact that the hot and cold sides are split apart and the capacity is
higher (making the coils and compressor larger), there is no difference between
a split-system and a window air conditioner.
21RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Figure 1. Diagram of a Window Type Air Condition Unit
Photo Sensor (Light Dependent Resistor)
Usually light sensor are used for security or safety device. These types of
devices often work by shining a beam of light from one sensor to another. If the
light is interrupted, an output may or may not trigger. When light falls on this
sensor it changes to electrical energy. As for example a street light has a light
sensor on its top. The light sensor works in the night and the day. Let's say it's
daytime. There is a lot of light coming into the sensor so the electricity is turned
off. At the end of the day as it gets dark, the amount of light energy coming in to
22RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
the light sensor decreases, and that means the electrical current is turned on to
light the lamp. So the sensor controls the electrical supply.
Vibrating Robot
The vibrating robot is one of the self-operating robots that moves by means
of vibration on the certain area. The choice of vibrating motor is certainly cruicial
for this robot because this application depends upon the said motor. Here we
are using two sensors for path detection purpose namely proximity sensor and
IR sensor.
The proximity sensor used for path detection and IR sensor used for
obstacle detection. These sensors mounted at front end of the robot. The
microcontroller is an intelligent device which must be installed in the robot. The
whole circuit is controlled by the microcontroller.
Access card
FUNCTION:
The most common method is to store a serial number that identifies a person
or object and perhaps other information on a microchip that is attached to an
antenna (the chip and the antenna together are called an transponder or an
tag). The antenna enables the chip to transmit the identification information to a
23RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
reader. The reader converts the radio waves reflected back from the tag into
digital information that can then be passed on to computers that can make use
of it.
APPLICATION:
Asset tracking, People tracking, Document tracking, Government Library,
and Healthcare.
Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter defines the methods used to conduct the study. This also
explains how the essential data and information were obtained, presented and
evaluated. Principles and conditions of this study are also discussed in this
section.
System Design
24RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
The Building Automation System for DICT is made up of three levels namely
the field level, automation level and management level (see Figure 2).
Movement inside the miniature is enacted by vibrating robot and light
emitting diodes and detected by the light dependent resistor. Directly connected
push buttons and light dependent resistors enabled the counting of people
inside each rooms to predict efficient and convenient ventilation and lighting. On
the other hand, movement inside the room in actual implementation is detected
by photo detector sensor. Photo detector is a sensor that measures infrared
radiated by the human bodies and other objects in its field of view.
25RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Time-based control is applied in the system. There will be no output
component such as lights will turn on unless the registered class time is met.
Moreover, special access control is also applied in the system through the
access card. Once an access card is triggered, the output components will now
be able to turn on even if it is not yet the class time. Dimming of lights is also a
part of the building automation system. Whenever a projector is turned on
manually, lights inside that room will dim automatically. Furthermore, integration
of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is also applied in the
26RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
system. This is installed in the DICT office (AB-407) for remote monitoring,
control and data gathering of authorized people.
Figure 2. System Architecture
27RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Figure 3. Block Diagram of the System
Materials
This was organized in order to design and apply building automation system
for the miniature of rooms AB-401, AB-405, and AB-407 (DICT) of Rizal
Technological University. The lists of materials, including their descriptions, that
are installed in the designed system are provided.
A. Control Panel Components
1. 2pc. of Circuit Breaker
a. Operating Voltage: 240Vac
b. Operating Current: 4A and 2A
2. Power Supply
a. 24Vdc
3. Programmable Logic Controller
a. s7 300 (CPU 313C)
b. 24Vdc Supply
4. I/O modules
28RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
a. 24 channels digital input
b. 24 channels digital output
5. Terminal Blocks
a. 61 pcs.
i. 26 pcs. for Digital Input
ii. 26 pcs. for Digital Output
iii. 4 pcs. for 220Vac Supply (L1 and L2)
iv. 10 pcs. for 24Vdc and 0Vdc Common
6. End Plate
a. 10mm by 70mm
b. 7 pcs.
7. Stopper (10 pcs)
8. 24VDC relay (40pcs.)
9. Wire Duct
a. 3000mm x 35mm x40mm (LxWxH)
10. Din rail (3 meters)
a. 7.5mm x 35mm (WxD)
b. Aluminum
29RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
11. Cable Gland (4 pcs.)
12. AWG wire (100 meters)
a. #27AWG
B. PLC Input Devices
1. Push buttons (41 pcs.)
2. Sensors
a. Passive Infrared Sensor (3 pcs.)
i. 4.5Vdc power supply
ii. Laser sensing technology
iii. 7 meter sensing range
iv. 24Vdc output signal
b. Limit Switch (6 pcs)
i. 5 VDC power supply
ii. 15mm maximum detecting distance
iii. Operating Temperature: -25 to 70 ºC
C. PLC Output Devices
1. Electrical Motor
a. Air Conditioning Unit (7 pcs)
30RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
i. 5 VDC power supply
ii. 3 pcs. for AB-401 and 2 pcs. each for AB-405 and AB-407
2. Gear Motor (3pcs.)
a. 1pc. Each for room
i. 3 VDC power supply
3. Electrical Lights (22 pcs.)
a. 9 pcs. for AB-401, 7 pcs. for AB-405, and 6 pcs. for AB-405
b. 3.2 to 3.7Vdc supply
c. 1Watt
d. Light Emitting Diode
D. Vibrating Robot
1. Infrared sensor pack GP2S04 (2 pcs.)
2. MCU: ATtiny45 microcontroller (1 pc.)
3. SMD LED (size: 805)
4. 100 ohm resistor (size: 805)
5. 3Volt cell phone coin-vibrator D10mm W2mm (2 pcs.)
6. 1pc. 3.6 Volt Lit-Pol battery(Bluetooth hands free battery)
7. 2pcs. of Small size pin-header(male and female)
31RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Methods
Control Panel
Based on Figure 4, a base plate of 592 millimeter by 400 millimeter by 200
millimetre(lxwxh) was installed. Single terminal blocks were used. There were 4
terminal blocks allotted for 220Vac supply for the Programmable Logic
Controller (2 terminal blocks each for line 1 and line 2) and 10 terminal blocks
for 24Vac Supply (5 pcs for each 24Vdc and 0Vdc). In the second rail of the
panel, 10 stoppers were used to hold the terminal blocks (2 stopper for the
circuit breaker, 2 pcs. for 220Vac supply, 2 pcs. for 24Vdc and 0Vdc, and 4 pcs.
for digital input and digital output terminal blocks). The number of terminal
blocks for digital input and digital output are dependent on the number of each
module channels. It was proportional to the number of addresses. There is a
total of 26 digital input and 21 digital output that were used in the panel. There
32RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
are a total of 61 terminal blocks that were made up of 26 digital input, 21 digital
output, 4 pieces for 220Vac, and 10 pcs for 24Vdc and 0Vdc.
Photo Sensor
The photo sensor itself has two slots in it. Each slot was made of a special
material that is sensitive to infrared light. When the sensor is idle, both slots
detect the same amount of infrared light, the ambient amount radiated from the
room or walls or outdoors. Once the moving object enters the motion range of
the photo sensor, it first intercepts one half of the photo sensor, which causes a
positive differential change between the two halves, then it will send a signal to
the controller and trigger the air condition units and the lights. When the moving
object leaves the sensing area, the sensor will return to its initial state (normally
open contact), whereby the sensor generates a negative differential change.
These changes in pulses will be detected by the sensor.
Three photo sensors were installed in the three cubicle in the room AB 407
and ensured its wide sensing range. Each of the three sensors triggered a
specific set of air condition unit and lights. When the moving object passed the
photo sensor, it trigger the set of air condition unit and lights.
If the object leaves the cubicle, the photo sensor will disable the lights and
air-conditioning unit.
Figure 4. 24VDC supply
33RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Converting AC signal to DC signal
This study used a Direct Current signal (24Vdc) as an input for the
Programmable Logic Controller, Motion sensor. Thus, conversion of Alternating
Current (220Vac) to Direct Current (24Vdc) were used.
The 24Volts direct current power supply has an input of 220Volts alternating
current, which has three terminals, and produces 24Volts direct current. The two
terminals of 220Volts alternating current is also called the Line1 and Line2 while
the 3rd terminal is the ground. The four terminals on the output of the 24Vdc
supply have the positive and negative direct current. The positive terminal (M+)
34RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
was connected to the positive connection of the component’s supply while the
negative terminal (L-) was connected to the negative side connection of the
component’s supply.
On the Programmable Logic Controller, the positive and negative terminal of
the 24Vdc were connected to the positive and negative side of the PLC
respectively. The output of the Programmable Logic Controller would energize a
specific component (e.g. Light), which is connected to the coil of the relay and
changes its state.
Integrating Programmable Logic Controller
Programmable logic controller (CPU 313C) with 26 digital input and 24 digital
output are used to control the components inside the miniature (e.g. lights, fan,
electrical motor and projector). The passive infrared sensor, proximity sensor,
and smoke detector installed would send a signal to the programmable logic
controller. The programmable logic controller responds in accordance to the
program that was downloaded. It may turn on or turn off the lights and motors to
vary the temperature. The control taken by the PLC was time-based and
automatic, which made it smart. The Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
35RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
(SCADA) is integrated to the Programmable Logic Controller (CPU 313C). Step
7 V5.5 was the software that was used for the PLC.
Integrating Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA)
The graphical user interface of the building automation system which
monitors and controls the different electrical and mechanical components in the
field level remotely. Hardware in the field level such as limit switches gathers
and feeds data into the computer where the SCADA software was installed.
Real time data collection from the different rooms enabled the computer to
process this data and display it in a timely manner graphically.
The graphics designed were based on how the actual miniature looks like.
The SCADA also records all events in the miniature and log them into a file
stored in the computer. Building administrators or other authorized person can
open and print this file for weekly/monthly reports. Moreover, the SCADA
displays warning when conditions in any of the different rooms become
precarious by generating alarm events. The software used for the SCADA is
WinCC 7.2 without an OPC server.
Access card
36RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
The transmitter was installed in the special identification card held by the
professors of the DICT. These cards allow the holder to have a special access
in any room at any time. The specific use of the card was to override the
automated system for the professor to manually open the doors and gain access
inside the desired room and open manually the air conditioning units and lights.
Photo Sensor
There were photo sensors installed towards the projector in AB-401 and AB-
405. The purpose of this light sensor was to detect the projector if it is turned on
or not. If it is turned on, the light sensor triggered the dim lights to turn on and
interlocked the electrical lights to turn off. If the projector is turned off, the light
sensor will trigger the electrical lights and dim lights to go back to its initial state.
Testing the Output Devices
There were twenty-two electrical lights and seven air conditioning unit (ACU)
installed in the miniature. For safety actions, doors are locked for certain period.
In case of power failure, doors will unlock as its fail position because the PLC
will run out of power. However in actual implementation it is recommended to
include UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) in the system. These output
37RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
devices will respond based on the signals coming from the input devices and the
way they are programmed in the PLC.
Electrical Motor
A total of 8 electrical motors were installed in the three room: three electrical
motors for the air-conditionung units of AB-401 and two electrical motors for the
air-conditioning units of rooms AB-405 and AB-407. The electrical motor for the
air conditioning units were on and off motor to represent the automatic variation
of ACU in each room. Each ACU turns on based on the number of people inside
the room.
Manual Override Control
Almost all automatic devices have manual overrides for maintenance, back-
up, emergency and bypass of automatic function in case of failure. In much the
same way manual switches were installed in the miniature to manually operate
its automatic components when desired. These switches were connected to all
lights, sprinklers and air-conditioning units in each room so that they are able to
be controlled manually. These manual switches are usually ignored unless the
automated system fails, the system is under maintenance or it is personally
controlled by the occupants.
38RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Miniature Design
Figure 5 shows the design of the miniature of rooms AB-401, AB-407 and
AB-405 including the push buttons and control panel. The actual size of the
prototype is 37x27x39 in. (LxWxH). The dimensions of the three rooms are as
follows:
39RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Figure 5. Prototype of the miniature
a. AB-401
14x8x6 in. (LxWxH)
b. AB-407
16x10x6 in. (LxWxH)
c. AB-405
13x8x6 in. (LxWxH)
Principles and Conditions
1. Rooms AB-401, AB-407 and AB-405 were scaled down to a miniature which
shows the proposed building automation system.
2. Each room has their own lighting, air-conditioning and fire safety systems.
40RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
3. Vibrating robots and light emitting diodes represented the actual moving
people inside the miniature.
4. LED lights and electrical motors represent the actual lighting and air-
conditioning respectively.
5. For the security of each room, time-based control was strictly implemented in
the system.
6. Room AB-401 has eleven LED lights (nine for lighting and two for emergency
light), and five electrical motors (two for sprinklers and three for air-condition
units).
7. Room AB-407 has eight LED lights (six for lighting and two for emergency
light) and four electrical motor (two for air-condition units and two for sprinklers).
8. Room AB-405 has nine LED lights (seven for lighting and two for emergency
light) and four electrical motor (two for air-condition units and two for sprinklers).
9. Photo sensor was installed in each room to detect if the projector is turned on.
If this sensor is triggered, lights in the room will dim.
10. Two light dependent resistors were installed in rooms AB-401 and AB-405 to
count the number of people inside the room.
41RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
11. Whenever an LED is activated on a specific area, only the lights on that
designated area turns on. Moreover, all lights will turn on if all areas in that room
are occupied.
12. Electric motors (air-condition units) will turn on depending on the number of
people inside the room (see Table 3).
13. Activation of access card and projector is manually done via triggering of
light dependent resistor and switch respectively.
14. All lights, air-condition units and doors can be controlled manually.
15. Power failure, which is intentionally executed by the group, causes the
emergency lights to turn on.
16. The SCADA gathers all the data coming in and going out of the miniature.
17. Events inside the miniature can be viewed in SCADA’s computer screen.
System Operation
AB-401 and AB-405
The system will start when occupants enter the room. Rooms are available
five minutes before the registered class schedule or using access card of
authorized person.
42RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Within the five minutes time allotment before the registered class time, dim
lights will turn on if one or more occupants is/are inside the room. These dim
lights for the five minutes time allowance will no longer turn on if the room is
occupied via access card but it can be activated manually.
All electrical lights will turn on and the dim lights will turn off when the
registered class time arrives. The number of air-condition unit that will turn on
depends on the number of people inside the room (see Table 3).
After two minutes if the system detects that nobody is occupying a certain
area, electrical lights designated on that area will turn off.
If the projector is turned on, dim lights will turn on and the electrical lights will
turn off.
Electrical lights and air-condition units can be controlled manually.
If power failure happens, emergency lights will turn on.
AB-407
The system will start when somebody enters the room.
Access card is required when going inside the room. This card is no longer
needed when going outside the said room.
Lights in the hallway will turn on once a person comes inside and will turn off
when nobody is inside.
43RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
If one or more person enters a cubicle, lights and air-condition unit
designated on that cubicle will turn on. These lights and air-condition units will
turn off within five minutes after the occupant/s left the cubicle.
Electrical lights and air-condition units can be controlled manually.
If power failure happens, emergency lights will turn on and the door will
unlock.
The presence of three person in actual is represented by one plunger inside
the miniature. Each number of energized plungers will have an equivalent
number of an air conditioning unit, which is represented by an on and off motor
as shown in the Table 3.
Table 3. Condition of ACU for AB-401 and AB-405
Number of People
(miniature)
Number of People (actual)
Number of Equivalent
ACU1-3 1 to 15 1
4-6 16 to 30 2
7 or more > 30 3
If the number of energized LED inside the miniature was greater than or
equal to one (1) or suddenly decreases from six (6) to one (1) or all of the LED
44RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
were de-energized, the number of air conditioning unit will turn on and turn off
according to the number of people inside. The system will give 10 minutes
allotment before the air conditioning unit will turn off.
The number of LED that will activate inside the miniature were determined by
the push button, which are connected in-line to the digital input module.
The push button connected in-line with each of the LED will trigger an output
corresponding on the status of these LEDs
The number of energized LED will count as one (1) and will be added to the
total number of the energized LED.
The number of de-energized LED will be subtracted to the total number of
the energized LED.
Principles and Condition on Actual Implementation
1. All rooms have individual lighting, air-conditioning and fire safety systems.
2. Class schedules will be registered in the SCADA by an authorized person. If it
is not yet the class time, doors are locked. If it is already the class time, doors in
each room will unlock automatically.
3. Access card will enable authorized person to unlock the rooms anytime.
45RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
4. Sensors that will be installed in each room are the following:
Photo Detectors and Light Sensors
Proximity switches
5. Two proximity switches will be installed in the door of each room to count the
number of people inside.
6. Lights and air-condition units will not work unless the photo detector and the
counter are triggered.
7. When an area is occupied, lights designated on that area will turn on.
8. The number of air-condition units that will turn on will depend on the number of
people inside the room (see table 3). These air-condition units will turn on with a
default setpoint of 18 °C but can be manually adjusted if desired.
9. Photo sensor will detect if the projector is turned on. If this sensor detects ligt
from the projector, dim lights will automatically turn on.
10. Emergency lights will turn on when power failure happens.
11. Doors are locked for certain period based on the time-based control.
12. Doors will unlock when the power failure occurs.
46RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
13. All lights, air-condition units and doors can be controlled manually.
14. The SCADA gathers all the data coming in and going out of the building.
15. Event inside each room can be viewed in SCADA’s computer screen.
Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter expounds the finding during the testing of building automation
system in the miniature. The implementation of the proposed automated building
system in the miniature of AB-401, AB-405 and AB-407 has successfully satisfied
the requirements of an actual automated building system.
Objective 1: To design and install all the components of the building
automation system in the miniature.
47RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
The miniature exactly represents the actual rooms AB-401, AB-405 and AB-
407. It portrays objects and facilities inside each room like tables, chairs,
windows, cubicles, hallway and etc. Components installed effectively represents
the facilities for each room namely the lighting system (including the dim lights),
air-conditioning system and alarm system.
The sensors light dependent resistor and smoke detector works well as it
were placed in an appropriate positions. Light dependent resistors were installed
in the cubicles of AB-407, in the middle of the prototype that represents counting
of passage of people in the door of any room and beside the white board of
rooms AB-401 and AB-405 along the pathway of the light of the projector. In that
case the sensor monitors the on and off state of the projector.
48RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Figure 6. Miniature of AB-401
49RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Figure 7. Miniature of AB-405
Figure 8. Miniature of AB-407
50RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
The programmable logic controller S7-300 was installed in the control panel
beneath the miniature together with its digital input and digital output modules.
Also, supplementary components specifically terminal blocks, step down
transformers and relays were installed in the panel. Step down transformers and
relays were installed because the voltage supply of the miniature devices, e.g.
sensors, lights and electrical motors, were less than 24 VDC. The conditions of
all components installed in the control panel was tested. The results are shown in
Table 4.
Table 4. Conditions of Control Panel Components
Control Panel Components Remarks
1. Circuit Breaker Working Properly
2. TransformerOutput
5V 5.0V Output
9V 8.95V Output
12V 12.0V Output
3. Power Supply 24.1V Output
4. S7-300 CPU 313C Working Properly
5. DI Module Working Properly
6. DO Module Working Properly
7. Relays Working Properly
8. Terminal Blocks Working Properly
9. Cable Duct Spacious
52RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Figure 9. Main Control Panel
53RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Figure 10. Marshalling Panel
Objective 2: To construct a representation of actual moving people inside
the miniature specifically line tracking robot and light emitting diode.
Vibrating robot was placed inside the AB-407 which represents the presence
and motion of people inside the room. The robot triggered the light dependent
resistor when it enter the cubicle and activated the lighting and air-conditioning
system based on the logic of the program.
The presence of students in the rooms AB-401 and AB-407 were represented
by light emitting diodes installed in each table. The number of lights and air-
conditioning unit that will turn on was based on the corresponding number of
activated light emitting diodes.
Objective 3: To integrate a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) in the system to monitor and control the different rooms
remotely.
One of the aims of the system was to establish a remote control and
monitoring system, and the Simatic WinCC version 7.2 made this possible.
Actions of the input and output devices were programmed in the PLC where the
SCADA was dependent in data gathering. The SCADA is used to monitor
54RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
events happening inside each rooms and is capable of controlling output
devices such as lights, air-conditioning units and doors.
The graphics created in SCADA was designed to look like the actual
representation of the rooms. The aim of this graphics is to show what, where
and when the facilities are activated and to indicate the present condition of the
installed devices. If the light graphics in the SCADA screen, which looks like the
lights in the miniature, lit, it means the actual light in that specific room is
activated. The open and close state of the miniature doors are also indicated in
the SCADA screen. The SCADA also monitors the on-off state of the projectors
and doors of each room.
Objective 4: To apply a time-based control in the building automation
system.
Time-based control was effectively applied in the system that fitted with the
school’s class schedules. Rooms are locked when it is not yet the class time.
Rooms are unlocked and available for use when the exact class schedule
arrives. After the class schedule, all devices inside the room turns off
automatically.
The time-based function of the system can be bypassed using the access
card or manually opening it in the SCADA which is installed in AB-407.
55RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Objective 5: To test if the miniature is working based on its desired
function.
Miniature Component Testing
Series of testing were made to make sure that all installed components such
as sensors, push buttons, light emitting diodes, gear motors and beacon will work
properly and to check if the components are wired into the PLC module
according to its designated address.
Testing of Automatic Doors
Constructing an automatic miniature door was another challenging task. This
was made possible by using gear motors that fit inside the miniature. These
motors were designed to rotate 90° clockwise and counter-clockwise that acted
the opening and closing of each door. Reversing the rotation of these motors
were done by altering the positive and negative power supply connection through
relay. By slowing down its rotation and disconnecting the supply at a certain
amount of time, it satisfies the right angle for safety in demonstration purposes.
Testing of Lights
56RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Light emitting diodes as lightings are event-based activated. Push buttons
activates the light emitting diodes that indicates the presence and location of
students. When these elements are determined, lights turn on.
The dim lights are either activated five minutes before the programmed class
time or the projector is activated. A push button is used to trigger the
representation of the projector which was placed in front of the miniature model.
The miniature was running at normal operation when the push button for
projector was activated. As a result, the lightings was turned off and the dim
lights turned on.
Emergency lights were installed in case of power interruption or brown-out.
These emergency lights activates manually. The miniature was supplied by
power to activate its components and this power was intentionally cut. As a
result, the emergency lights were automatically activated.
Testing of Electrical Motors
Gear motors were used to represent air-conditioning units. This component
was tested using automatic sequence and using manual override switches.
These devices were found to be working well as long as it is supplied by the right
voltage rating. Air-conditioning units are idled or inactive while doors remained
57RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
close unless conditions and schedule are met and access cards and manual
overrides are used.
Testing of the Programmed System Operation
The time-based system programmed determines when a room is available
and so its facility for automatic activation. This is possible using S7-300 controller
time-based control. The rooms were designed to be inaccessible for unscheduled
times for energy efficiency and security reasons.
To test the system operation, the group programmed the time when the class
was supposed to take place. The miniature was running in a normal condition
with all doors closed and facilities inactivated since the programmed class hours
was not yet met.
When the schedule was met, the automated miniature door moved at 90 deg.
and the dim lights were activated. An indication that the scheduled class hours
has started.
Testing of Automatic Response of Lights and Air-conditioning Units
Energy efficiency means using it only when needed. An intelligent building
knows the need of its occupant without being excessive in using the energy.
58RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Building management system does not only reduce human effort, it also assess
human from using the right amount of energy to be consumed.
If implemented, the number of air-conditioning units to be triggered inside
room will depend on the number of students present inside it. In actual
implementation, this can be done using proximity sensors which will be used as a
counter.
The building energy efficiency of automated buildings in comparison with non-
automated building can be demonstrated using the miniature built by the group.
Illustrations are provided to document how room areas are lighted up according
to predetermined location of students. A tabulated activation of air-conditioning
units according to number of students is also provided in Table 5.
Table 5. Response of Electrical Motors
ROOMS NUMBER OF STUDENTSACTIVATED ELECTRICAL
MOTORSACU1 ACU2 ACU3
AB-4011-3 1 0 04-6 1 1 07-8 1 1 1
AB-4051-3 1 04-6 1 1
AB-407Cubilce 1 1 0Cubicle 2 1 0
Conference Room 1 1
59RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Testing of Switches for Manual Override
The purpose of the installed manual system is to provide the control which is
not inside the programmed sequence. The manual switches were also used to
diagnose facilities that are not functioning. This will also serve as back-up system
in case the automatic system fails.
The manual switches are provided to control the facilities of the AB-401, AB-
405, and AB-407 miniature rooms. Different manual switches are assigned to
turn on and off the light emitting diodes for lightings and dim lights, to activate the
electrical motors that represents the air-conditioning units and to open and close
the doors. Table 6 shows the response of the output devices when controlled
manually.
Table 6. Manual Control
Rooms Miniature Facilities Remarks
AB-401Lightings and Dim Lights Working Properly
Door Working Properly
Air-conditioning units Working Properly
AB-405Lightings and Dim Lights Working Properly
Door Working Properly
Air-conditioning units Working Properly
AB-407Lightings Working Properly
Air-conditioning units Working Properly
Door Working Properly
60RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Objective 6: To create a system design for actual implementation of the
miniature.
The only sensor that was changed in the design for the actual
implementation of the miniature was the light dependent resistor. Instead of
using light dependent resistor, photo detector sensor shall be used because
photo detector sensor is more suitable for the detection of body movements in
bigger atmosphere. Light dependent resistor can still be used for the detection
of projector and counting of people entering or leaving the room. Time-based
control will also be strictly applied in the system of actual implementation.
Additional component, specifically UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) shall be
installed to provide back-up power so that security will still be definite in case of
power loss. The designs for actual implementation are shown in Figures 6-8.
61RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Figure 11. Actual Room Design of AB-401
62RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Figure 12. Actual Room Design of AB-405
Figure 13.
Actual
Room
Design of
AB-407
Upon the testing of components, some miniature representations of actual
devices had issues and yield delimitations in this study. Thus other
representations that would fit in the miniature were.
Implementation of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system
HVAC system application is not limited to buildings that needs continuous
operation but its application exceeds the requirements of the proposed structure.
63RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
The proposed structure is a school where facilities are operated by schedule,
which means continuous operation is not necessary. HVAC system may only
cause disadvantage like energy and cost inefficiency. Building automation
ensures energy efficiency, security and room convenience. Therefore, this
project reconsidered few options to satisfy a comfortable place without being
inefficient in terms of energy use and costs.
Instead of using HVAC for ventilation, window-type air-conditioning units were
used which are initially installed in the actual rooms. In the miniature, these were
represented by electrical motors as said in chapter 3.
Energy Conservation With Building Automation System
The group came up in comparing the summation of energy consumption of
having BAS or Building Automation System and the common or normal power
consumption of the different rooms. Based on the computation, Building
Automation System can reduce the energy consumption of the building. It
lessens the consumption up to almost 30% for an hour. This system also
minimizes the occupants interface from turning on and off of the air-conditioning
units and lights. The following computation that the group did is the proof that
Building Automation System is really helpful and efficient for the building
64RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
integration. The computation of energy consumption of air-conditioning units
(ACU) and lights are shown in Tables 7-10.
Table 7. AB-405: Computaion For Energy Consumption of ACU Without Building Automation System
AIR CONDITIONIN
G UNIT
TIME USAGE
POWER RATING
COMPUTATIONTOTAL
CONSUMPTION
UNIT 1-3 1hr 1491.4watts(1491.4*1 / 1000)
(3)4.4742kWh
Table 8. AB-405: Computaion For Energy Consumption of ACU With Building Automation System
AIR CONDITIO
NING UNIT
TIME USAGE
POWER RATING
COMPUTATIONOF TOTAL
CONSUMPTION
TOTAL CONSUMP-
TION
ENERGY SAVE
UNIT 1 1hr 1491.4watts (1.4914kW) (1h)
+ (2.9828kW) (0.83h)
+ (4.4742kW) (0.58h)
3.596412 kWh
20%UNIT 2 50mins 2982.8watts
UNIT 3 35mins 4474.2watts
Table 9. AB-401: Computaion For Energy Consumption of Lights Without Building Automation System
LIGHTINGSTIME
USAGEPOWER RATING
COMPUTATIONTOTAL
CONSUMPTION39 unit 1hr 5watts [(5)(1) / 1000](39) 0.195kWh
Table 10. AB-401: Computaion For Energy Consumption of Lights With Building Automation SystemLIGHTINGS PER AREA
TIME USAG
E
POWER RATING
COMPUTATIONOF TOTAL
CONSUMPTION
CONSUMP-
TION PER
TOTAL CONSUMP
-TION
ENERGY
SAVE
65RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
AREAAREA 1 1hr 20watts (0.02Kw)(1hr) 0.02KwH
0.07364KwH
40%
AREA 250minutes
40watts(0.04Kw)(0.83hr)
0.0332KwH
AREA 335minutes
60watts(0.06Kw) (0.58hr)
0.0348KwH
AREA 425minutes
80watts(0.08Kw)(0.418hr)
0.0334KwH
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the testing, the resolve raised
problems and for recommendation suggestions for further analysis.
66RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The purpose of this study, which is to create a miniature representation
for advanced automated facilities in RTU room AB-401, AB-405, and
AB-407, was fulfilled and was proven to provide a fixed and assured
security, comfort and energy efficiency in the building.
It also aim to have a fixed and assured security, comfort and energy
efficiency in the building.
There are several topics needed to be considered in this particular
study. The air-conditioning and lighting condition and the most
important is the Building Automation System (BAS).
The control system that is used in this project is PLC Simatic S7-300
CPU 313C and SCADA Simatic WinCC version 7.2.
It makes human and machine interaction less and easier.
The light dependent resistor or photo sensor installed in each room
were used to determine the exact the number of lights and air-
conditioning units that will turn on depending on the number of
occupancy represented by light emitting diodes and vibrating robot.
This sensor is also used to monitor the on and off state of the
projector.
67RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
The project has its scope and delimitation wherein the miniature is
designed for DICT rooms AB-401, AB-405 and AB-407, which focused
on the advancement of the automation system in the specific facilities
of the DICT.
The light emitting diode that represents the number of students inside
the rooms will be operated by manual switched installed outside the
miniature.
The prototype needs to be tested if the function will work according to
its tasks.
This project help not only the DICT but also the entire school if it will be
implemented. It can provide huge reduction in the energy consumption
of the school. It can aslo give the students, professors and other
employees security and room convenience.
CONCLUSION
After series of studies and testings, the group came up with a conclusion that
the purpose on this project is feasible in actual for the solution of the energy
efficiency, security and comfort of the students, professors, and other employees
not only in the entire floor but also for the entire building. By the use of the
improved technologies, the aim of the project is possible to be implemented with
68RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology
an almost zero percent of risks in the particular area. The project design is
practically made for less human intervention and higher productivity not only for
the DICT but also for the whole school facilities. Through testings and different
studies, the problems that were raised were eventually solved by the
researchers.
RECOMMENDATION
For futher improvement of the proposed proejct the following points are
recommended:
For more efficient and easy monitoring of the system HMI or Human Machine
interface may be installed for widely installation of the project.
The future researcher may improve the occupancy indicator with a real
automated moving object.
For additional security, install third party system like fire safety system which
may include smoke detector, alarm and fire sprinkler.
The system may also be enlarged and implemented in an actual
demonstration so the other purpose of the miniature can be appreciated and
seen.
Recommended