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© 2017 EnerNex. All Rights Reserved. www.enernex.com
Building a 21st Century Energy Network
Smart Energy Symposium
May 24
© 2017 EnerNex. All Rights Reserved. www.enernex.com
EnerNex
Power Systems Engineering and Consulting
• Support for Utility Variable-Generation Integration Group (UVIG): https://www.uvig.org/
• Models and techniques to study the impact of wind generation and solar on bulk transmission and distribution networks
• Grid modernization to analyze and develop technologies and solutions for utility situational awareness, automation and control
Often applied to enable additional renewable and distributed generation
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Tom Thumb
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https://wikihistoria.wikispaces.com/Tom+Thumb
© 2017 EnerNex. All Rights Reserved. www.enernex.com
Engineering Renewable Integration
1. Implications for power generation
2. Implications for grid infrastructure
3. Implications for power quality
4. Implications for Value of DER
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© 2017 EnerNex. All Rights Reserved. www.enernex.com
Minnesota Distributed Solar Growth
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0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
2014 2015 2016
MW
Industrial
Commercial
Residential
https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=23972
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Simple Distributed Solar Exponential Extrapolation
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2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
MW
Feb 2017 EIA Estimate ~32MW
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60.00
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80.00
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2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
MW
Maximum
Average
Minimum
August Distributed Solar Output
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http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/
53.5 MW
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Simulated Week Output for Aug 2017
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15.5 MW
8.8 MW
5.8 MW
Bulk Generation and Electricity Markets must balance electricity
supply and demand in real-time
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Implications for power generation
As renewable generation increases in capacity, conventional generation is still needed to ramp up and ramp down output to balance supply and demand
As conventional generation transitions from providing base and block generation to more dynamic “ancillary service reserve” resources, the “heat rate” efficiency for those resources decreases
Demand Response, Energy Storage and Smart Inverters can all act as “shock absorbers” to mitigate the renewable output variability
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Hosting Capacity and Clustering of Solar Installation
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Heat Mapping Renewable Energy Capacity: SCE’s publicly available Distributed Energy Resource
Interconnection Map (DERiM) allows solar energy providers and customers to see the level of renewable
energy penetration in their neighborhoods: http://on.sce.com/derim
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Implications for grid infrastructure
The U.S. electric grid has been called the biggest machine in the world
This machine was designed to deliver power from central utility scale generation to electricity consumers
Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) fundamentally change the use of the grid relative to the indendeddesign
Engineering analysis and investment is needed to ensure continued resiliency, reliability and safety
Grid modernization is the emerging term for enabling utility situational awareness, automation and control
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Electricity Voltage and Frequency
ANSI C84 NEMA
Nominal
ANSI Service Voltage Utilization
Motor Nameplate
NEMA Voltage
120 V +/- 5%
10% Bandwidth
-13% / + 6%
19% Bandwidth
115 V +/- 10%
20% Bandwidth
208 V 200 V
240 V 230 V
277V
480 V 460 V
IEEE 15477
Frequency
High 60.5 Hz
Desired 60 Hz
Low 57 Hz
When electricity supply exceeds electricity demand, the voltage waveform frequency drops.
When electricity demand exceeds supply, frequency increases
Similarly, significant changes in electricity supply and demand relative to each other can cause voltage spikes or sags
With distributed generation, there can be a local voltage or frequency condition that the utility systems cannot detect at a substation or distribution feeder
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Implications for power quality
Consumer devices and especially industrial machinery is sensitive to voltage and frequency violations
Utilities need increased monitoring and distribution control to identify areas experiencing voltage and frequency issues.
• New autonomous or connected voltage regulation devices can be cost effective approaches for addressing these issues
New “Smart Inverters” with “ride through” capability for voltage and frequency can help address power quality issues
• IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation PRC-024-2 — Generator Frequency and Voltage Protective Relay Settings
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Where Does Electricity Come From? Majority of electricity provided by electric utility generation
and power purchase agreements (PPAs) with Independent Power Producers (IPP)• Includes both conventional and renewable generation
DER (predominately DG PV) is serving an increasing amount of consumer electricity needs
Many utilities participate in organized Regional Transmission Operator (RTO) or Independent System Operator (ISO) markets• Operates electric-transmission system• Manages wholesale day-ahead and real-time markets to
balance supply and demand Commodity – Prices high when demand exceeds supply
• Determines locational marginal price (LMP) for electricity• Midcontinent ISO (MISO - https://www.misoenergy.org)
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Implications for Value of DER
Emerging question: How to value DER?
• Net Energy Metering Issues with cross subsidization from non-DER
customers
• Transactive Energy Applying ISO/RTO idea to distribution level
Energy & Services– If DG supplies electricity back to the grid, what is it worth?
– If smart inverters help regulate frequency and/or voltage, what is it worth?
– Does DG perform these functions autonomously or after being dispatched?
– How is performance verified? Is there a cost for non-performance?
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Conclusion
No silver bullet!
DER solutions like smart inverters as well as grid
infrastructure investment are needed to enable
progression and increased penetration renewable
generation
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