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BS371 Drugs in Sport Anna Wittekind
In the news…since last year
• Operacion Puerto• Top riders suspended from
2006 Tour de France• Spanish police raid on
Spanish Doctor ‘Fuentes’– Anabolic steroids, frozen
blood, transfusion equipment
• Possession of list of >50 riders
In the news…
• Floyd Landis• +ve for testosterone
stage 17 TdF 2006• Guilty US arbitration
panel• Oscar Pereiro named
winner
And this year TdF…
• Rasmussen sacked by Rabobank;
• Vinoukirov – blood doping
• Moreni and Sinkewitz (testosterone)
In the news…
• Christine Ohuruogu• Bans for missing 3
out-of-competition tests
• May also face ban competing Olympics for GB
In the news…
• Ian Thorpe• AUS, 5x Olympic
Champion• Cleared
• Gary Player claims golfers taking drugs
• Major tours to start testing 2008
In the news…
• Marion Jones
• 5 x Gold medals, Sydney Olympics
• Pleaded guilty to lying re. steriod abuse before 2000 (and after)
• Coach (Trevor Graham) ‘flaxseed oil’ – steroid ‘the clear’ (Balco)
Lecture breakdown
• Introduction and assessment• IOC List of Doping Classes• Overview of all classes• Detail
– Stimulants– Anabolic steroids– Blood boosting
• Drug detection
Introduction
• What is doping?• What is a drug?
• Chemical substances which interact with biological targets to alter the biochemical systems of the body - Mottram
• What is an ergogenic aid?• application of a nutritional, physical, mechanical,
psychologic, physiologic or pharmacologic procedure or aid to improve physical work capacity
• Why take drugs?• Why test?
Brief (! or not) history• Ancient Greeks used special diets, potions• ‘Doping’ used as term for drugging racehorses• 19thC - strychnine, caffeine, cocaine and alcohol• 1928 - IAAF banned doping, but no tests• 1930’s development of synthetic hormones – used since 1950’s• 1966 - UCI and FIFA introduced tests• 1968 - Olympic Games (Mexico City) introduced tests• 1974 - reliable test for anabolic steroids• 1970’s/80’s – state sponsored doping – GDR• 1970’s blood doping – banned 1986• 1980 - use of natural hormones• 1988 - Ben Johnson scandal• 1990 - EPO joined list but no test until Sydney 2000• 1998 - Tour de France – ‘Festina Affair’• 1999 - WADA• 2004 - World Anti-doping Code• 2004 - THG (Tetrahydrogestrione) – Balco scandal• 2006 - TdF Operacion Puerto
Drugs and Targets
• Drug ideally interacts with single target to produce effect;
But• Varying degree of side-effects
depending on extent to which interact with sites other than primary target
• Aim is maximum selectivity
• Most drugs interact with receptors
DRUG-RECEPTOR COMPLEX
BIOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONWITHIN CELLS
DRUG + RECEPTOR
EFFECT
Assessment
• Web page discussing use of one ‘performance-enhancing’ substance/method in sport
• Can cover– Overview of the drug/ergogenic aid;– Purported mechanism of action;– Evidence that improves performance from one recent original
scientific paper – critical appraisal.
– Links to external websites (usefulness/reliability required)
– Tables, graphs, figures in order to make the website visually interesting to the reader.
– detection and frequency of illegal use (if an illegal drug)
– optimum dosage for best performance in different sports (if ergogenic aid)
Assessment
• E.g.
• Banned – EPO, testosterone, nandrolone, ephedrine
• Legal – caffeine, echinacea, colostrum, glycerol
• Look in Journals, Pubmed etc.
http://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibitedlist.ch2
World Anti-Doping Code2007 Prohibited List
• Substances and methods prohibited at all times– Anabolic agents– Hormones & related
substances– β2-agonists– Agents with anti-estrogenic
activity– Diuretics and other masking
agents– Enhancement of oxygen
transfer– Chemical and Physical
manipulation– Gene doping
• Substances and Methods in-competition– Stimulants– Narcotics– Cannabinoids– Glucocorticosteroids
• Substances prohibited in particular sports– Alcohol– Beta-blockers
WADA Anti-Doping Code
• Specified substances– particularly susceptible to unintentional anti-doping rule violations
due to general availability in medicinal products or which are less likely to be successfully abused as doping agents – may result in reduced sanction if athlete can establish that was not intended to enhance sport performance eg. Cannabinoids, alcohol
• Monitoring program– substances not on prohibited list but are monitored to detect
patterns of misuse in sport– Eg. Caffeine, pseudoephedrine
Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE)
• What is it?• Criteria
– The athlete would experience significant health problems without taking the prohibited substance or method;
– The therapeutic use of the substance would not produce significant enhancement of performance; and
– There is no reasonable therapeutic alternative to the use of the otherwise prohibited substance or method.
• Standard vs Abbreviated TUE
Incidence in sport
Incidence in Sport
• Most frequent cases in:– Athletics
• Stimulants, anabolic agents, non-compliance– Power/weight lifting
• Anabolic agents– Football
• Stimulants and Marijuana– Rugby
• Stimulants and anabolic agents– Cycling
• Stimulants and anabolic agents– Equestrian racing
• Stimulants, Diuretics
UK Sport
• Country’s National Anti-doping organisation– Coordinates testing program– Quarterly reports on website
• 100% me– http://www.100percentme.co.uk/home.php– Drug Information Database
• http://www.didglobal.com/
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