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Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
• most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide• most common cause of cancer death in both
men and women• Lung cancer kills more people than colorectal,
breast, and prostate cancers combined.
Risk FactorsEnvironmental exposure – Smoking (in more than 90% of patients)– Occupational exposure to carcinogens: (Asbestos,
Radon, Halogen ether, arsenic, Radioisotope exposure, ionizing radiation)
– Atmospheric pollutionNonmalignant lung diseases– COPD– Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis– TB
Individual's susceptibility
Types
• Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) : 80%– Adenocarcinoma (40%)– squamous cell carcinoma (25%)– large cell carcinoma (10-20%)
• Small cell lung cancer(SCLC) : (25%)
Adenocarcinoma X-ray
• small (often < 4 cm) • peripheral • round or oval • Solitary nodule• smoothly marginated, occasionally, w/ irregular margins • corona radiata : distort surrounding vessels• pleuroparenchymal tail : retraction of the adjacent
pleura • lymphadenopathy of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes
Squamous Cell Carcinoma X-ray• Size: 1 to 10 cm• central bronchi– may result in postobstructive pneumonia and/or
atelectasis, bronchiectasis, and hyperinflation • Cavitations• Extension into the chest wall or mediastinum w/bone
destruction– superior vena cava syndrome– phrenic or recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis– Pancoast or superior sulcus tumors Asymmetry of >
8 mm in apical pleural thickening
Squamous Cell Carcinoma• Cavity walls are usually thick
and irregular, ranging in size from 0.5 to 3 cm.
• Central cancer of the lung
Squamous Cell Carcinoma• Left atelectasis
Large Cell Carcinoma X-ray
• large (average size > 7 cm)• Peripheral • poorly defined margins • Hilar and mediastinal adenopathy
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma X-ray
• small or may not be visible• centrally located • Hilar enlargement• mediastinal extension • extrathoracic metastases• tracheobronchial compression
atelectasis??? • pleural effusions (5 to 50% of cases)
Non-small cell lung Carcinoma
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