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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Topic: Video [Section]
A A-a gradient: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]; Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
A band: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
ABC enzymes: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
abciximab: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
abdominal aorta: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]; Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
abdominal aortic aneurysms: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
abdominal pain
acute abdomen: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
adrenal disorders: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
appendicitis: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
bacterial infection: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
bowel obstruction: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Budd Chiari syndrome: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
carcinoid syndrome and: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]
cholangitis: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
diabetic ketoacidosis: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
ectopic pregnancy: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
gastrinoma: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
gout drugs: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
helminth infection: Helminths [Infection Disease]
hemoglobinuria: Complement System [Immunology]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
hemolytic syndromes: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
hypercalcemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
inflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
irritable bowel syndrome: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
lactose intolerance: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
lead poisoning: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
leukemia and: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
liver cancer: Liver Cancer [Gastroenterology]
mesenteric ischemia: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
myasthenia gravis and: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
myocardial infarction: NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
pancreatitis: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
[Gastroenterology] porphyrias and: Porphyrias [Hematology]
portal vein thrombosis: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
toxic megacolon: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
Whipple’s disease symptom: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
2
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
yolk sac tumor: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]
abdominal perforation: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Special
Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
abdominal wall
defects: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
hernias: Hernias [Gastroenterology]. See also hernias
abducens nerve (CN VI): Brainstem [Neurology]; Cranial Nerves [Neurology]; Eye Movements [Neurology];
Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
abductor digiti minimi muscle: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
abductor pollicis brevis muscle: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
abetalipoproteinemia: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
ABO blood classification: Blood Groups [Hematology]; Genetic Principles [Genetics]
abortion
guidelines for: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
medical: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
for minors: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
spontaneous: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
abruptio placenta. See placental abruption
abscesses
abdominal: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Special Growth
Requirements [Infectious Disease]
brain: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
crypt: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
diverticulitis complication: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
head and neck: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
liquefactive necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
liver: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
lung: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
[Infectious Disease] pancreas: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
retropharyngeal: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
skin: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]; Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]; Skin
Disorders I [Dermatology]; Skin Infections [Dermatology]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
tonsil: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
absence seizures: Seizures [Neurology]
absorption
of bile acids and salts: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
of carbohydrates: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]; Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
of drugs: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
of lipids: Bile [Gastroenterology]; Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
renal: Electrolytes [Renal]; Nephron Physiology [Renal]; Physiology II [Renal]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
of vitamins: Folate and B12 [Biochemistry]; B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
abuse. See also alcohol use and abuse; substance abuse
child abuse and neglect: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
dissociative identity disorder and: Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
elderly: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
guidelines and regulations for reporting: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
of laxatives: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
spousal: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
ABVD protocol for Hodgkin lymphoma: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]; Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
acalculous cholecystitis: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
acamprosate: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
acanthocytosis: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
acantholysis: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]; Skin [Dermatology]
acanthosis: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]; Skin [Dermatology]
acanthosis nigricans: Skin [Dermatology]
gastric carcinoma finding: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
insulin resistance and: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
polycystic ovarian syndrome and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
acarbose: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
accessory nerve (CN XI): Brainstem [Neurology]; Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
accommodation reflex: The Lens [Neurology]; The Pupil [Neurology]
accuracy (validity): Diagnostic Tests [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
acebutolol: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]; Stable Angina
[Cardiology] ACE inhibitors
action of: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Coagulation [Hematology]; Inflammation [Pathology]; Physiology
II [Renal]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
contraindications: Complement System [Immunology]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
diabetic proteinuria treatment: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
drug interactions: Lithium [Psychiatry]
for heart failure: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
quality measurements: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
for scleroderma renal crisis: Scleroderma [Immunology]
side effects: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
for systolic heart failure treatment: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
acetaldehyde: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
acetaminophen
G6PD deficiency and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
metabolism of: Free Radicals [Pathology]
overdose: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
uses: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
acetate: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
acetazolamide
action of: Diuretics [Renal]
for glaucoma: Glaucoma [Neurology]
for high altitude respiratory alkalosis: Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]
for non-anion gap metabolic acidosis: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
for pseudotumor cerebri: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
acetic acid: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
acetoacetate: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]; Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
[Biochemistry] acetylation: DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]; Translation [Cell Biology]
acetylcholine: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
action in GI tract: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
action in nervous system: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Neuromuscular Disorders
[Musculoskeletal]; Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
action in pancreas: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
for angina: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
acetylcholine agonists: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
acetylcholine antagonists: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
acetylcholine esterase (AChE): Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitors: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Neuromuscular Blockers
[Neurology]; Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
acetylcholine muscarinic receptor blockade: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
acetylcholine muscarinic receptors: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
4
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
acetyl-CoA
alcohol and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
during exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
fatty acid metabolism: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
ketones and: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
N-acetylglutamate synthesis: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
pyruvate and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
TCA cycle and: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
acetyl-CoA carboxylase: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
achalasia: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
Achilles reflex: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
achlorhydria: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
achondroplasia: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Pedigrees [Genetics]
acid-base regulation
acid excretion: Acid Excretion [Renal]
equilibrium: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
metabolic acidosis: Acid Base Problems [Renal]; Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
metabolic alkalosis: Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
principles: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
renal tubular acidosis: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
respiratory acid-base disorders: Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]
acid dissociation constant: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
acidemias: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
acid excretion: Acid Excretion [Renal]
acid-fast organisms: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]; Tuberculosis
[Pulmonary] acidic amino acids: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
acidosis
acid-base principles: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
defined: Acid Excretion [Renal]; Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
inborn errors of metabolism and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
osteoclast activity and: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
symptoms: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
acid production and secretion
acid rebound: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
burn patients and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
gastritis and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
protection from: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
regulation of: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
acid sphingomyelinase (ASM): Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
acinar cells: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]; Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
acinus: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
acne: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
androgens and: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
description: Skin [Dermatology]
polycystic ovarian syndrome and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
treatment: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Skin Disorders I
[Dermatology] AComm aneurysm: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
aconitase: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
acoustic neuromas: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]; Neurocutaneous
Disorders [Dermatology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
acquired diabetes insipidus: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). See HIV/AIDs
acquired long Qt syndrome: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
acquired methemoglobinemia: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
acquired nevi: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
acrodermatitis enteropathica: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
acromegaly: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]; Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]; Wrist
[Musculoskeletal] actin: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
actin filaments: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]; Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
acting out: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
actinic keratosis: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
Actinomyces spp.: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
description: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
actinomycin D: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]; Transcription [Cell Biology]
action potentials
cardiac: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]; Cardiac Muscle
[Musculoskeletal] neurons: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
skeletal muscle: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
smooth muscle: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
activated charcoal: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
activated clotting factor: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
activated protein C (APC): Coagulation [Hematology]; Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
acute abdomen: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
acute cholestatic hepatitis: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
acute coronary syndromes: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Cardiac Ischemia
[Cardiology] acute heart failure: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
causes of: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
chronic, comparison to: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
course of: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
heart sounds and: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
inferior infarction and: Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]
readmissions after: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR): Blood Groups [Hematology]
acute intermittent porphyria: Porphyrias [Hematology]
acute interstitial nephritis
description: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
drug-induced: Diuretics [Renal]; Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
acute leukemia: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
blast crisis: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
description: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
Down syndrome association: Down syndrome [Genetics]
acute myelogenous leukemia: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
blast crisis: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
acute myeloid leukemia
description: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
6
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Down syndrome association: Down syndrome [Genetics]
from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
polycythemia vera complication: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
acute myocardial infarction
aspirin therapy for: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
treatment: Coagulation [Hematology]
acute pancreatitis: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]; Liver,
Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]; Necrosis [Pathology]
acute-phase reactants: Inflammation [Pathology]; Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
acute promyelocytic leukemia: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
acute pulmonary edema: Opioids [Psychiatry]
acute pyelonephritis: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
acute regurgitation: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
acute renal failure: Renal Failure [Renal]
hemolytic uremic syndrome: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
hyperkalemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypocalcemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
tumor lysis syndrome and: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
acute renal injury: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
pneumonia complication: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
acute respiratory failure: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
acute stress disorder: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
acute transplant rejection: Transplants [Immunology]
acute tubular necrosis: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
acute vessel closure (STEMI): Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
acute viral hepatitis: Other Anemias [Hematology]
acyclovir: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; Meningitis [Neurology]
acylcarnitine: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[Biochemistry] acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT): Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
adalimumab: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]; Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology];
Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
adaptive immunity: B-Cells [Immunology]; Innate Immunity [Immunology]; Lymph Nodes & Spleen
[Immunology]; T-cells [Immunology]
Addison’s disease: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]; Parathyroid Glands
[Endocrinology] adductor brevis muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
adductor longus muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
adductor magnus muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbosacral
Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
adenine: DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT): Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
adenocarcinomas
anal: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
bladder: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
breast: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
celiac sprue complication: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
defined: Neoplasia [Pathology]
esophagus: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
gallbladder: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
7
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
gastric: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Skin [Dermatology];
Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
inflammatory bowel disease risk: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
lungs: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
myopathy association: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
prostate: Prostate [Reproductive]
ulcers and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
vaginal: Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
adenomas
adrenal: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
benign: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]; Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
breast: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
colon: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
defined: Neoplasia [Pathology]
hepatic: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
ovarian: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
parathyroid: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]; Parathyroid Glands
[Endocrinology] pituitary gland: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Brain Tumors [Neurology]; MEN Syndromes
[Endocrinology]; Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
salivary: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
thyroid: Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
toxic: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
adenomatous polyp: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
adenomyosis: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
adenosine: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
action of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]; Stimulants
[Psychiatry] for AVNRT: AVNRT [Cardiology]
chemical stress tests and: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
smooth muscle contraction and: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
adenosine deaminase deficiency: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
adenosine diphosphate (ADP): Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]; TCA Cycle
[Biochemistry] adenosine monophosphate (AMP): Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Glycogen
[Biochemistry]; Glycolysis [Biochemistry]; Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
apoptosis and: Apoptosis [Pathology]
depletion: Cell Injury [Pathology]
exercise and: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glycogen metabolism regulation: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
TCA cycle inhibition: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
tyrosine metabolism: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
urea cycle: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
adenosis
sclerosing adenosis: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]; Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
vaginal: Teratogens I [Reproductive]; Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
adenovirus: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
cardiomyopathy and: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
eye infections and: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
intussusception and: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
adenylate cyclase: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
8
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
adenylyl cyclase: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Glycogen
[Biochemistry] ADHD: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]; Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
adherens junctions (belt desmosomes or zonula adherens): Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
adhesions: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Adie’s tonic pupil: The Pupil [Neurology]
adiponectin: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
adipose tissue
during exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
during fasting/starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glucose metabolism and: Glucose [Biochemistry]
adnexal mass: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]; Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
adrenal crisis: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
adrenal failure: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
adrenal glands: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
adenomas: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
development: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
endoplasmic reticulum of: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
hormones: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
metastases: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
pantothenic acid deficiencies and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
tumors: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
adrenal insufficiency: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
ADH levels: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
AIRE (autoimmune regulator) genes and: T-cells [Immunology]
cortisol levels and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
diagnostic tests: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
glucocorticoid complication: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
adrenergic drugs: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
adrenergic synapses: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Other Drugs [Psychiatry]; Stimulants
[Psychiatry] adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
adrenal disorders: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
excess of: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
adrenoleukodystrophy: Transplants [Immunology]
adult stem cells: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
advanced care planning: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
advance directives: Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]
adventitia: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
adverse events: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
adverse response: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
aerobic metabolism: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]; Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
aerotolerant anaerobes: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
afferent arterioles: Physiology I [Renal]
Affordable Care Act (2010): Public Health [Behavioral Science]
aflatoxin: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
African sleeping sickness: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
afterload
maneuvers for diagnosing murmurs and: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
physiology: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
pressure volume loops and: Pressure Volume Loops [Cardiology]
response to exercise: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
9
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Starling curves: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
age and aging
Alzheimer’s disease risk factor: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
aneurysm association: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
bone mass and: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
cataract risk factor: The Lens [Neurology]
glomerular filtration rate relationship: Physiology II [Renal]
lung compliance with: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
skin disorders of: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
wrinkles: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
agenesis: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]
age-related (senile) amyloidosis: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
aggression: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
agnosia: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic
[Neurology] agonists potency: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
agoraphobia: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
agranulocytosis: Seizures [Neurology]; Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
AIDS. See HIV/AIDs
AIRE (autoimmune regulator) genes: T-cells [Immunology]
akathisia
drug-induced: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]; Gastrointestinal
Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
treatment: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
akinesia: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders
alanine: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
gluconeogenesis and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
levels with PDH complex deficiency: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
penicillins and: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
phenylalanine and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
alanine aminotransferase (ALT): Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Viral Hepatitis
[Infectious Disease] alanine cycle: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Glycolysis [Biochemistry];
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
alanine transaminase (ALT): Glycolysis [Biochemistry]; Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
alar plates: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
albendazole: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
Albers-Schönberg disease: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
albinism (oculocutaneous albinism): Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]; Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
[Biochemistry]; Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO): Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
albumin
anion gap and: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
bilirubin and: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
fatty acid metabolism and: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
insulin and: Insulin [Endocrinology]
as liver marker: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
as negative acute-phase reactant: Inflammation [Pathology]
progesterone and: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
proteinuria: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
sulfonamides and: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
albuterol: Electrolytes [Renal]; Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
alcohol dehydrogenase: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
10
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
alcoholic cirrhosis: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]; Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
alcoholic hepatitis: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
alcoholic liver disease: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
alcohol poisoning: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
alcohol use and abuse: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
anemia association: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]; Other Anemias [Hematology]
antibiotic precautions: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
avascular necrosis: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
bacterial infections: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
cardiomyopathy: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
cataract risk factor: The Lens [Neurology]
delirium: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
electrolytes and: Electrolytes [Renal]
esophageal disorder association: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
gastric disorder association: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
gout: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
maternal-fetal disorders: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]. See also fetal alcohol syndrome
metabolism: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Ketone Bodies
[Biochemistry] mineral deficiencies and: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
as neurotoxin: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
osteoporosis: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
pancreatitis: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer
[Gastroenterology] pathophysiology: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
porphyria trigger: Porphyrias [Hematology]
rosacea: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
seizures: Seizures [Neurology]
sleep cycle effects: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
therapy for: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
for tremors: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
vitamin deficiencies: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Cognitive
Disorders [Psychiatry]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
withdrawal: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]; Psychosis [Psychiatry]
aldesleukin (interleukin-2): Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
aldolase: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Muscular
Dystrophy [Genetics]
aldose reductase: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]; The Lens [Neurology]
aldosterone
acidosis: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
adrenal disorders: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
alkalosis: Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
hyperkalemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypertension and: Secondary Hypertension [Renal]
physiology: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]; Nephron Physiology [Renal]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal];
Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
salivary glands and: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
aldosterone antagonists: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
aldosterone escape: Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
alendronate: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
alirocumab: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
11
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
aliskiren: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
alkalemia: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
alkaline phosphatase
cholestasis and levels of: Bile [Gastroenterology]
liver marker: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
osteoblasts and: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
Paget’s disease and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
primary biliary cirrhosis diagnosis: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
alkaline tide: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
alkaloids: Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
alkalosis. See also metabolic alkalosis; respiratory alkalosis
acid-base disorder compensation: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
defined: Acid Excretion [Renal]; Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
hypokalemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
symptoms: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
alkaptonuria: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
alkylating agents: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]; Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]; Teratogens I
[Reproductive] allantoic duct: Placenta [Reproductive]
allantois: Placenta [Reproductive]
alleles: Genetic Principles [Genetics]; Hardy-Weinberg Law [Genetics]
allergens: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Opportunistic Fungal
Infections [Infectious Disease]
allergic conjunctivitis: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
allergic disease: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
allergic reactions
antibody mediation of: B-Cells [Immunology]
as hypersensitivity subtype: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
allergic rhinitis: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
allograft: Transplants [Immunology]
allopurinol
action of: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
for gout: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]; Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
precautions: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
alogia: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
alopecia: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
alpha level (hypothesis testing): Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
α-1,4 glucosidase (lysosomes): Glycogen [Biochemistry]
α1-antitrypsin deficiency
genetic principles: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
liver: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
lungs: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
α1-blockers: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine
[Neurology]; Prostate [Reproductive]
α1-receptor blockade: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
α2-agonists: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
ADHD treatment: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]
glaucoma treatment: Glaucoma [Neurology]
Tourette syndrome treatment: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
α2-antiplasmin: Coagulation [Hematology]
α2-blockers: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
α-agonists: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
12
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
α-amanitin: Transcription [Cell Biology]
α-amylase: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]; Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
α-blockers: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]; Penile
Disorders [Reproductive]
α-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
α-fetoprotein (AFP)
ataxia telangiectasia feature: Cerebellum [Neurology]
Down syndrome diagnosis: Down syndrome [Genetics]
embryology: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
tumors and: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]; Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]; Testicular
Tumors [Reproductive]
α-galactosidase A: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
α-globin: Thalassemias [Hematology]
α-glucosidases: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
α-granules: Platelet Activation [Hematology]
α-hemolysis pattern: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
α-ketoacid dehydrogenase: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Other
Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
α-ketoglutarate
hyperammonemia and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
pyridoxal phosphate and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
TCA cycle and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
α-methyldopa: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
α-thalassemia: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
α-toxin: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Alport syndrome: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]; Nephritic Syndrome
[Renal] alprazolam: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
alprostadil: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]; Shunts [Cardiology]
alternative hypothesis (H1): Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
alternative pathway (complement system): Complement System [Immunology]
alternative treatments: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
altruism: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
aluminum hydroxide: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
aluminum toxicity: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
alveolar gas equation: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
alveolarization: Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
alveolar period (lungs): Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
alveolar pressure: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]; Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
alveolar ventilation: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
alveolar vessels: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
alveoli: Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Pulmonary Anatomy
[Pulmonary]; Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
Alzheimer’s disease
acetylcholine levels: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
amyloid deposits: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
dementia cause: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
Down syndrome association: Down syndrome [Genetics]
Amanita phalloides: Transcription [Cell Biology]
amaurosis fugax: Visual Fields [Neurology]
ambiguous genitalia: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]; Disorders of Sexual Development
[Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
13
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
amebiasis: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
amenorrhea: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
anorexia nervosa association: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
disorders of sexual development and: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
drug-induced: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Diuretics [Renal]; Male Reproductive Hormones
[Endocrinology] hypogonadism and: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
Turner syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
amides: Local Anesthesia [Neurology]
amifostine: DNA drugs [Hematology]
amikacin: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
amiloride: Diuretics [Renal]; Lithium [Psychiatry]
amino acids
cholecystokinin regulation by: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
gluconeogenesis and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
insulin release and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
ketogenic: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
metabolism: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
purine synthesis: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
pyrimidine synthesis and: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
sickle cell anemia and: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
transcription: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]; Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
translation and: Translation [Cell Biology]
types of: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
[Biochemistry] aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase: Translation [Cell Biology]
aminocaproic acid: Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
aminoglycosides: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
action of: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Translation [Cell Biology]
drug synergy: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
resistance: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
side effects: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
synergistic effects: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
aminopenicillins: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
amiodarone
action of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
for cardioversion: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
photosensitivity and: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
side effects of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
thyroid disorders and: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
toxicity: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
amitriptyline: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
amlodipine: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
ammonia: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
cirrhosis and: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
pKa value of: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
pyrimidine metabolic disorders and: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
titratable: Acid Excretion [Renal]
urea cycle and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
ammonia chloride: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
ammonium detoxicants: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
ammonium-magnesium-phosphate stones: Kidney Stones [Renal]. See also kidney stones
14
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
amnesia: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]; Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic
[Neurology] amnion: Placenta [Reproductive]
amniotic band syndrome: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]
amniotic fluid: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
amniotic fluid embolism: Placental Complications [Reproductive]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]; Pulmonary
Embolism [Pulmonary]
amoxicillin: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
COPD: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
endocarditis prophylaxis: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
herpes virus: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
H. pylori infections: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
[Gastroenterology]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Pasteurella infections: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
pharyngitis: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
S. aureus infections: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
amphetamines
action of: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]; Other Drugs [Psychiatry]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
elimination: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
intoxication: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
narcolepsy treatment: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
tactile hallucinations with: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
amphotericin B
action of: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
CNS infections: HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]
opportunist infections: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
pneumonia: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
protozoa infections: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
systemic infections: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
ampicillin
action of: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
cholangitis: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
endometritis: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
group B strep prophylaxis: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
meningitis treatment: Meningitis [Neurology]
Pasteurella spp.: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
ampulla of Vater: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
amygdala: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
amylase: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
amylin analogs: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
amylin deposits: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
amyl nitrate: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
amyl nitrite: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]; Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
amyloid deposits: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]; Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Cancer
[Endocrinology] amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
amyloidosis: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
bronchiectasis association: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
chronic inflammation and: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
nephrotic syndrome association: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
rheumatoid arthritis complication: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
amyloid precursor protein (APP): Down syndrome [Genetics]
15
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
amyloid transthyretin (ATTR): Amyloidosis [Hematology]
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]; Restrictive Lung Disease
[Pulmonary]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
anabolic steroids
adverse effects: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
liver tumors and: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
anaerobic bacteria: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
acne and: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
antibiotic coverage: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease];
ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
aspiration pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
gram positive bacteria: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
lung abscesses: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
necrotizing fasciitis: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
sialadenitis: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
anaerobic exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
anaerobic metabolism: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
cyanide poisoning: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]; Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
glucose: Glucose [Biochemistry]
glycolysis and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
of lens: The Lens [Neurology]
anaerobic protozoa: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
anal canal: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
anal cancer: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
anaphase (mitosis): Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
anaphylatoxin: Complement System [Immunology]
anaphylaxis
with blood transfusions: Blood Groups [Hematology]
cephalosporin reaction: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
penicillin reaction: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
shock with: B-Cells [Immunology]
sulfonamide reaction: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
systemic type I hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
urticaria: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
anaplasia tumors: Neoplasia [Pathology]
anaplasmosis: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
anaplastic carcinoma: Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
anastrozole: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
anatomic dead space: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]; Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
anatomic shunting: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
anatomic snuff box: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) diseases: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
Ancylostoma duodenale: Helminths [Infectious Disease]; Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
androblastoma: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
androgen-binding protein (ABP): Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
androgens: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology];
Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
acne: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
adrenal glands and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]; Congenital
Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
prostate stimulation: Prostate [Reproductive]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor and: Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
sexual development: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]; Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
anemias: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]; Other Anemias [Hematology]; Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology].
See also specific anemias
amphotericin B side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
anorexia nervosa and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
chloramphenicol side effect: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
disseminated intravascular coagulation and. See disseminated intravascular coagulation
erythrocyte sedimentation rate and: Inflammation [Pathology]
helminth infections: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
hypoxic encephalopathy cause: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
immunosuppressant complication: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
lupus and: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
malaria and: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
male hypogonadism and: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
multiple myeloma and: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
myelofibrosis and: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and: Complement System [Immunology]
renal failure complication: Renal Failure [Renal]
restrictive lung disease: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
viscosity and: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
anencephaly: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]
anesthesia
cocaine effect: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
GABA receptor anesthetics: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
malignant hyperthermia: General Anesthesia [Neurology]; Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]; Skeletal
Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
neuromuscular blockers: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
types of: General Anesthesia [Neurology]; Local Anesthesia[Neurology]; Neuromuscular Blockers
[Neurology] aneuploidy: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]; Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]; Meiosis
[Genetics]; Placenta [Reproductive]
aneurysms
atherosclerosis complication: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
of central nervous system: CNS Aneurysms [Neurology]
cerebral: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
intracranial: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
ischemic complications: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
angel dust: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]; Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
Angelman syndrome: Imprinting [Genetics]
angina
aortic stenosis and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
blood flow mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
cardiac ischemia symptom: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
coronary steal and: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
partial agonist beta blocker and: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
revascularization indications: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
stable. See stable angina
unstable. See unstable angina
angiodysplasia: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
17
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
angioedema
allergic skin reaction: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
drug-induced: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Coagulation
[Hematology] pathophysiology: Complement System [Immunology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
angiofibromas: Cardiac Tumors [Cardiology]; Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
angiogenesis: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]; Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
angiokeratomas: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
angiosarcoma: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). See ACE inhibitors: Coagulation [Hematology]
angiotensin II
action of: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
renal artery stenosis and: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
subfornical organ (SFO) and: Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]
angiotensin II inhibitors: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs): Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs): Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
angle (glaucoma): Glaucoma [Neurology]
anhidrosis: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
aniline dyes: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
anion gap
acute tubular necrosis feature: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
ketoacidosis: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
lactic acidosis: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
mechanism: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
metabolic acidosis: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]. See also metabolic acidosis
methylmalonic acid acidemia: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
non-anion gap metabolic acidosis: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]. See also non-anion gap metabolic acidosis
organic acidemias: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
aniridia: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
anisocoria: The Pupil [Neurology]
Anitschkow cells: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
ankylosing spondylitis: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
Crohn’s disease and: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
risk factors: Transplants [Immunology]
secondary (AA) amyloidosis association: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
ulcerative colitis finding: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
uveitis association: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
annular ligament: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
annular pancreas: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
annulus fibrosus: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
anogenital warts: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
anophthalmia: Trisomies [Genetics]
anopia: Visual Fields [Neurology]
anorexia nervosa: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
amenorrhea and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
hypercalcemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
OCD association: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
anorgasmia: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
anosmia: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]; Reproductive
Hormones [Endocrinology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
ANOVA (analysis of variance): Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
anovulatory cycle: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]; Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide): Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
antacids
antibiotic absorption affected by: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
hypophosphatemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
metabolic alkalosis and: Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
side effects: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
tetracycline absorption affected by: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
antagonist endothelin-1 receptors: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
antegrade amnesia: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
anterior cerebral artery (ACA): Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
anterior choroidal artery (ICA): Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
anterior circle of Willis: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): Knee [Musculoskeletal]
anterior digastric muscle: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
anterior drawer sign: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
anterior horn: Spinal Cord [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
anterior longitudinal ligaments: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis): Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
cortisol regulation and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
development: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
hormone signaling pathway: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
hypothalamus regulation of: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
thyroid hormone regulation: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
anterior-posterior development: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
anterior scalene muscle: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
anterior spinal artery syndrome: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
anterior uveitis: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
anterograde amnesia: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
anthracyclines: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]; Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
anthrax: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
antiarrhythmic drugs: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
acquired long Qt syndrome and: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
action of: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
cardioversion treatment: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
classes of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
f0r Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome: Wolff-Parkinson White [Cardiology]
hypothyroidism precaution: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
Torsade de Pointes and: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
use of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
anti-ß2 glycoprotein: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
antibiotic-associated colitis: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic-associated diarrhea: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
antibiotics: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
[Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]. See also
specific antibiotics
absorption: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
acne treatment: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
antitumor: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
bacterial structure and: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
beta lactams: Beta Lactams [Infectious Disease]
COPD treatment: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
drug rash: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
G6PD deficiency and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
meningitis treatment: Meningitis [Neurology]
monitoring: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
prophylaxis for selective IgA deficiency: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
for protein synthesis inhibition: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Translation [Cell Biology]
resistance: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]; Other Antibiotics
[Infectious Disease]; Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease];
Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
Shiga toxin treatment: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
for Staph aureus infections: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
synergy treatments: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
as teratogens: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
vulvovaginitis and: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
antibodies
in breast milk: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
celiac sprue (celiac disease) association: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
classes of: B-Cells [Immunology]
complement system and: Complement System [Immunology]
detection of: Blotting [Cell Biology]; ELISA [Cell Biology]
flow cytometry and: Flow Cytometry [Cell Biology]
hemolysis and: External Hemolysis [Hematology]; Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
light chains: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
staining: Flow Cytometry [Cell Biology]
synthesis of: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
antibody blistering disorders: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Innate Immunity
[Immunology]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
antibody testing: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
anti-cardiolipin: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
anti-centromere antibody (ACA): Scleroderma [Immunology]
anticholinergic effect: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
anticipation (genetic): Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
anti-citrulline antibodies: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
anticoagulant drugs: Anticoagulants [Hematology]; Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]; Osteoporosis
[Musculoskeletal] anticoagulation: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
anticodon: Translation [Cell Biology]
anti-complement therapy: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
anticonvulsant drugs
bipolar disorder treatment: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
osteoporosis and: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP): Ammonia [Biochemistry]
anti-D (anti-Rh) antibodies: Blood Groups [Hematology]
antidepressants: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
for anxiety disorders: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
for mood disorders: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]; Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
priapism and: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
antidiabetic agents: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
anti-D immune globulin (“RhoGAM”): Blood Groups [Hematology]
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
action of: Nephron Physiology [Renal]
disorders of: Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
20
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
plasma osmolality and: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
posterior pituitary gland and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
regulation of: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
smooth muscle contraction and: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
triggers for: Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) antagonist: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Sodium Disorders
[Renal] anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA): DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
[Immunology] antiemetics: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
anti-endomysial antibodies: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
antifreeze ingestion: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
antigenic drifts/shifts: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
antigen-presenting cells (APCs): Innate Immunity [Immunology]; T-cells [Immunology]
antigens
complement system and: Complement System [Immunology]
detection of: ELISA [Cell Biology]
infection barrier: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
type I hypersensitivity and: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
antiglobulin tests: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
anti-HAV IgG antibodies: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
anti-HAV IgM antibodies: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
antihistamine effect: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
antihistamines: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
anti-histone antibodies: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; DNA structure
[Biochemistry] antihypertensives: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
α-blockers: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]. See also α1-blockers; α2-agonists
angiotensin II inhibitors: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]. See also angiotensin II inhibitors
ß-blockers: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]. See also ß-blockers
calcium channel blockers: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]. See also calcium channels and blockers
diabetes and drug choice: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
diuretics: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]. See also diuretics
pregnancy and drug choice: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
renal failure and drug choice: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
side effects: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
systolic heart failure and drug choice: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
anti IgG antiserum: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
anti-malarial drugs: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
antimetabolites: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
antimicrobial stewardship: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
anti-mitochondrial antibodies: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
anti-mullerian hormone: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
anti-muscarinic drugs: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
antimycin A: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) diseases: Vasculitis [Immunology]
anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs)
with autoimmune hepatitis: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
lupus and: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
primary biliary cirrhosis diagnosis: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
antioxidants: Free Radicals [Pathology]
antiphospholipid syndrome
21
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
lupus association: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
preeclampsia risk factor: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
spontaneous abortion risk factor: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
thrombosis risk: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]; Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
antiplatelet drugs: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
antipseudomonal penicillins: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
antipsychotic drugs: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
anticholinergic side effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
bipolar disorder treatment: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder treatment: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
galactorrhea as side effect: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
priapism and: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
prolactin and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies: Transcription [Cell Biology]
anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
anti-Smith autoantibody: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]; Transcription [Cell Biology]
anti-smooth muscle autoantibody (ASMA): Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
antisocial personality disorder: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]; Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
anti-streptolysin O (ASO) antibodies: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
antithrombin deficiency: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
antithrombin III: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Coagulation [Hematology]
antithrombin III deficiency: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
antithrombotic drugs: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
anti-tissue transglutaminase: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
anti-TNF antibodies. See infliximab
anti-topoisomerase I (anti-Scl-70) antibody: Scleroderma [Immunology]
antitumor antibiotics: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
anti-VEGF inhibitors: The Retina [Neurology]
anxiety
alcohol withdrawal: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
anorexia nervosa association: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
bulimia nervosa association: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
bupropion side effect: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
cocaine intoxication: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
disorders: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]; Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
eating disorder association: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
ecstasy withdrawal: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
GABA levels and: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
hypercalcemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
illness anxiety disorder: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
LSD effect: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
major depressive disorder subtype: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
norepinephrine: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
serotonin levels and: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
anxiety disorder: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
aorta: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]; Atherosclerosis [Pathology]; Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
aortic aneurysm: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]; Hypertension [Cardiology]
aortic arch
baroreceptors and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
development: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
aortic bodies: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
aortic coarctation
aneurysm association: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
22
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
murmur diagnosis and: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
aortic dissection: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
coarctation and: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
hoarseness and: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
Horner syndrome cause: The Pupil [Neurology]
hypertension and: Hypertension [Cardiology]
renal ischemia cause: Renal Anatomy [Renal]
syphilis and risk of: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
aorticopulmonary septum: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]; Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
aortic regurgitation
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
murmurs and: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
pathophysiology: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
pressure volume loop testing for: Pressure Volume Loops [Cardiology]
Swan-Ganz catheter and: Shock [Cardiology]
thoracic aortic aneurysms and: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
wall tension and: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
Wiggers diagram and: Wiggers Diagram [Cardiology]
aortic stenosis
atrial fibrillation and: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
concentric hypertrophy: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
dystrophic calcification as cause of: Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
hemolysis with: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
Heyde’s syndrome and: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy comparison: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
murmurs and: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
pathophysiology: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]; Valve Disease [Cardiology]
pressure volume loop testing for: Pressure Volume Loops [Cardiology]
Swan-Ganz catheter and: Shock [Cardiology]
Wiggers diagram and: Wiggers Diagram [Cardiology]
aortic valve: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
aortitis
ankylosing spondylitis feature: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
aortic dissection and: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
syphilis: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
apathy: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
APC mutation: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
“ape hand” (median nerve injury): Hand [Musculoskeletal]
apgar score: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
aphasia
cerebral cortex and: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
conversion disorder symptom: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
dementia feature: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
Pick’s disease feature: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
aphthous ulcers (canker sores): Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
apical ectodermal ridge: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
apical lung cancer: The Pupil [Neurology]
apical membrane: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
apixaban: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
cardioversion treatment: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
stroke treatment: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
aplasia: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]; Other Anemias [Hematology]
aplasia cutis: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
23
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
aplastic anemia: Other Anemias [Hematology]
carbamazepine: Seizures [Neurology]
chloramphenicol: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
thionamides: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
treatment: Transplants [Immunology]
aplastic crisis
with chronic hemolysis: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
with hereditary spherocytosis: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
parvovirus and: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
apocrine metaplasia: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]; Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
apolipoproteins: Amyloidosis [Hematology]; Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]; Inflammation [Pathology]; Lipid
Metabolism [Biochemistry]
apoptosis: Apoptosis [Pathology]; Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; Cell Injury [Pathology]; T-cells [Immunology]
appendicitis: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
differential diagnosis: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
referred pain: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
treatment: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
appendix cancer: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
appendix testis: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
apple peel atresia: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
apples: fruits [Food]
approval, of new drugs: Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
apraclonidine: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]; Glaucoma [Neurology]
aquagenic pruritus: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
aqueductal stenosis: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
aqueous humor: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
Arabians: horses [Animals]
arachidonic acid: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
arachnid bites: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
arachnodactyly: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
arachnoid granulations: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
arboviruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
arcades: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
area postrema: Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]
arenaviruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
argatroban: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
arginine: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; Ammonia [Biochemistry]; DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Other Amino
Acids [Biochemistry]
argininosuccinate: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
Argyll Robertson pupil: The Pupil [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]; Spirochetes [Infectious
Disease] aripiprazole: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
armadillos (disease vector): Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
aromatase inhibitors: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
arrhythmias
amphotericin B side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
amyloidosis feature: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
ß2-agonists side effect: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
cardiomyopathy and: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
cor pulmonale as cause of: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
delirium tremens and: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
diabetic ketoacidosis and: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
dystrophy association: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
24
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
electrolyte imbalances: Electrolytes [Renal]
ischemic complications: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
pathophysiology: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
refeeding syndrome and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
restrictive cardiomyopathy: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
sleep apnea complication: Sleep Apnea [Pulmonary]
treatment: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
tricyclic antidepressants overdose: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
arsenic exposure: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]; Skin Cancer
[Dermatology] arterial blood gas: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
arteries. See also specific arteries
anatomy: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
blood flow mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
development: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
arteriolar sclerosis: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
arteriolar vessels: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
arterioles
blood flow mechanics of: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
glomerular filtration rate: Physiology I [Renal]
arteriosclerosis: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]; Hypertension [Cardiology]
artesunate: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
arthralgias
diffuse scleroderma and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
Sjögren’s syndrome symptom: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
arthritis. See also specific arthritis
inflammatory bowel disease and: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
lupus feature: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
parvovirus and: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
arthropathy: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
arthus reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
articular cartilage: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
arylsulfatase A: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]; Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
arytenoid: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
asbestos: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]; Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
asbestos (ferruginous) body: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm): Helminths [Infectious Disease]
ascending cholangitis: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
ascending thoracic aneurysms: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
Aschoff bodies: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
ascites
cirrhosis and: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
epithelial cell tumor feature: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
fibroma association: Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
third spacing and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
ascorbic acid. See vitamin C
aseptic meningitis
coxsackie virus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Leptospira interrogans: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
Asherman syndrome: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
Ashkenazi Jews
BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
lysosomal storage disease incidence: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
25
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
ovarian cancer incidence: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
pancreatic cancer incidence: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
ash leaf spots: Cardiac Tumors [Cardiology]; Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
aspartame: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
aspartate
as acidic amino acid: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
breakdown of: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
for purine synthesis: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
pyrimidine ring and: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
urea cycle and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
aspartate aminotransferase (AST): Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Viral Hepatitis
[Infectious Disease] aspergillosis: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]; Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
aspergillus: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
liver tumors and: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
Aspergillus fumigatus: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
Aspergillus spp.
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA): Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
chronic granulomatous disease: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Free Radicals [Pathology];
Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]; HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes
[Immunology] treatment: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
aspiration: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
aspiration pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
antibiotic coverage for: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
Klebsiella spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
aspirin
antiplatelet activity: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
asthma trigger: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
cardioversion treatment: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
for colorectal cancer prophylaxis: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
electron transport chain uncoupling: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
elimination: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
flushing and: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
G6PD deficiency and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
gout and: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
for ischemia: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
Kawasaki disease treatment: Vasculitis [Immunology]
myocardial infarction: NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]; ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
(STEMI) [Cardiology]
niacin excess and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
osteoid osteoma treatment: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
overdose: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]; Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]
Reye’s syndrome: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Vasculitis [Immunology]
stroke prophylaxis: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
thrombocytosis treatment: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD): Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
asplenia: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
asthma
atopic dermatitis and: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
beta blocker precaution: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
GERD and: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
26
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
lung auscultation: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
myasthenia gravis and: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
obstructive lung disease and: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
pulsus paradoxus and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
respiratory acidosis cause: Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]
treatment: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
astigmatism: Eye Movements [Neurology]; The Lens [Neurology]
astrocytes: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]; Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
of blood-brain barrier: Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]
central nerve damage and: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
glycogen storage: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
astrocytomas: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]; Cytoskeleton [Cell
Biology]; Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
ataxia
brainstem disorder: Brainstem [Neurology]
carbamazepine side effect: Seizures [Neurology]
cerebellar symptoms: Cerebellum [Neurology]
lysosomal storage diseases: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
Mad Cow disease: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
marijuana effect: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
pancreatic insufficiency: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
schwannoma: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
syphilis and: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
vitamin deficiencies: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
Wernicke triad: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
ataxia telangiectasia: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]; Cerebellum [Neurology]; DNA Repair [Cell Biology]; Immune
Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
ataxic hemiparesis: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
atelectasis: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
lung physical exam for diagnosis: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome feature: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
atenolol: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
atheroma: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
abdominal aortic aneurysms and: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
aortic dissection and: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
diabetes complication: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
familial dyslipidemias and: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
hypertension and: Hypertension [Cardiology]
atherosclerotic plaques: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
rupture. See non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; ST-elevation myocardial infarction; unstable angina
stable: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
symptoms: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
athlete’s heart: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy comparison
atomoxetine: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]
atopic dermatitis (eczema): Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
atopic march: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
atopy: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
atorvastatin: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
atovaquone: Malaria [Infectious Disease]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]; Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
ATP (adenosine triphosphate): Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
ATP synthase: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
atracurium: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
27
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
atresia: Biliary disorders [Gastroenterology]
atria: Cardiac Tumors [Cardiology]; Venous Pressure Tracings [Cardiology]
atrial fibrillation
antiarrhythmic drug treatment: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
anticoagulant drug treatment: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
EKG reading: High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
myotonic dystrophy association: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
pathophysiology: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
venous pressure tracings of: Venous Pressure Tracings [Cardiology]
Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome and: Wolff-Parkinson White [Cardiology]
atrial flutter
EKG reading: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
myotonic dystrophy association: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
pathophysiology: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
atrial septal defect: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
atrial septal defect (ASD)
heart sound splitting: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
shunts: Shunts [Cardiology]
trisomy disorder association: Trisomies [Genetics]
atrioventricular canal defects: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT): Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; AVNRT
[Cardiology]; Wolff-Parkinson White [Cardiology]
atrioventricular septal defects: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
atrophic endometrium: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]
atrophy (cells): Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
atropine
action of: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
gastric ulcer treatment: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
organophosphate poisoning treatment: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
side effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Salivary Glands
[Gastroenterology] toxicity: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
ATR pathway: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
attachment: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]; Childhood disorders
[Psychiatry] attributable risk: Risk Quantification [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
attrition bias: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
atypical depression: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
atypical lymphocyte: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
atypical pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
audiometry: Auditory System [Neurology]
auditory hallucinations: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]; Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]; Psychosis
[Psychiatry]; Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
auditory nerve: Brainstem [Neurology]
auditory system: Auditory System [Neurology]
Auerbach plexus: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
Auer rods: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
auras: Headaches [Neurology]; Psychosis [Psychiatry]; Seizures [Neurology]
auricular muscles: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
auscultation: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
Auspitz sign: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
28
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
autism: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]
autism spectrum disorder: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
autoantibodies: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]; External Hemolysis [Hematology]; Nephrotic Syndrome
[Renal] autograft: Transplants [Immunology]
autoimmune adrenalitis: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
autoimmune disorders. See also specific disorders
chronic inflammation: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
coagulopathy factor inhibitors and: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
thyroid disorders: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
treatment: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
autoimmune gastritis: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
autoimmune hemolytic anemia: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]; External Hemolysis [Hematology];
Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
autoimmune hepatitis: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
autoimmune hypoparathyroidism: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
autoimmune hypothesis: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome: Apoptosis [Pathology]
autoimmune pancreatitis: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1): Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
autoimmune regulator (AIRE) genes: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]; Opportunistic Fungal
Infections [Infectious Disease]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
autoimmune rheumatic fever: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
autonomic hyperactivity: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
autonomic nervous system: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
acetylcholine and: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
blood pressure regulation and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
cranial nerves and: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
drugs for treating disorders of: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; ANS Drugs: Norepinephrine
[Neurology] Guillain-Barre syndrome: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
hypothalamus and: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
limbic system and: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
seizures and: Seizures [Neurology]
stimulants effect on: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
autonomic neuropathy: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
autonomy: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]; Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
autophagy: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
autoregulation of blood flow: Physiology I [Renal]
autosomal dominant disorders: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]; Pedigrees [Genetics]
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD): Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]; Intracranial
Bleeding [Neurology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
autosomal recessive disorders
Friedreich’s ataxia: Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
pedigrees of: Pedigrees [Genetics]
urea cycle disorders: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: Cystic Kidney Disease [Renal]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
avascular necrosis
of femoral head: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
fracture complication: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
glucocorticoid complication: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
of humerus head: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
29
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
sickle cell anemia and: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
AV blocks: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
beta blockers and: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
digoxin toxicity: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
EKG reading: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]; High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
Lyme disease: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
muscular dystrophy association: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
restrictive cardiomyopathy: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
AV dissociation: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]; Venous Pressure Tracings [Cardiology]
AV fistulas: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
avidin: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
AV node: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]; Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]; EKG Basics [Cardiology]
action potentials of: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
antiarrhythmic drugs and: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
AV block origination: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
beta blockers and: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
blocks of. See AV blocks
digoxin and: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
avoidance behavior: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
avoidant personality disorder: Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
axillary lymph node metastases: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
axillary nerve: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
axonal reaction: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
axonemal dynein: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
axoneme: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
axonotmesis: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
axons: Cerebellum [Neurology]
azathioprine
action of: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
inflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
inflammatory myopathy: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
purine metabolic disorders: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
for rheumatoid arthritis: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
for sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
azithromycin
action of: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
for babesiosis: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
Bartonella henselae: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
for chancroid: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
for chlamydia: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
for legionella: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
Leptospira interrogans: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) prophylaxis: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
opportunist infection prophylaxis: HIV [Infectious Disease]
pneumonia treatment: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
azoles
action of: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
candida infections: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
side effects: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
tinea versicolor: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
azotemia: Renal Failure [Renal]
aztreonam: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
30
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
B Babesia spp.: External Hemolysis [Hematology]; Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]; Protozoa [Infectious
Disease] babesiosis: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
Babinski sign (plantar reflex): Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
bacillary angiomatosis: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Bacillus anthracis: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence
[Infectious Disease] Bacillus cereus: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
Bacillus spp.: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
bacitracin susceptibility: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
back pain: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
bacteremia
liver abscesses and: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
Neisseria spp.: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Staph aureus: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
Strep bovis: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
bacteria: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]. See also specific bacteria and infections
antibiotic resistance: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic treatment: Beta Lactams [Infectious Disease]; Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Penicillins
[Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease].
See also antibiotics; specific antibiotics
bile salts and: Bile [Gastroenterology]
bilirubin metabolism: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
classification: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram
Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Spirochetes [Infectious
Disease]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria
[Infectious Disease] complement system and: Complement System [Immunology]
contact precautions for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
culture of: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
DNA methylation in: DNA Structure [Biochemistry]
DNA polymerases: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
endometritis and: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
energy production: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
eye infections: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
folate synthesis: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
gangrene and: Necrosis [Pathology]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious
Disease] genetics of: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
growth of: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]; Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
immune deficiency syndromes and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
inflammation and: Inflammation [Pathology]
meningitis: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Meningitis [Neurology]
overgrowth: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
pericarditis and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
prostatitis: Prostate [Reproductive]
respiratory burst and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
shapes of: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
sinusitis: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
stains: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
31
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
THF synthesis in: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
toxins: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]; Translation [Cell Biology]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
vaginitis: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
virulence: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
vitamin B12 synthesis: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
bacterial endocarditis: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
bacteriophages: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease];
Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Bacteroides fragilis: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease];
ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
Bacteroides spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; Special Growth
Requirements [Infectious Disease]
bad breath: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
Baker cyst: Knee [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal];
Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
BAK proteins: Apoptosis [Pathology]
balance
sodium-water: Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
vestibular system and: Vestibular System [Neurology]
balding: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
bamboo spine: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
barbiturates: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
alcohol contraindication: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
GABA receptors: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
sleep cycle effects: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
barbiturates withdrawal: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
baroreceptors
blood pressure regulation: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
cardiac massage and: AVNRT [Cardiology]
Barr body: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]; Pedigrees [Genetics]
barrel chest: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
Barrett’s esophagus: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Bartholin glands: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
Bartonella henselae: Endocarditis [Cardiology]; Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious
Disease] Bartonella quintana: Endocarditis [Cardiology]; Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
Bartter syndrome: Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
basal body root: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
basal cell carcinoma: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
basal ganglia: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]
aneurysms of: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]; Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
Huntington’s disease and: Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
lacunar strokes and: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
Lewy body dementia: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
movement disorders and: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
as subcortical structure: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
Wilson’s disease and: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
basal lamina: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
basal metabolic rate: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
basal plate: Placenta [Reproductive]
basal plates: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
32
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
base excision repair: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
baseless nucleotides: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
basement membrane: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
basement membranes: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
diabetes effect on: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
glomerulus: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]; MPGN [Renal]; Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]; Nephrotic
Syndrome [Renal]
basic amino acids: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
histones and: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
basilar artery stroke: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]; Vertebrobasilar Strokes [Neurology]
basolateral membrane: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
basophilic stippling: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
basophils: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]; Innate Immunity [Immunology]
Baum’s loop: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Visual Fields [Neurology]
BAX proteins: Apoptosis [Pathology]
B-cell disruption: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
B-cells: B-Cells [Immunology]
adaptive immunity: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
as antigen presenting cells: T-cells [Immunology]
apoptosis cause: Apoptosis [Pathology]
bacteria capsules and: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
cancer: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
cluster of differentiation and: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
disorders of: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
Epstein–Barr virus and: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
lymphoid organs and: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
lymphoma: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
malignancy: Apoptosis [Pathology]; Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
Reed-Sternberg cells derived from: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
Bcl proteins: Apoptosis [Pathology]
beagles: dogs [Animals]
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD): Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
Beck’s Triad: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
beclomethasone: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]; Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
bedwetting: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Conditioning and Transference
[Psychiatry] beef: meat [Food]
behavioral therapy: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]; Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]; Childhood disorders
[Psychiatry]; Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
behavior modulation: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
bell clapper deformity: Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
Bell’s palsy: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
“Bence Jones” proteins: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
Benedikt syndrome: Brainstem [Neurology]
beneficence: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
benign adenoma: Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
benign epithelial alteration: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
benign positional vertigo: Vestibular System [Neurology]
benign prostatic hyperplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; Prostate [Reproductive]
benign prostatic hypertrophy: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
benign pulmonary nodules: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
33
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
benign tumors, defined: Neoplasia [Pathology]
benzene: Other Anemias [Hematology]
benzocaine: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]; Local Anesthesia [Neurology]
benzocaine spray: Local Anesthesia [Neurology]
benzodiazepines: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
akathisia treatment: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
alcohol withdrawal treatment: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
anxiety disorder treatment: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
GABA receptor anesthetics: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
intoxication treatment: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
PCP treatment: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
rapid sequence intubation: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
seizure treatment: Seizures [Neurology]
sleep cycle effects: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
withdrawal: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
benzoyl peroxide: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
benztropine: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia
[Neurology] Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy): Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
beriberi: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
Berkson’s bias: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
Bernard-Soulier syndrome: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
berry aneurysms: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]; Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Cystic Kidney Disease
[Renal]; Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
“berry like” inclusions: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
beta (hypothesis testing): Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
ß1-receptors: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
ß2-agonists: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
ß2 microglobulin: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
ß-adrenergic stimulation: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
ß-agonists: Electrolytes [Renal]
ß-amyloid: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
ß-amyloid deposits: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
ß-amyloid plaques: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
ß-blockers: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
action of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]; Cardiac
Action Potentials [Cardiology]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal]; Stable Angina [Cardiology]
anxiety disorder treatment: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
atrial fibrillation treatment: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
for AV blocks: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
for AVNRT: AVNRT [Cardiology]
for cardiac ischemia: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
as cardiac ischemia secondary prevention: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
contractility in cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
glaucoma treatment: Glaucoma [Neurology]
Grave’s disease treatment: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
heart block and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
heart rate and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
hypertensive emergency treatment: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
hyperthyroidism treatment: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
overdose: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
pheochromocytoma pre-surgical management: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
34
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
side effects: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
systolic heart failure and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
tetralogy of Fallot and: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
thyroid storm treatment: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
types of: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
ß-carotene: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
ß-cells (pancreas): Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
ß-globin: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
ß-glucans synthesis: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
ß-glucuronidase: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
ß-hCG
Down syndrome diagnosis: Down syndrome [Genetics]
dysgerminoma and: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]
secretion: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]
selective markers: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
theca-lutein cyst association: Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
ß-hemolysis: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious
Disease] ß-hemolytic bacteria: Skin Infections [Dermatology]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
ß-lactam antibiotics: Beta Lactams [Infectious Disease]
resistance: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
sensitivity: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
synergy with aminoglycosides: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
ß-lactamase: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
ß-lactamase inhibitors: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
ß-oxidation
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
coenzyme A and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
during exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
during fasting/starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
ß-oxidation disorders: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
ß-oxidation fatty acids: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
ß-pleated sheets: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
ß-receptors: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
ß-thalassemia: Thalassemias [Hematology]
etiology: Transcription [Cell Biology]
genetics of: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
treatment: Transplants [Immunology]
ß-thalassemia intermedia: Thalassemias [Hematology]
ß-thalassemia major: Thalassemias [Hematology]
aplastic crisis: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
secondary hemochromatosis: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
ß-thalassemia minor: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
ß-tubulin: Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
betaxolol: Glaucoma [Neurology]
bethanechol: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
bevacizumab: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]; Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
bezafibrate: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
bias: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
bicarbonate
as acid buffer: Acid Excretion [Renal]
35
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
anion gap and: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
carbon dioxide transport: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
renal tubular acidosis levels: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
secretion: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
biceps femoris muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
biceps reflex: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
bicornuate uterus: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Placental Complications [Reproductive]
bicuspid aortic valve: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
aortic dissection and: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
aortic stenosis and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
coarctation of the aorta and: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
heart sounds and: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
Turner syndrome feature: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
biguanides (metformin): Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
bilaminar disc: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]
bile: Bile [Gastroenterology]; Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
components of: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
copper excretion: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
drug excretion: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
fat malabsorption: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
hormone regulation of: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
liver-bile patterns: Bile [Gastroenterology]
bile acid resins: Bile [Gastroenterology]; Gallstones [Gastroenterology]; Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
bile acids: Bile [Gastroenterology]
bile duct
disorders of: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
portal triad: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
Pringle’s maneuver and: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
bile esculin agar: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
bile salts: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Bile [Gastroenterology]; Bilirubin [Gastroenterology];
Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
biliary atresia: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
biliary cirrhosis: Biliary disorders [Gastroenterology]; Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Sjögren’s
syndrome [Immunology]
biliary disorders: Biliary disorders [Gastroenterology]
biliary obstruction: Bile [Gastroenterology]; Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
biliary strictures: Bile [Gastroenterology]
biliary tree: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
bilirubin: Bile [Gastroenterology]; Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
bile component: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
hemolysis and: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
hepatitis diagnosis: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
liver marker: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious
Disease] primary biliary cirrhosis: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
bimatoprost: Glaucoma [Neurology]
binge drinking: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
binge eating disorder: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
binocular diplopia: Eye Movements [Neurology]
bioavailability (F): Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
biofilms: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
biomarkers
cardiac: NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
36
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
immunodeficiency: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
liver: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
pancreas: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
viral load: HIV [Infectious Disease]
biostatistics: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Correlations [Biostatistics/Epidemiology];
Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Test of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
biotin: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
as co-factor: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]; Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
deficiency of: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
during exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
during fasting/starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
fatty acid metabolism and: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
gluconeogenesis and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
biotin deficiency: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
bipolar disorder: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
OCD association: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
postpartum psychosis association: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
suicide risk: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
treatment: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
Birbeck granules: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
birds (disease vector): RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
birth
cardiac circulation at: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
shunts at: Shunts [Cardiology]
birthmark, stork bite: Skin [Dermatology]
birth trauma
pudendal nerve injury: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
shoulder dystocia: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
bisacodyl: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
bismuth salicylate: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
bisoprolol: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
bisphosphoglycerate mutase: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
bisphosphonates: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
bite cells: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
bitemporal hemianopsia: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]; Visual Fields
[Neurology] bite wounds: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
bivalirudin: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
BK virus: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
blackfly bites: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
blackheads: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
black liver: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]; Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
black vomit: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
blackwater fever: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
bladder
acetylcholine and: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
adenocarcinoma: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
cancer: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]; Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
37
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
embryology: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
fistulas: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
malignancies: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
multiple sclerosis effects: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
physiology: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
bladder extrophy: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
blastocoel: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]
blastocyst: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]; Placenta [Reproductive]; Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
Blastomyces dermatitidis: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
Blastomycosis: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
blastulation: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]
bleeding
amyloidosis feature: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
disorders: Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
drug-induced: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Antiplatelets [Hematology]
essential thrombocytosis symptom: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
intracranial: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
iron deficiency and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
post-coital bleeding: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]
types of: Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
Weil’s disease: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
bleeding time: Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Platelet Activation
[Hematology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
bleomycin: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]; Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
bleomycin toxicity: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
blinding: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
blindness. See vision loss and blindness
blinking: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
blistering disorders: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
blistering skin lesions: Porphyrias [Hematology]
blisters: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
blood
defined: Physiology II [Renal]
embryology: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
lymphoid disorders: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
myeloid disorders: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
oxygen content: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
tumors: Neoplasia [Pathology]
blood agar: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
blood blister: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
blood-brain barrier: Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]
blood culture: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
blood flow
autoregulation: Physiology I [Renal]
flow, defined: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
organ circulation: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
pulmonary vascular resistance: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
regional, regulation of: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
total peripheral resistance (TPR): Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
blood groups: Blood Groups [Hematology]; Genetic Principles [Genetics]
blood pressure
afterload in cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
38
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
cortisol and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
cranial nerves and: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
determinants of: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
effective circulating volume: Physiology I [Renal]; Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
physiology of: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
in pregnancy: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
regulation of: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
response to exercise: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
blood-testis barrier: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
[Reproductive] blood transfusions
aplastic anemia: Other Anemias [Hematology]
blood type and: Blood Groups [Hematology]
clotting factor dilution: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
contraindications: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
platelet disorders: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
secondary hemochromatosis and (complications): Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
shock treatment: Shock [Cardiology]
sickle cell anemia: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
thalassemias: Thalassemias [Hematology]
blood types
gastric disorder risk factor: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
groups: Blood Groups [Hematology]; Genetic Principles [Genetics]
never-event prevention: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
type and screen: Blood Groups [Hematology]; Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
blood urea nitrogen: Renal Failure [Renal]
blood vessels. See also specific vessels and types of vessels
fibrinoid necrosis of: Necrosis [Pathology]
structure: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
vasculitis: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]; Vasculitis [Immunology]
bloody diarrhea: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
E. coli: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
infectious: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
inflammatory bowel disease symptom: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
Shigella spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Yersinia enterocolitica: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
blotting: Blotting [Cell Biology]
blue babies: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
blueberry muffin syndrome: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; TORCH
Infections [Reproductive]
blue bloater: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
blue man syndrome: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
blue sclera: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
blue vision (cyanopia): Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
BMPR2 gene: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
B19 virus: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
BOAR: bunyavirus, arenavirus, orthomyxovirus, reovirus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
body dysmorphic disorder: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
body mass index: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
body pattern development: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
Boerhaave syndrome: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Bohr effect: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]; Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
39
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Bohr’s method, for measuring dead space: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
bone. See also fractures; specific bones
abnormalities: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
crises: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
cysts: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Renal Failure [Renal]
infarction: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
matrix: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
metastases: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
pain: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
bone alkaline phosphatase: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
bone marrow
aplastic anemia: Other Anemias [Hematology]
cell cycle phase of: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
depression of: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
expansion: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
failure: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]; Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]; Other Anemias
[Hematology] hairy cell leukemia: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
janus kinases and: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
lymphoid disorders: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
multiple myeloma: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
myelodysplasia diagnosis: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
myeloid disorders: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
osteopetrosis and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
physiological hyperplasia of: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
primary amyloidosis: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
as primary lymphoid organ: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
stain for: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
stimulation: Other Anemias [Hematology]
bone marrow suppression: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
acute myelogenous leukemia and: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
anorexia nervosa and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
carbamazepine side effect: Seizures [Neurology]
chloramphenicol side effect: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
flucytosine side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
ganciclovir side effect: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
immunosuppressant side effect: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
sulfonamide toxicity and: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
zidovudine side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
bone marrow transplant: Transplants [Immunology]
aplastic anemia treatment: Other Anemias [Hematology]
chronic myelogenous leukemia treatment: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
osteopetrosis treatment: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome treatment: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
bone mass: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Osteoporosis
[Musculoskeletal]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
bones. See also specific bones
aluminum toxicity and: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
anorexia nervosa and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
cell types: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
cortisol effects: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
development: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
disorders of: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis
40
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
[Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]. See also specific disorders
embryology: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
growth hormone and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
hypercalcemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
lipid accumulation in: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
lung cancer metastases: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
lung metastasis effects: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
parathyroid hormone and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
primary hyperparathyroidism and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
renal cell carcinoma metastasis: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
renal failure and: Renal Failure [Renal]
structure of: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
tetracycline precautions: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
thyroid hormone effect: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
tumors of: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]. See also specific tumors
types of: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
bone-spicule pattern: The Retina [Neurology]
borderline personality disorder: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]; Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
Bordetella pertussis: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
culturing: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
droplet precautions for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
virulence of: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Bordet-Gengou agar: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
Borrelia burgdorferi: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Borrelia hermsii: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
Borrelia recurrentis: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
Borrelia spp.: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
Borrelia turicatae: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
bosentan: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
Botox: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
botulinum toxin: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease];
Virulence [Infectious Disease]
botulism: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Other Gram
Positives [Infectious Disease]
Bouchard’s nodes: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
bowel obstruction
causes: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]; Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Liver,
Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
diverticulitis complication: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
epithelial cell tumor feature: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
pseudomyxoma peritonei feature: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
Bowen disease: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]; Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
bowenoid papulosis: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
bow legs: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Knee [Musculoskeletal]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry];
Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
BRAC1 and BRAC2 mutations: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
brachial artery: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
brachial plexus: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
bradycardia
AV blocks and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
beta blocker overdose and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
Cushing’s triad and: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
hypermagnesemia symptom: Electrolytes [Renal]
41
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
lithium side effect: Lithium [Psychiatry]
myasthenia gravis and: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
treatment: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
bradykinesia
haloperidol side effect: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
Parkinson’s disease feature: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
treatment: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
bradykinin
ACE inhibitors and: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
coagulation cascade and: Coagulation [Hematology]
inflammation and: Inflammation [Pathology]
neprilysin inhibitors and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
vascular permeability mediator: Inflammation [Pathology]
BRAF gene mutations: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
brain
abscesses: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
insulin and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
ketone bodies and: Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
liquefactive necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
lung cancer metastases: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
regional development: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
shrinkage of: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
sinuses: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
subcortical structures: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
ventricles: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
brain biopsy
Mad Cow disease diagnosis: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy diagnosis: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
brain death
decision-making for: Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]
glucose metabolism and: Glucose [Biochemistry]
lung metastasis effects: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
organ donation guidelines for: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
brain natriuretic peptide (BNP): Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
brainstem: Brainstem [Neurology]
blood supply: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]; Vertebrobasilar Strokes [Neurology]
hearing and: Auditory System [Neurology]
parasympathetic system and: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
posturing with damage to: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
tumors of: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
brain tumors: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
treatment: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
Turcot syndrome and: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
branched-chain a-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC): Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
branched chain amino acids
deficiency of: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
metabolism of: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
types of: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
branchial cleft cyst: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
branching bacteria: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
branching enzyme: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO): The Retina [Neurology]
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]; Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer
42
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
[Gastroenterology]; Genetic Principles [Genetics]; Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
break bone fever: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
breaking seizures: Seizures [Neurology]
breast
angiosarcoma of: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
apocrine metaplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
carcinoma: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
disorders: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
fat necrosis of: Necrosis [Pathology]
mass evaluation: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
physiological hyperplasia of: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
structures: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
tissue: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
breast cancer
adherens junctions and: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
breast feeding to lower risk of: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
carcinoma: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
genetics of: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
metastases: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
prophylaxis: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
treatment: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]; Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]; Other Cancer Drugs
[Hematology] breast feeding: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
breast milk: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
breathing
carbon dioxide: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
mechanisms of: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
sleep apnea: Sleep Apnea [Pulmonary]
Treacher Collins syndrome effect on: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
work of: Pulmonary Function Tests [Pulmonary]
Brenner tumor: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
Breslow thickness: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
bridging veins: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
brief psychotic disorder: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
brimonidine: Glaucoma [Neurology]
Broca’s speech area: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
Brodmann areas: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
bromocriptine: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]; Pituitary Gland
[Endocrinology] bronchi: Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
bronchial veins: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
bronchiectasis: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]; Obstructive Lung Disease
[Pulmonary] bronchioles: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]; Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
bronchiolitis: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
bronchitis: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
bronchogenic carcinoma: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
bronchogenic cysts: Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
bronchophony: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
bronchopneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]; Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
bronze skin: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
43
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
brown fat: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
browning of vision: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
Brown-Sequard syndrome: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
Brown tumors (osteoclastoma): Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]; Renal
Failure [Renal]
Brucella spp.: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
brucellosis (undulant fever): Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Bruch's membrane: The Retina [Neurology]
Brudzinski sign: Meningitis [Neurology]
Brugia malayi: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
Brugia timori: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
bruising
child abuse injury: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
Ehlers Danlos syndrome and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
Brunner’s gland hypertrophy: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Brunner’s glands: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
Brushfield Spots: Down syndrome [Genetics]
Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
bruxism: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
bubonic plague: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
buckle fracture: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
Budd Chiari syndrome: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
liver tumors causing: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
polycythemia vera and: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
budesonide: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
Buerger’s disease: Vasculitis [Immunology]
buffered charcoal yeast extract: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious
Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
bulbar palsy: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
bulbar symptoms: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
bulbourethral glands (of Cowper): Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
bulbus cordis: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
bulimia
laxative abuse and: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
Malloy-Weiss syndrome cause: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
OCD association: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
bulimia nervosa: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
bulla: Skin [Dermatology]
bullous impetigo: Skin Infections [Dermatology]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
bullous pemphigoid: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]; Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]; Skin [Dermatology]
bumetanide
action of: Diuretics [Renal]
acute heart failure treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
acute interstitial nephritis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
BUN/Creatinine: Physiology I [Renal]
bundle branch blocks: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
EKG readings: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]; Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; High Yield
EKGs [Cardiology]
heart sound splitting: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
myotonic dystrophy association: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
bundle branches: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
bundle of His
44
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
action potentials of: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
anatomy: Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]
AV blocks and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
EKG reading: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
bundle of Kent: Wolff-Parkinson White [Cardiology]
bunyaviruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
bupivacaine: Local Anesthesia [Neurology]
buprenorphine: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]; Opioids [Psychiatry]
bupropion: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
Burkholderia cepacia: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Burkitt’s lymphoma: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
burns: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
carnitine deficiencies: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
Curling’s ulcer and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
wound infections cause: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
bursitis: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
busulfan: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
busulfan toxicity: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
butterfly glioma: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
butterfly rash: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
B vitamins: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]. See also specific B vitamins
C C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency: Coagulation [Hematology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
C3-converstase: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
C3 nephritic factor: Complement System [Immunology]; MPGN [Renal]
C3 protein: Complement System [Immunology]
C5a: Complement System [Immunology]
C5-C9 deficiency: Complement System [Immunology]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
C282Y mutation: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
CAAT box: Transcription [Cell Biology]
cachexia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
cadherins: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
café-au-lait spots: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
caffeine
action of: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
adenosine’s effect on: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
GERD risk factor: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
calcification: Calcification [Pathology]; Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
calcified pleural plaques: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
calcineurin inhibitors: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
calcinosis: Scleroderma [Immunology]
calciphylaxis: Electrolytes [Renal]; Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
calcitonin
medullary carcinoma and: MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
osteoporosis treatment: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
Paget’s disease treatment: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
physiology: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
signaling pathway: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
calcitriol: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
calcium
45
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
α-ketoglutarate activator: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
bone disorders and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
bone matrix and: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
cardiac output: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
cell injury and: Cell Injury [Pathology]
coagulation cascade requirement: Coagulation [Hematology]
EKG readings: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
exercise and: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glycogen metabolism and: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
homeostasis: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
hypoparathyroidism treatment: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
insulin release and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
lusitropy and: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
muscle contraction and: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Smooth
Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
myocyte storage of: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
osteoporosis treatment: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
parathyroid hormone and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
platelet granules and: Platelet Activation [Hematology]
renal failure and: Renal Failure [Renal]
serum calcium level regulation: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
TCA cycle activation: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
calcium bilirubinate: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
calcium carbonate: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
calcium channels and blockers
action of: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
atrial fibrillation treatment: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
for cardiac ischemia: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
classes: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Stable Angina [Cardiology]
heart block and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
heart rate and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
hypertensive emergency treatment: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
neuromuscular disorders of: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
scleroderma treatment: Scleroderma [Immunology]
side effects: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
smooth muscle: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
calcium disodium EDTA: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
calcium oxalate stones: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD): CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
calcium sensing receptors (CaSRs): Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
calcium stones: Kidney Stones [Renal]. See also kidney stones
caliciviruses: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
California encephalitis: Meningitis [Neurology]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Call-Exner bodies: Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
calluses: Skin [Dermatology]
calmodulin: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Glycogen [Biochemistry]; Smooth Muscle
[Musculoskeletal] calor: Inflammation [Pathology]
cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate): Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
glycolysis: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
nucleotides and: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
platelet activation: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
46
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
CAMP factor: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
cAMP second messenger system
hormone signaling pathway: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
parietal cell secretion and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
pituitary hormones and: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
smooth muscle contraction and: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
Campylobacter jejuni: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
Campylobacter spp.: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
bloody diarrhea: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
reactive arthritis and: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Seronegative Spondyloarthritis
[Musculoskeletal] canagliflozin: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
canalicular period (lungs): Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
canal of Schlemm: Glaucoma [Neurology]
c-ANCA: Vasculitis [Immunology]
cancer. See also specific cancers and types of cancer
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
aplastic anemia and: Other Anemias [Hematology]
ataxia telangiectasia as risk factor: Cerebellum [Neurology]; DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
bowel obstruction and: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
disseminated intravascular coagulation: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
factor H and: Complement System [Immunology]
genetic principles of: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
grading of: Neoplasia [Pathology]
hallmarks of: Neoplasia [Pathology]
histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACs) and: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
hypercoagulable workup and: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
neoplasia and: Neoplasia [Pathology]
oral contraceptive pills risk factors: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
papillomavirus and: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
staging: Neoplasia [Pathology]
tamponade and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
telomerases and: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
two-hit origin of: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
cancer drugs. See also specific cancer drugs
alkylating agents: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
antimetabolites: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
antitumor antibiotics: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
DNA drugs: DNA Drugs [Hematology]
microtubule inhibitors: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
other: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
candesartan: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
Candida albicans: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
candida infections: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
AIRE (autoimmune regulator) genes and: T-cells [Immunology]
immune deficiency syndromes and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
candidemia: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
candidiasis
autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
esophagitis cause: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
SGLT2 inhibitors side effect: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
steroid side effect: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
vaginitis: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
cannabis use: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]; Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
capillaries
blood flow mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
endothelium: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
lipid metabolism and: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
Sturge-Weber syndrome and: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
capillary effect: Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
capillary fluid exchange
cirrhosis and: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
physiology: Physiology I [Renal]; Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
capitate: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
capitation: Public Health [Behavioral Science]
capsids: Helminths [Infectious Disease]; HIV [Infectious Disease]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
capsules: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives
[Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
captopril: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
caput medusa: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
carbachol: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Glaucoma [Neurology]
carbamazepine
bipolar disorder treatment: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
cytochrome P450 system inducer: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
neural tube defect risks: Neuroembryology [Neurology]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
osteoporosis as side effect: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
seizure treatment: Seizures [Neurology]
SIADH cause: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
tic treatment: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
carbaminohemoglobin: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
carbamoyl phosphate
ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
pyrimidine synthesis and: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
synthesis: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
urea cycle and: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
carbapenems: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
carbidopa: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
carbohydrate loading: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
carbohydrates: Glucose [Biochemistry]
absorption of: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]; Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
digestion of: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
metabolism of: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
types of: Glucose [Biochemistry]
carbolfuchsin: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
carbon dioxide: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
excretion of: Acid Excretion [Renal]
glucose metabolism and: Glucose [Biochemistry]
hemoglobin and: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
for purine synthesis: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
TCA cycle product: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
urea cycle and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
carbonic anhydrase: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]; Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Diuretics [Renal]; Glaucoma [Neurology]
carbon monoxide
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
electron transport chain inhibitor: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
functional anemia and: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
hemoglobin and: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
perfusion limitations: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
poisoning: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
carbons: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
carbon tetrachloride: Free Radicals [Pathology]
carboplatin: DNA drugs [Hematology]; Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
carboxyhemoglobin: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
carboxylase: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
carboxylic acid: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
carboxypeptidases: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
carbuncle: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
carcinogens: Neoplasia [Pathology]
carcinoid syndrome: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]
niacin deficiency: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
octreotide and: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
pulmonic stenosis and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
tricuspid regurgitation and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
tryptophan metabolism and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
carcinoid tumors: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]; Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]; Pituitary Gland
[Endocrinology] carcinomas: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]. See also adenocarcinomas; metastases
breast: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
defined: Neoplasia [Pathology]
gastric: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
renal cell: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
in situ: Neoplasia [Pathology]
squamous cell: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
cardiac arrest
DNR guidelines: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
hypermagnesemia symptom: Electrolytes [Renal]
Torsade de Pointes and: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
cardiac arrhythmias
action potentials: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
atrial fibrillation and flutter: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
AV blocks: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
digoxin toxicity rhythms: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
hypomagnesemia symptom: Electrolytes [Renal]
Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome: Wolff-Parkinson White [Cardiology]
Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST): Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
cardiac biomarkers: NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
cardiac catheterization: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]; Stable Angina [Cardiology]
cardiac cirrhosis: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
cardiac ischemia. See also non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; stable angina; ST-elevation myocardial
infarction (STEMI); unstable angina
biomarkers for: NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
causes and symptoms: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
causes of death after MI: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
complications of: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
EKG readings: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; EKG Basics [Cardiology]; High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
hypertensive emergency: Hypertension [Cardiology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
prevention: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
treatment: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
types of: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
cardiac looping: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
cardiac muscle: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
cardiac output (CO): Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
atrial fibrillation and: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
blood flow mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
blood pressure determinant: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
effective circulating volume: Physiology I [Renal]; Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
heart rate and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
high output heart failure: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
for oxygen delivery to tissues: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
Paget’s disease and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
in pregnancy: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
response to exercise: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
venous return curves: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
cardiac rehabilitation programs: Public Health [Behavioral Science]
cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT): Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
cardiac rhabdomyomas: Cardiac Tumors [Cardiology]
cardiac sarcomere proteins: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
cardiac stress test: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Stable Angina [Cardiology]
cardiac syncope: Seizures [Neurology]
cardiac troponin: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
cardinal veins: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
cardiogenic shock: Shock [Cardiology]
cardiology
action potentials: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]; Cardiac
Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
anatomy: Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]; Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
arrhythmias. See cardiac arrhythmias
auscultation: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]; Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
blood flow mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
blood pressure regulation and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]. See also blood pressure
cardiac ischemia: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]. See also cardiac ischemia
EKG readings. See EKG readings
exercise, response to: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
heart development: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]; Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Shunts [Cardiology]
heart failure. See heart failure
hypertension. See hypertension; secondary hypertension
ischemia. See cardiac ischemia
physiology: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]; Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]. See also
cardiac output (CO)
pressure volume loops: Pressure Volume Loops [Cardiology]
shunts: Shunts [Cardiology]. See also shunts
Starling curves: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
tumors: Cardiac Tumors [Cardiology]
venous pressure tracings: Venous Pressure Tracings [Cardiology]
venous return curves: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
Wiggers diagram and: Wiggers Diagram [Cardiology]
cardiomegaly: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
cardiomyopathy
amyloidosis feature: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
atrial fibrillation and: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
bundle branch blocks and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
cancer drug side effect: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
carnitine deficiencies: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
heart sound splitting: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
HIV feature: HIV [Infectious Disease]
inborn errors of metabolism disorders causing: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
muscular dystrophy association: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
restrictive cardiomyopathy. See restrictive cardiomyopathy
sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
cardioversion
atrial fibrillation treatment: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
risks: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
types of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome treatment: Wolff-Parkinson White [Cardiology]
carditis
Lyme disease and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
rheumatic fever and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
care transition: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
carnitine: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[Biochemistry] carotid artery
atherosclerosis of: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
retinal artery occlusion cause: The Retina [Neurology]
carotid bodies: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
carotid dissection: The Pupil [Neurology]
carotid massage: AVNRT [Cardiology]; Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
carotid sinus: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
carpal bones: Hand [Musculoskeletal]; Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
carpal tunnel: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
carpal tunnel syndrome: Amyloidosis [Hematology]; Hand [Musculoskeletal]
cartilage
fluoroquinolones precaution: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
tumors: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Neoplasia [Pathology]
Carvallo’s sign: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
carvedilol: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
caseating granuloma: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]; Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
case-control studies: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Risk Quantification [Biostatistics/Epidemiology];
Study Designs [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
caseous necrosis: Necrosis [Pathology]
caspase enzymes: Apoptosis [Pathology]
caspofungin
action of: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
aspergillosis treatment: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
candida infection treatment: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
catalase: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Free Radicals [Pathology]; Special Growth Requirements [Infectious
Disease] catalase-peroxidase: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
catalase-positive organisms: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious
Disease] cataplexy: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
cataracts: The Lens [Neurology]
classic galactosemia and: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
congenital rubella syndrome and: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
galactokinase deficiency and: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
Marfan syndrome and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
myotonic dystrophy association: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
in newborns: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
polyol pathway and: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
TORCH infection: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
catecholamines
atrial fibrillation trigger: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
ethanol metabolism: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
metabolism of: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
neuroblastomas synthesis of: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
-secreting tumor. See pheochromocytomas
thyrotoxicosis and: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
tumors and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology];
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
categorical variables: Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
cats (disease vector): Endocarditis [Cardiology]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious
Disease] cat scratch fever: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
cauda equina syndrome: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
caudal neuropore: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
caudal regression syndrome (sacral agenesis): Teratogens II [Reproductive]
caudate nucleus: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]
cavernous sinus syndrome: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
CD4+ T-cells: HIV [Infectious Disease]; Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
[Hematology] CD4+ Th17 cells: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
CD4 T-cells: T-cells [Immunology]
CD5+ B-cells: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]; Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
CD8+ T-cells: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
CD8 T-cells: Apoptosis [Pathology]; T-cells [Immunology]
CD15+ B-cells: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
CD20+ B-cell lymphomas: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
CD20 protein: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
cDNA (probe): Blotting [Cell Biology]; Microarrays and FISH [Cell Biology]
cefazolin: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
cefepime: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
cefotaxime: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
cefotetan: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
cefoxitin: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
ceftaroline: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
ceftazidime: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
ceftriaxone: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
chancroid: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
gonorrhea: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
Lyme disease: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
meningitis: Meningitis [Neurology]
Neisseria spp.: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Shiga toxin: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
typhoid fever: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Whipple’s disease: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
cefuroxime: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
celecoxib: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
celiac disease (celiac sprue)
dermatitis herpetiformis and: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
fat malabsorption and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
osteoporosis and: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
pathophysiology: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
celiac trunk: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
cell-mediated immune response: B-Cells [Immunology]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]; T-cells
[Immunology] cell membranes: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives
[Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
cells
adaptions: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
analysis of: Flow Cytometry [Cell Biology]
cell cycle: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
death: Apoptosis [Pathology]; Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; Cell Injury [Pathology]; T-cells [Immunology]
injuries: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; Cell Injury [Pathology]
of nervous system: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
polarity: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
structure: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
types of: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
cellular adhesions: Inflammation [Pathology]
cellulitis
Pasteurella spp.: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Staph aureus: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
Strep pyogenes: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
cell walls
of bacteria: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
virulence factors and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
cement lines: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
central chromatolysis: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
central cyanosis: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
central diabetes insipidus: Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
central lines
for dialysis: Renal Failure [Renal]
infections: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
central nervous system (CNS)
aneurysms: CNS Aneurysms [Neurology]
blood-brain barrier: Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]
blood pressure regulation and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
blood supply: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]; Vertebrobasilar Strokes [Neurology]
cells of: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
depressants: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
embryogenesis: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
HIV infections of: HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]
hyperammonemia affecting: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
intracranial bleeding: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
lymphomas: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
neuroembryology: Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]
phenylketonuria (PKU) and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
as sanctuary site: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
sinuses: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
strokes. See strokes
thrombus: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]. See also strokes
thyroid hormone’s effect on: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
tumors: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Headaches [Neurology]; Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
ventricles: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
Wilson’s disease effects on: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
central pontine myelinolysis (osmotic demyelination syndrome): Sodium Disorders [Renal]; Vertebral Basilar
Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
central retinal artery occlusion: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO): The Retina [Neurology]
central scotomas: The Retina [Neurology]
central sleep apnea: Sleep Apnea [Pulmonary]
central tendency: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
central vertigo: Vestibular System [Neurology]
centriacinar damage: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
centrosomes: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
cephalexin: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
mastitis treatment: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
for S. aureus infections: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
cephalosporins
adverse reactions: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
adverse skin reactions: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic-induced diarrhea: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
overview: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
penicillin cross-reactivity: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
pharyngitis treatment: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
resistance to: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
for S. aureus infections: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis treatment: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
ceramide: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
ceramide trihexoside: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]; Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
cerebellar ataxia: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Cerebellum [Neurology]
cerebellar hemangioblastoma: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
cerebellar strokes: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Vertebrobasilar Strokes [Neurology]
cerebellar tonsils: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]; Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
cerebellopontine angle: Auditory System [Neurology]; Brain Tumors [Neurology]
cerebellum: Cerebellum [Neurology]
hemorrhagic stroke of: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
hypoxic encephalopathy and: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
tumors of: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
cerebral amyloid angiopathy: Amyloidosis [Hematology]; Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
cerebral aneurysms: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
cerebral aqueduct obstruction: Brainstem [Neurology]
cerebral cortex: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
cerebral edema
diabetic ketoacidosis and: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
hyperammonemia and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
third spacing and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
cerebral hemispheres: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
cerebral malaria: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
cerebral peduncle: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
cerebral strokes: Cerebral and Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
cerebritis: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
cerebrospinal fluid: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
medulloblastoma and: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
multiple sclerosis diagnosis: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy diagnosis: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
sinuses and: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
testing: Meningitis [Neurology]
ceruloplasmin: Free Radicals [Pathology]; Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
cervical cancer: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]; DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
cervical carcinoma: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]; Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
cervical dysplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
cervical hypoplasia: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
cervical lymphadenopathy: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
cervical mucous: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
cervical neoplasia: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]
cervical os: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
cervical rib: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
cervicitis
Chlamydia spp.: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
Neisseria gonorrhea: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
cervix cancer
treatment: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
types of: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]; Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
cesarean delivery
endometritis and: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
respiratory disorders associated with: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
risk factors: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
cetuximab: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate): Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
cGMP second messenger system
hormone signaling pathway: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
smooth muscle contraction and: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
CHADS score: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]; Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
CHADS-VASC Score: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
Chagas disease: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
chalk stick fracture: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
chancre: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
chancroid: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
chandelier sign: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
change, stages of: Alcohol & CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
chaperone protein: Translation [Cell Biology]
Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]; Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
Charcot-Leyden crystals: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
Charcot triad: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
charging tRNA: Translation [Cell Biology]
Chediak-Higashi syndrome: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]; Innate Immunity [Immunology];
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
cheese effect: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
cheilitis: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
chelation therapy: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
chemical cardioversion: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
chemical stress tests: Stable Angina [Cardiology]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
chemotherapy
acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
anti-emetics used with: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
antimetabolites: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
brain tumor treatment: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
candidemia risk: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
cell cycle affected by: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
choriocarcinoma treatment: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
DNA replication and: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
endometrioid tumor treatment: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
gastritis and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Hodgkin lymphoma treatment: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
myelodysplasia association: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
osteosarcoma treatment: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
pancreatic cancer treatment: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
pneumonias associated with: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
as teratogen: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
transitional cell carcinoma treatment: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
cherry hemangioma: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
cherry red lips: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
cherry red spot: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
chest pain. See also angina
cocaine and: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
ischemic: NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
sickle cell anemia and: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
chest wall: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
chest X-ray: Chest X-rays [Pulmonary]
anatomy: Chest X-Rays [Pulmonary]
honeycombing pattern on: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
mediastinal mass differential diagnosis: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
pneumocystotic pneumonia findings: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
pneumomediastinum: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
water bottle sign: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
widened mediastinum: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
Cheyne-Stokes breathing: Sleep Apnea [Pulmonary]
Chiari malformations: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes
[Neurology]; Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
chickenpox: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
description: Skin [Dermatology]
meningitis cause: Meningitis [Neurology]
respiratory precautions for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
vaccine: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
chief cells (parathyroid): Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
chief cells (stomach): Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
child abuse: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
dissociative identity disorder and: Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
reporting guidelines: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
childhood absence epilepsy: Seizures [Neurology]
child maltreatment: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
56
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
child neglect: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
Child-Pugh classification: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
children. See pediatric patients
child sexual abuse: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]; Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
“Chinese character” trabeculae: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
Chinese liver fluke: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
chipmunk facies: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
Chi-square test: Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
chlamydia
gonorrhea co-infection: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
Chlamydia spp.: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
cell wall of: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
eye infections: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
staining: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
sterile pyuria and: Urinary Infections [Renal]
Chlamydia trachomatis: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
acute prostatitis: Prostate [Reproductive]
reactive arthritis and: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
Chlamydophila pneumoniae: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
Chlamydophila psittaci: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
chloramphenicol
action of: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
aplastic anemia cause: Other Anemias [Hematology]
side effects: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
chloride shift: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
chloroquine
malaria treatment: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]; Malaria [Infectious Disease]
volume of distribution (Vd) for: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
chlorpheniramine: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
chlorpromazine: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
chlorpropamide: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
chlorthalidone: Diuretics [Renal]
chocolate agar: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
chocolate cyst: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
cholangiocarcinoma: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Helminths [Infectious Disease]
cholangitis: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
cholecystitis: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
cholecystography: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
cholecystokinin: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
action of: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
biliary colic and: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
pancreatic enzyme regulation by: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
choledocholithiasis: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
cholelithiasis. See gallstones
cholera
toxin: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
watery diarrhea: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
cholestasis: Bile [Gastroenterology]
hyperbilirubinemia cause: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
primary sclerosing cholangitis lab finding: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
ultrasound of: Bile [Gastroenterology]
cholesterol
absorption of: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
bile component: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
chronic inflammation and: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
cortisol and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
excretion of: Bile [Gastroenterology]
familial dyslipidemias and: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
hypothyroidism and levels of: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
reproductive hormones: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]. See also androgens; estrogens
synthesis of: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
thyroid hormone’s effect on: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
cholesterol gallstones: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]; Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
cholesteryl esters: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP): Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
cholestyramine: Bile [Gastroenterology]
choline acetyltransferase: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
cholinergic crisis: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
cholinesterase: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
chondroblasts: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
chondrocalcinosis: CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
chondrocytes: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
growth hormone and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
osteoarthritis and: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
chondromas: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Neoplasia [Pathology]
chondrosarcoma: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
chorea: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
causes: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
Huntington’s disease feature: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]; Trinucleotide
Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome feature: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
sulfonamide toxicity: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
choreoathetosis: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
choriocarcinoma
ovaries: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]
risk factors: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
spread via bloodstream: Neoplasia [Pathology]
testes: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
chorionic: Placenta [Reproductive]
chorionic plate: Placenta [Reproductive]
chorionic villi: Placenta [Reproductive]
Down syndrome diagnosis: Down syndrome [Genetics]
in molar pregnancy: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
chorioretinitis: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
maternal toxoplasmosis: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
toxoplasmosis symptom: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
choristoma: Neoplasia [Pathology]
choroid: The Retina [Neurology]
choroid plexus cysts: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
Christmas disease: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
Christmas tree distribution (pityriasis rosea): Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
chromaffin cells: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
chromatin: Apoptosis [Pathology]; DNA structure [Biochemistry]
chromatolysis: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
chromosomal instability pathway: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
chromosomes: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
DNA structure and: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
gene mapping and: Gene Mapping [Genetics]
genetic principles: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
meiosis and: Meiosis [Genetics]
chronic bronchitis: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]; Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
chronic gastritis: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
chronic granulomatous disease
Aspergillus spp.: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Pathology]
Burkholderia cepacia: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
causative organisms: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
NADPH oxidase and: Free Radicals [Pathology]; Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]; HMP Shunt
[Biochemistry] pathophysiology: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
treatment: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
chronic heart failure: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
chronic inflammation: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]; Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]; Inflammation
[Pathology] chronic interstitial nephritis: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
chronic joint disease: CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
chronic leukemia: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
chronic liver disease
MELD score for: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
tumors associated with: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
autoimmune hemolytic anemia association: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
treatment: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
chronic mesenteric ischemia (intestinal angina): Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]; Opportunistic Fungal
Infections [Infectious Disease]
chronic myelogenous leukemia: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]; Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
chronic myeloid leukemia: Gout [Musculoskeletal]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
acetylcholine and: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
beta blocker precaution: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
carbon dioxide and: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
disorders of: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
lung auscultation: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
pulmonary vascular resistance cause: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
pulsus paradoxus and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
respiratory acidosis cause: Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]
treatment: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
chronic pancreatitis: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
calcification and: Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
pancreatic cancer risk factor: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
pancreatic insufficiency and: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
treatment: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
chronic pyelonephritis: Urinary Infections [Renal]
chronic renal failure (chronic kidney disease): Renal Failure [Renal]
anemia of: Other Anemias [Hematology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
calciphylaxis and: Electrolytes [Renal]; Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
hyperkalemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypertension and: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
hypocalcemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
nephrotic syndrome and: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
preeclampsia risk factor: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
tuberous sclerosis and: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
urate nephropathy and: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
chronic transplant rejection: Transplants [Immunology]
Churg-Strauss syndrome: Vasculitis [Immunology]
Chvostek sign: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
chylomicrons: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
hyperlipidemia and: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
hypertriglyceridemia and: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
lipid metabolism and: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
triglyceride levels: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
vitamin transport by: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
chylothorax (lymphatic effusions): Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
chymotrypsins: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
cidofovir: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
cigarette paper scars: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
cigarette smoking. See smoking
cilastatin: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
cilia: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]; Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
ciliary ganglion: The Pupil [Neurology]
ciliary muscle: Glaucoma [Neurology]; The Lens [Neurology]
cilostazol: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
cimetidine
cytochrome P450 system inhibitor: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
GERD treatment: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
parietal cell secretion and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
side effects: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
theophylline interaction with: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
cingulate gyrus: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
ciprofloxacin
action of: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
anthrax treatment: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
ascending cholangitis treatment: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
corneal infection treatment: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
GI therapy: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
meningitis prophylaxis: Meningitis [Neurology]
Neisseria spp. prophylaxis: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
Shiga toxin treatment: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
theophylline interaction with: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
circadian rhythms
cluster headaches and: Headaches [Neurology]
cortisol and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
circle of Willis: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
circulation
autonomic effects: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
development: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
fetal circulation: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]; Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
kidneys: Renal Anatomy [Renal]
physiology: Physiology I [Renal]; Physiology II [Renal]
pulmonary: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
circumstantial speech: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
cirrhosis: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
α1-anti-trypsin deficiency and: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
biliary cirrhosis: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
coagulation affected by: Coagulation [Hematology]
cystic fibrosis and: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
gallstones and: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
hemochromatosis and: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
hepatitis and: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
hormones and: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]; Hypogonadism [Reproductive]; Reproductive Hormones
[Endocrinology] pathophysiology: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]; Gallstones [Gastroenterology]; Liver Disease
[Gastroenterology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
treatment: Diuretics [Renal]
Wilson’s disease and: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
cisapride: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
cisplatin
as cancer drug: DNA drugs [Hematology]
side effects: DNA drugs [Hematology]
transitional cell carcinoma treatment: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
citrate
fatty acid accumulation: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
fatty acid metabolism: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glycolysis and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
kidney stone treatment: Kidney Stones [Renal]
TCA cycle inhibition: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
citric acid cycle. See TCA cycle
Citrobacter spp.: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
citrulline: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
arginine metabolism and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
urea cycle and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
CIWA scale: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
CK-MB (biomarkers): NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
cladribine: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
clanging: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
clarithromycin
action of: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
for H. pylori: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology];
Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) treatment: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
pneumonia treatment: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
theophylline interaction with: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
clasp knife spasticity: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
classical conditioning: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
classical pathway (complement system): Complement System [Immunology]. See also complement system
clathrin-coated vesicles: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
claudication: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
claudin: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
clavicle: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
clavulanate
COPD treatment: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
for Pasteurella spp.: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
for S. aureus: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
clavulanic acid
overview: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
ß-lactamase inhibitors: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
clawed hand: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
claw fingers: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
clearance, of drugs: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
clear cell carcinoma: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]; Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
cleavage: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]
cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CSF): Transcription [Cell Biology]
cleavage stimulation factor (CstF): Transcription [Cell Biology]
cleft lip and palate: Cleft Lip and Palate [Reproductive]
fetal hydantoin syndrome: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
holoprosencephaly: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]
morphogenesis error: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]
Patau syndrome association: Trisomies [Genetics]
thymic aplasia and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
clevidipine: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
clindamycin
acne treatment: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
anthrax treatment: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic-induced diarrhea: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
aspiration pneumonia treatment: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
endocarditis prophylaxis with: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
endometritis treatment: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
lung abscesses: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
mechanism and coverage: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
sialadenitis treatment: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
clinical trials: Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
clitoris: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
cloaca: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
clofazimine: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
clofibrate: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
bile acid synthesis inhibition: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
for elevated triglyceride levels: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
clomiphene: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
clomipramine: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
clonality: Neoplasia [Pathology]
clonidine: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]; Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine
[Neurology]; Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
Clonorchis sinensis: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]; Helminths [Infectious Disease]
clopidogrel
action of: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
for myocardial infarction: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
stent thrombus prophylaxis: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
stroke prophylaxis: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
closed angle glaucoma: Glaucoma [Neurology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Clostridial myonecrosis: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
Clostridium botulinum: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram
Positives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Clostridium difficile: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
clindamycin as cause: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
contact precautions: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
infections with penicillin use: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
proton pump inhibitor side effect: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
reactive arthritis trigger: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Seronegative Spondyloarthritis
[Musculoskeletal] watery diarrhea: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Clostridium diphtheria: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
Clostridium perfringens: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Protein
Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Clostridium spp.: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]; Special
Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
Clostridium tetani: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence
[Infectious Disease]; Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
clotrimazole
action of: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
for dermatophyte infections: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
clotting
atherosclerosis complication: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
bleeding vs.: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
coagulation cascade and: Coagulation [Hematology]
inflammation and: Inflammation [Pathology]
clotting factors: Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]; Platelet Disorders
[Hematology] clotting time: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
clozapine: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
club cells: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
cluster headache: Headaches [Neurology]
C-Myc translocation: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
coagulase test: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
coagulation cascade: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Coagulation [Hematology]; Hypercoagulable States
[Hematology]; Pregnancy [Reproductive]
coagulation factor inhibitors: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
coagulative necrosis: Necrosis [Pathology]
coagulopathy
cirrhosis feature: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
disorders of: Anticoagulants [Hematology]; Coagulopathies [Hematology]
pancreatic insufficiency: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
coal miner’s lung: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
coarctation of aorta: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
aortic regurgitation and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
hypertension and: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
teratogens: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
Turner syndrome feature: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
coated vesicles: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
cobalamin: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; B Vitamins [Biochemistry]. See also vitamin B12
deficiency
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
cobalt: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
cobblestone mucosa: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
coca cola urine: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
cocaine: Local Anesthesia [Neurology]
action of: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
Horner syndrome diagnostic test: The Pupil [Neurology]
intoxication: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]; Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology];
Stimulants [Psychiatry]
low birth weight cause: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
placental abruption risk factor: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
tactile hallucinations with: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
as teratogen: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
withdrawal: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
coccidioidomycosis: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]; Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
coccobacilli: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
coccus bacteria: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
cochlea disease: Auditory System [Neurology]
cochlear nerve: Auditory System [Neurology]
cochlear nucleus
AICA stroke and: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
lateral pontine syndromes and: Brainstem [Neurology]
codeine: Opioids [Psychiatry]
Codman triangle: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
codominance: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
codons: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]; Translation [Cell Biology]
coefficient of determination (r or r2): Correlations [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
coelomic epithelium: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
coenzyme A (CoA): B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]; TCA Cycle
[Biochemistry] coenzyme Q: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]; Lipid Drugs
[Biochemistry] coffee bean nuclei: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
cognition, defined: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
cognitive behavioral therapy
anxiety disorder treatment: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
childhood behavior disorders: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
eating disorder treatment: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
mood disorder treatment: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
cognitive disorders: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
cognitive impairment: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
cogwheel rigidity: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
cohort study (prospective/retrospective): Risk Quantification [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Study Designs
[Biostatistics/Epidemiology] coin lesion (X-ray): Chest X-Rays [Pulmonary]; Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
colchicine
action of: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
for calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease: CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
for familial Mediterranean fever: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
for gout: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
for pericarditis treatment: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
cold agglutinin disease: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia association: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
cold opposite, warm same (COWS) test: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
colds: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
cold sores: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
colesevelam: Bile [Gastroenterology]
colestipol: Bile [Gastroenterology]
colipase: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
colistin: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
colitis
antibiotic-associated: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
ischemic: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
collagen
amino acids and: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
antibodies to: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]; Vasculitis [Immunology]
articular cartilage and: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
connective tissue component: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
disorders of: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
of lens: The Lens [Neurology]
scar formation and: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
scleroderma and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
synthesis of: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Translation [Cell Biology]
types of: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
collateral ligaments: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
collecting duct: Nephron Physiology [Renal]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
colon: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
colon cancer: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
cancer associations: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]; Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
genetics of: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]; DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
iron deficiency and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
metastases: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
nephrotic syndrome association: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
Strep bovis infection and: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
treatment: DNA drugs [Hematology]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
colon polyps: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
Colorado tick fever: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
colorectal cancer: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Genetic Principles [Genetics]; Other Cancer Drugs
[Hematology] colovesical fistula: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
coltivirus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
coma
causes: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
hyperammonemia and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
hyponatremia: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency): Ammonia [Biochemistry]
rabies infection feature: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
tricyclic antidepressants overdose: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
comedo ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
comedones: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA): Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
common bile duct: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
common bile duct stone: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
common carotid artery: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
common cold: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
common peroneal (fibular) nerve: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
common variable immunodeficiency (CVID): Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
communicating hydrocele: Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
communicating hydrocephalus: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
communication: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
community-acquired pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
comparison, of groups: Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
competency: Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]
competitive antagonists: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
competitive ELISA: ELISA [Cell Biology]
competitive inhibitors: Enzyme Inhibitors [Basic Pharmacology]
complement-mediated lysis: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
complement protein D: Complement System [Immunology]
complement system: Complement System [Immunology]
activation of: Inflammation [Pathology]
antibodies and: B-Cells [Immunology]
C5-C9 deficiency and: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
hemolysis via: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
innate immunity: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
MPGN and: MPGN [Renal]
nephritic syndrome and: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
type III hypersensitivity reaction and: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
virulence factors and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS): Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]; Male
Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
complete heart block: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
complex carbohydrates: Glucose [Biochemistry]
compliance
blood flow mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
pressure volume loops and: Pressure Volume Loops [Cardiology]
compliant lung: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
complications, prevention of: Public Health [Behavioral Science]
compound nevi: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
compression fractures: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
compulsions: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
concentric hypertrophy (cardiac): Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]; Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure
[Cardiology] conditioning: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
conduct disorder: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]; Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
conductive hearing loss: Auditory System [Neurology]
condyloma acuminatum (venereal warts): Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
condyloma lata: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
condylomata acuminata: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
confabulation: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
confidence intervals: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Tests of Significance
[Biostatistics/Epidemiology] confidentiality: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
confounders: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Study Designs [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]; Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[Endocrinology] Cushing’s syndrome and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
treatment: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
undescended testes: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
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congenital complete heart block: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
neonatal lupus and: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Hernias [Gastroenterology]; Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
congenital heart defects: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]
DiGeorge syndrome and: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
fetal alcohol syndrome: Shunts [Cardiology]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
maternal disorders and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
congenital heart disease
causes: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
congenital rubella syndrome: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
deletion syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
Down syndrome association: Down syndrome [Genetics]
Edward syndrome association: Trisomies [Genetics]
isotretinoin as cause of: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
thymic aplasia and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
congenital hip dislocations: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
congenital hypothyroidism: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
congenital long Qt syndrome: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
congenital rubella syndrome: The Lens [Neurology]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Shunts [Cardiology];
TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
congenital syphilis: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
congestion: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
Congo red stain: Amyloidosis [Hematology]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
conivaptan: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
conjoined twins: Twins [Reproductive]
conjugate gaze: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
conjugation (bacteria): Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
conjugation reactions: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
conjunctiva: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
conjunctival suffusion: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
conjunctivitis: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
adenovirus and: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
causes: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
chlamydia infections and: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
Chlamydia spp.: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
measles feature: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
reactive arthritis feature: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
type I hypersensitivity symptoms: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
connective tissue: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
basement membrane and: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
components of: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
disorders of: CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
embryology: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
of gastrointestinal tract: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
skin and: Skin [Dermatology]
connexins: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
Conn’s syndrome: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
conotruncal heart defects: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
consanguinity: Pedigrees [Genetics]
conscious defense mechanism: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
consciousness: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
consent. See decision-making capacity; informed consent
consolidation (lung): Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
constipation
drug-induced: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Opioids
[Psychiatry] hypercalcemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) feature: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
treatment: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
constrictive pericarditis: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]; Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
contact dermatitis: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
contact precautions: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
continuous seizure: Seizures [Neurology]
contraceptives. See also oral contraceptives
cholestasis and: Bile [Gastroenterology]
liver tumors cause: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
minors and guidelines for dispensing: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
contractility, in cardiac output: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
heart rate and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
pressure volume loops and: Pressure Volume Loops [Cardiology]
response to exercise: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
Starling curves: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
systolic heart failure and: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
contraction alkalosis: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]; Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
control groups, in clinical trials: Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
conus arteriosus: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
conus medullaris syndrome: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
convergence: The Lens [Neurology]
conversion disorder (functional neurologic symptom disorder): Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
cookies: desserts [Food]
Cooley’s anemia: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]; Wilson’s Disease and
Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
Coombs-negative hemolytic anemia: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
COPI & COPII: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
copper
absorption disorders: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
collagen synthesis and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
electron transport chain and: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
free radical generation and: Free Radicals [Pathology]
metabolism: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]; Wilson’s Disease and
Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
coprolalia: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
copy number variation: Microarrays and FISH [Cell Biology]
cords of Billroth: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
Cori cycle: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Glycogen [Biochemistry]
Cori’s disease: Glycogen [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
cornea
clouding: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
deposits: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Wilson’s Disease and
Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
disorders of: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
lens function and: The Lens [Neurology]
scarring: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
corneal arcus: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
corneal reflex: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
corniculate cartilage: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
coronary aneurysms: Vasculitis [Immunology]
coronary arteries
anatomy of: Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]
atherosclerosis of: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
stents: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
territories of: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
thrombus of: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
coronary artery disease (CAD)
aspirin therapy for: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
atrial fibrillation risk factor: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
diabetes complication: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
rheumatoid arthritis complication: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
triglyceride levels: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
coronary steal: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
coronavirus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
corporal aspiration: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
cor pulmonale. See right heart failure
corpus cavernosa: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
corpus luteal cyst: Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
corpus luteum: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
anovulatory cycle and: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
formation of: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
corpus spongiosus: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
correlation coefficient: Correlations [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
correlations: Correlations [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
cortical blindness: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
cortical bone: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
cortical cords: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
cortical necrosis: Placental Complications [Reproductive]; Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
cortical tubers: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
corticobulbar tract: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
corticospinal tract: Spinal Cord [Neurology]
ASA stroke and: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
Friedreich’s ataxia and: Cerebellum [Neurology]
loss of: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
pyramidal system: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG): Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
corticosteroids: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
amenorrhea cause: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
cataract risk factor: The Lens [Neurology]
COPD treatment: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
Cushing’s syndrome and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
inflammatory bowel disease treatment: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
inflammatory myopathy treatment: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
keloid treatment: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
polyarteritis nodosa treatment: Vasculitis [Immunology]
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH): Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic
[Neurology] cortisol
adrenal crisis: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
adrenal insufficiency: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Cushing’s Syndrome and: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
deficiency disorders: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
effects of: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
excess disorders: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
gluconeogenesis and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
hypertension and: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
regulation of: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
17α-hydroxylase deficiency: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
cortisol binding globulin: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
culturing: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
toxin of: Translation [Cell Biology]
virulence of: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Corynebacterium spp.: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
coryza: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
costochondral junctions: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
cough
asthma feature: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
bronchiectasis symptom: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
chronic bronchitis feature: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
cranial nerves and: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
dry: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
emphysema feature: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
measles feature: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
opioid suppression of: Opioids [Psychiatry]
sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
councilman bodies: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
countertransference: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
Courvoisier’s sign: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
Cowdry A inclusions: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
cowpox: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
COX-2 inhibitors: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
Coxiella burnetii: Endocarditis [Cardiology]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Coxsackievirus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
pericarditis and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
C-peptide: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
crackles: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
cranial fossa: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
cranial nerves: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
compression: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
fetal alcohol syndrome: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
lesions: Brainstem [Neurology]
schwannomas: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
spinal cord syndromes: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
olfactory nerve (CN I): Brainstem [Neurology]
optic nerve (CN II): Brainstem [Neurology]; Visual Fields [Neurology]
oculomotor nerve (CN III). See oculomotor nerve
trochlear nerve (CN IV): Brainstem [Neurology]; Eye Movements [Neurology]
trigeminal nerve (CN V). See trigeminal nerve
abducens nerve (CN VI): Brainstem [Neurology]; Eye Movements [Neurology]; Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
facial nerve (CN VII). See facial nerve
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Brainstem [Neurology]; Vestibular System
[Neurology] glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX). See glossopharyngeal nerve
vagus nerve (CN X). See vagus nerve
accessory nerve (CN XI): Brainstem [Neurology]
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII): Brainstem [Neurology]
craniopharyngioma: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus,
Limbic [Neurology]
craniotabes: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
C-reactive protein (CRP)
acute phase reactant: Coagulation [Hematology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
ankylosing spondylitis diagnosis: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
complement system: Complement System [Immunology]
rheumatoid arthritis and: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
creatine: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
creatine kinase
Duchenne muscular dystrophy and: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
hypothyroidism: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
neuroleptic malignant syndrome: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
rhabdomyolysis: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
creatinine
acute renal failure diagnosis: Renal Failure [Renal]
anorexia nervosa and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
exercise and: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
creatinine clearance: Physiology II [Renal]
creatinine kinase: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
creeping fat: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
cremasteric muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
cremasteric reflex: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
crepitus: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
crescentic glomerulonephritis (RPGN): Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
cretinism: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
Creutzfeldt-Jakob encephalopathy: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
crew cut appearance (skull): Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
cribriform plate: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
cricoid cartilage: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
cricothyroid muscle: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
cri-du-chat syndrome: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
Crigler-Najjar syndrome: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Crohn’s disease: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
bacterial overgrowth cause: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
bile salts reabsorption issues with: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
cobalamin deficiencies and: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
fat malabsorption and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
inflammatory bowel disease and: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
osteoporosis and: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
Th1 response: T-cells [Immunology]
treatment: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]; Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
cromolyn: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
cross-matching screen: Transplants [Immunology]
crossover studies: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
cross-sectional studies: Study Designs [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
croup (laryngotracheitis): Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
cruciate ligaments: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
cryoprecipitate: Blood Groups [Hematology]; Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
crypt abscesses: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
cryptococcal meningitis: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and: HIV [Infectious Disease]
opportunist infection: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
treatment: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
Cryptococcus neoformans: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
HIV CNS infection cause: HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]
stain: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
Cryptococcus spp.: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
Addison’s disease cause: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
antibiotic coverage: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
cryptorchidism
complications: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
germ cell tumor risk factor: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
hypospadia and: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
Kallmann syndrome and: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
Klinefelter syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
WAGR syndrome: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
Cryptosporidium spp.: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
biliary tract infection: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
hyper-IgM syndrome and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
watery diarrhea: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
crypts of Lieberkühn: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
crystal violet stain: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
C-section deliveries. See cesarean delivery
Cullen’s sign: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
culture of safety: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
cultures
bacterial: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
media for: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
cuneiform cartilage: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
Curling’s ulcer: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
“currant jelly” sputum: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
Curschmann’s spirals: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
Cushing’s disease: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
Cushing’s syndrome and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
melanocyte stimulating hormone and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
Cushing’s syndrome: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
amenorrhea cause: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]; Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
antifungal drugs for: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
hypertension and: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
renal cell carcinoma and: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
Cushing’s triad: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
cutaneous leishmaniasis: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
cutaneous neurofibromas: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
cutaneous warts: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
cyanide toxicity: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]; Hemoglobin
[Pulmonary] cyanotic congenital heart disease: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]; Lung Physical Exam
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[Pulmonary] cyclic pelvic pain: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
cyclin-CDK complexes: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks): Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
cyclins: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]; Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and -2): Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology];
Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
cyclophosphamide: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) disease treatment: Vasculitis [Immunology]
as nitrogen mustard: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
polyarteritis nodosa treatment: Vasculitis [Immunology]
SIADH cause: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
transitional cell carcinoma risk factor: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
vasculitis treatment: Vasculitis [Immunology]
cyclopia: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]
cyclosporine
for aplastic anemia: Other Anemias [Hematology]
overview: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
for rheumatoid arthritis: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
side effects: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
cyclothymic disorder: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
cyproheptadine: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Neurotransmitters [Neurology]; Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
cystathionine: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
cystathionine ß synthase deficiency: The Lens [Neurology]; Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
cysteine
metabolic disorders: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
pyridoxal phosphate and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
structure of: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
cysticercosis: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
cystic fibrosis: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
as autosomal recessive disorder: Pedigrees [Genetics]
bile salts excretion with: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
bronchiectasis cause: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
Burkholderia cepacia: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
chronic pancreatitis cause: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
deletion mutation and: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]
fat malabsorption and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
genetics of: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
nail clubbing: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
pancreatic insufficiency and: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR): Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
cystic hygroma: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]; Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
cystic kidney disease: Cystic Kidney Disease [Renal]
cystine stone: Kidney Stones [Renal]. See also kidney stones
cystinuria: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]. See also kidney stones
cystitis: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]; Urinary Infections [Renal]
cysts
central nerve damage and: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
ovary: Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
protozoa stage: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
thyroglossal duct: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
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cytarabine: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
cytidine: DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
cytochrome A: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
cytochrome BC1: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
cytochrome C: Apoptosis [Pathology]; Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
cytochrome oxidase: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
cytochrome oxidase deficiency: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
cytochrome P-450 drugs: Seizures [Neurology]
cytochrome P-450 system: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
bile acid synthesis: Bile [Gastroenterology]
drug metabolism: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]; Free Radicals [Pathology]
enzyme synthesis for: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
ethanol metabolism: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
statins and: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
cytokine release syndrome: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
cytokines
anemias of chronic disease and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
atherosclerosis and: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
class switching and: B-Cells [Immunology]
disseminated intravascular coagulation and: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR): Blood Groups [Hematology]
innate immunity and: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
janus kinases and: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
Leser-Trélat sign and: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
minimal change disease and: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
multiple myeloma and: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
Shiga toxin and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
wound healing and: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
cytokinesis: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
cytolysin: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
cytomegalovirus (CMV): Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
acute interstitial nephritis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
Addison’s disease cause: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
biliary tract infection: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
colitis: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
esophagitis cause: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
eye infections and: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
Guillain-Barre syndrome cause: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and: HIV [Infectious Disease]
maternal infection-fetal abnormalities: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
newborn deafness: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
retinitis: HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]; The Retina [Neurology]
treatment: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
cytosine: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
cytosine deaminase: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
cytoskeleton: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
cytotoxic antibiotics: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
cytotoxins: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
cytotrophoblast: Placenta [Reproductive]; Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
D D2 receptor blockade: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
dabigatran: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]; Management of
TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
dacarbazine: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]; Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
dacryocytes: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
dactinomycin (actinomycin D): Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
dactylitis: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
dalfopristin: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
danazol: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
Dandy Walker malformation: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]; Ventricles and Sinuses
[Neurology] dantrolene
malignant hyperthermia treatment: General Anesthesia [Neurology]; Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology];
Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
neuroleptic malignant syndrome treatment: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
dapagliflozin: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
dapsone
G6PD deficiency and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
HIV-associated pneumonia treatment: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
leprosy treatment: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]; Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
methemoglobinemia cause: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
PCP treatment: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
toxicity: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
daptomycin: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
darbepoetin alfa: Other Anemias [Hematology]
data
bias: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
clinical trials: Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
correlations: Correlations [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
hypothesis testing: Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
meta analyses: Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
positive and negative predictive value: Positive and Negative Predictive Value [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
risk quantification: Risk Quantification [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
statistics overview: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
study designs: Study Designs [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
tests of significance for: Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
types of: Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
daunorubicin: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]; Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
DCC gene: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
D-dimers: Coagulation [Hematology]
disseminated intravascular coagulation and: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
pulmonary embolism: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
dead space
with emphysema: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
inadequate gas exchange and: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
types of: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) and: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]; Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
deafness. See hearing loss and deafness
death receptors: Apoptosis [Pathology]
debranching enzyme deficiency: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
decerebrate posturing: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
decidua basalis: Placenta [Reproductive]
decision-making capacity: Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]; Informed Consent [Behavioral
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Science] decorticate posturing: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
decussation: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
deep (internal) inguinal ring: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
deep brain stimulation (DBS): Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
deep vein thrombosis
chronic oral anticoagulation for: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
formation: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
heparin for: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
hyperfibrinolysis and: Coagulation [Hematology]
oral contraceptive pills contraindication: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
polycythemia vera and: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
pregnancy risk: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
prophylaxis: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
pulmonary embolism cause: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
quality measurements for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
raloxifene side effect: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
SERM side effect: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
thrombus location: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
warfarin for: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
deer (disease vector): Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
deer flies (disease vector): Helminths [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
defense mechanisms: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
deferasirox: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
deferiprone: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
deferoxamine: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
dehydration
ADH levels: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
kidney stone risk factor: Kidney Stones [Renal]
laxative abuse and: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
nephron physiology: Nephron Physiology [Renal]
osmotic laxative side effect: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
primary hyperparathyroidism and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
dehydrogenases: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
coenzyme A and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
electron transport chain and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
dehydropeptidase: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
déjà: Seizures [Neurology]
delavirdine: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
delayed-type hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
delirium: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
acetylcholine antagonist effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
dementia vs.: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
psychosis and: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
treatment: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
visual hallucinations: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
delirium tremens: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
delta (d) receptor: Opioids [Psychiatry]
delta-delta formula (delta ratio): Acid Base Problems [Renal]; Acid-Base Principles [Renal]; Metabolic Acidosis
[Renal] deltoid muscle: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
delusional disorder: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
delusions: Psychosis [Psychiatry]; Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
bipolar disorder feature: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
postpartum psychosis association: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
delusions of control: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
delusions of reference: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
demeclocycline
action of: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
SIADH treatment: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
dementia: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
aluminum toxicity and: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
delirium vs.: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
Hartnup disease: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
HIV feature: HIV [Infectious Disease]
Huntington’s disease and: Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
neurosyphilis and: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
normal pressure hydrocephalus feature: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
demyelinating diseases: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]; HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]; Visual Fields
[Neurology] demyelinating radiculopathy: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
demyelination: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
dendritic cells
as antigen presenting cells: T-cells [Immunology]
histiocytosis of: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
innate immunity: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
types of: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
dendritic spines: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
Dengue fever: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
denial: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
denosumab: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
dense deposit disease: MPGN [Renal]
dental carries (cavities): Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
dental enamel: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
dental procedure prophylaxis: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
dentate nucleus: Cerebellum [Neurology]
dentinogenesis imperfecta: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
dependent personality disorder: Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
depersonalization: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]; Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD): Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
depression
anorexia nervosa association: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
beta blocker side effect: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
bulimia nervosa association: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
catecholamine metabolic disorder: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
dementia differential diagnosis: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
dissociative identity disorder and: Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
dopamine levels and: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
eating disorder association: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
ecstasy withdrawal: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
norepinephrine levels and: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
schizoaffective disorder and: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
serotonin levels and: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
sleep cycle effects: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
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suicide risk: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
treatment: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
treatment of: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
derealization: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]; Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
dermatan: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
dermatan sulfate: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
dermatitis
Hartnup disease: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
riboflavin deficiency: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
dermatitis herpetiformis: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]; Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
dermatomyositis: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
dermatophyte infections: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
dermis: Skin [Dermatology]
dermoid cyst (mature cystic teratoma): Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]
Descemet’s membrane: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
desflurane: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
desipramine
enuresis treatment: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
peripheral neuropathy treatment: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
desirudin: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
desmin: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
desmopressin
diabetes insipidus treatment: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
enuresis treatment: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
hemophilia treatment: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
von Willebrand disease treatment: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
desmosomes
acantholysis and: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]; Skin [Dermatology]
epithelial cell junction type: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
in stratum spinosum: Skin [Dermatology]
desvenlafaxine: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
detemir: Insulin [Endocrinology]
detumescence: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
dexamethasone
Cushing’s syndrome diagnosis and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
overview: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
dextrocardia: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
diabetes insipidus
ADH loss and: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
defined: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
hypernatremia causes: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
hypothalamic syndrome and: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
lithium side effect: Lithium [Psychiatry]
thiazide diuretic use: Diuretics [Renal]
treatment: Lithium [Psychiatry]
diabetes mellitus
acanthosis nigricans and: Skin [Dermatology]
acromegaly and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
antihypertensive drug choice with: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
bacterial overgrowth cause: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
beta blocker caution with: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
carpal tunnel syndrome risk factor: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
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cataract risk factor: The Lens [Neurology]
complications: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
as coronary risk equivalent for sudden death: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
defined: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
diagnosis: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
Friedreich’s ataxia feature: Cerebellum [Neurology]
hemochromatosis feature: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
ketone production and: Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
klebsiella infections: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
maternal. See maternal diabetes
necrotizing fasciitis association: Skin Infections [Dermatology]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
osteomyelitis and: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
pancreatic cancer risk factor: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
pancreatic insufficiency finding: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
papillary necrosis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
preeclampsia risk factor: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
during pregnancy: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
quality measurements for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
reactivation tuberculosis association: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
risk factors: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
signs and symptoms: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
steroid use and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
stroke risk factor: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
thiazide diuretics precaution: Diuretics [Renal]
treatment: Insulin [Endocrinology]; Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
types: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
diabetes type 1
complications: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
treatment: Insulin [Endocrinology]; Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
diabetes type 2
amylin deposits with: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
complications: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
familial dyslipidemias and: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
histology: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
insulin resistance mechanism: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
risk factors: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
treatment: Insulin [Endocrinology]; Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
Turner syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): Diabetes [Endocrinology]
anion gap acidosis: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
hypophosphatemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
mucormycosis association: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Insulin [Endocrinology]
urinary ketones and: Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
diabetic nephropathy: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
diabetic neuropathy: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
diabetic peripheral neuropathy: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
diabetic retinopathy: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; The Retina [Neurology]
diagnostic tests: Diagnostic Tests [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Sensitivity and Specificity
[Biostatistics/Epidemiology] dialectical behavior therapy: Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
dialysis-related amyloidosis: Amyloidosis [Hematology]; Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]; Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
diaper rash: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
diaphoresis: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
diaphragm
anatomy: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
hernias and: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
innervation: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
diarrhea
acamprosate side effect: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
ADH levels: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
adrenal insufficiency and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
antibiotic-induced: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
bacterial overgrowth: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
bloody: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
bloody diarrhea: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
carcinoid tumors and: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]
celiac sprue symptom: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
colchicine side effect: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
contact precautions: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
food poisoning: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
Hartnup disease: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
hypokalemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypomagnesemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
infectious: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Other
Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
inflammatory bowel disease symptom: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
lactose intolerance symptom: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
laxative abuse and: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
magnesium hydroxide side effect: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
malabsorption symptom: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
non-anion gap metabolic acidosis: Acid Base Problems [Renal]; Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
opioid withdrawal: Opioids [Psychiatry]
osmotic: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
protease inhibitors side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
rice-water: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
steatorrhea. See steatorrhea
topoisomerase inhibitor side effect: DNA drugs [Hematology]
toxins and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Opioids [Psychiatry]
type I hypersensitivity symptoms: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
uric acid stone risk factor: Kidney Stones [Renal]
VIPomas: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
watery: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Protozoa [Infectious
Disease]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Whipple’s disease symptom: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
diastole
murmurs and: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
physiology: Pressure Volume Loops [Cardiology]
valve disease: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
diastolic blood pressure (DBP): Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]; Cardiovascular Response to Exercise
[Cardiology] diastolic heart failure
atrial fibrillation and: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
heart sounds: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
pathophysiology: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]; Systolic and
Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
diazepam: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
diclofenac: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
dicloxacillin: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]; Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Staphylococci [Infectious
Disease] didanosine: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
dietary sodium: Kidney Stones [Renal]
diethylcarbamazine: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
diethylstilbestrol: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
diethylstilbestrol (DES): Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
differential culture media: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
diffuse interstitial pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]; Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
diffuse parenchymal lung diseases: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
[Immunology] diffuse scleroderma: Scleroderma [Immunology]
diffusing capacity in lung of carbon monoxide (DLC): Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO): Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
diffusion
limitations: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]; Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
rate of: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
digastric muscle: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
DiGeorge syndrome (thymic aplasia)
classic triad: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology];
Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
genetics: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
immune issues: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
immunity symptoms: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
pathophysiology: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]; Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
digestive tract. See gastrointestinal tract
digital clubbing: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
digoxin
action of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
acute heart failure treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
atrial fibrillation treatment: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
cardiac effects of: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
contractility in cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
heart block and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
therapeutic index of: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
toxicity: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
dihydrofolate: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
dihydrofolate reductase: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Pyrimidine
Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
dihydropyridines (nifedipine): Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
dihydrotestosterone (DHT): Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones
[Endocrinology] dihydrouridine: Translation [Cell Biology]
dihydroxyacetone phosphate: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
dilated cardiomyopathy
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
hemochromatosis: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]; Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis
[Gastroenterology] systolic heart failure and: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
diltiazem: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
action of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
for angina: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
atrial fibrillation treatment: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
for AVNRT: AVNRT [Cardiology]
cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
hypertension treatment: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
secondary hypertension treatment: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
uses: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
dilutional anemia: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
dimenhydrinate: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
dimercaprol: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
dimethyl fumarate: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
diphenhydramine: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
diphtheria: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
diphtheria toxin: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]; Translation [Cell Biology]; Virulence [Infectious
Disease] diphtheria toxoid: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
diphtheria vaccine: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
diplococci bacteria: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
diplopia: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]; Eye Movements [Neurology]
botulism symptoms: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
carbamazepine side effect: Seizures [Neurology]
myasthenia gravis feature: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
dipyridamole: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
direct Coombs test: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
direct observation therapy (DOT): Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
direct thrombin inhibitors: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
discoid lesions: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs): Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED): Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
disinhibition: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
disorganized thought: Psychosis [Psychiatry]; Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
disorientation: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
displacement: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD): Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
disseminated candidiasis: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
disseminated intravascular coagulation: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]; Hypertension in Pregnancy
[Reproductive]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Placental Complications
[Reproductive] dissociation: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
dissociation curves: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]; Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]; Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
dissociative amnesia: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]; Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
dissociative disorders: Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
dissociative fugue: Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
dissociative identity disorder: Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
distal renal tubular acidosis: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
distal tubule: Nephron Physiology [Renal]
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distributive justice: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
distributive shock: Shock [Cardiology]
disulfiram: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
disulfiram-like reaction: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
disulfiram reaction: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
diuretics: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Diuretics [Renal]
action of: Nephron Physiology [Renal]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
acute heart failure treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
acute interstitial nephritis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
ascites treatment: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
gout attacks and: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
hypokalemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
Meniere’s disease treatment: Vestibular System [Neurology]
metabolic alkalosis and: Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
potassium-sparing: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
primary aldosteronism treatment: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
urinary chloride and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
urinary osmolality: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
diverticulitis: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
dizygotic twins (fraternal twins): Twins [Reproductive]
DMPK gene mutation: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
DNA
amplification with PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction [Cell Biology]
apoptosis and: Apoptosis [Pathology]
base pairing: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
cell division and: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
free radicals and: Free Radicals [Pathology]
of hepatitis B: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
mitochondrial: Pedigrees [Genetics]
mutations: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]
overview: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
plasmids: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
repair: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
replication: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
Southern blot: Blotting [Cell Biology]
Southwestern blot: Blotting [Cell Biology]
structure: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]; DNA structure [Biochemistry]
synthesis: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Embryogenesis
[Reproductive]; Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
transcription of: Transcription [Cell Biology]
types of: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
DNA drugs: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]; Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]; DNA Drugs [Hematology]
DNA ligase: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]; DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
DNA polymerases: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]; Polymerase Chain Reaction [Cell Biology]
base excision repair: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
inhibition of: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
nucleotide excision repair: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
DNA viruses: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Virus Structure [Infectious
Disease] dobutamine
action of: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
acute heart failure treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
contractility in cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
83
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
hypokalemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
shock treatment: Shock [Cardiology]
docetaxel: Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
docusate: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
dofetilide: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
dogs (disease vectors): Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
dolor (pain): Inflammation [Pathology]
dominant gene/allele: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
donepezil: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
“do no harm”: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
Do Not Intubate (DNI): Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
Do Not Resuscitate (DNR): Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
DOPA decarboxylase: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
dopamine
action of: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
actions of: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
acute heart failure treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
adrenergic synapses: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
contractility in cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
depression and levels of: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
function of: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
metabolism of: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
PCP’s effect on: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
prolactin regulation by: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
renal effects: Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
schizophrenia pathology: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
stimulants effect on: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
synthesis of: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
Tourette syndrome and: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
tyrosine and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
dopamine agonists
Parkinson’s disease treatment: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
prolactin and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
dopamine antagonists: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
dopamine blockade: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
dopamine receptor antagonists: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
doripenem: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
dorsal column: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Spinal Cord [Neurology]
dorsal mesentery: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
dorsal roots: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
dorsal spinal columns: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
dosage calculations: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
dose-response: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
double-blind studies: Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
double bubble sign: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
double uterus: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
double Y males: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]; Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
Down syndrome: Down Syndrome [Genetics]
acute lymphoblastic leukemia association: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
Alzheimer’s disease risk factor: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
atrial septal defect (ASD) and: Shunts [Cardiology]
cystic hygroma and: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
decision-making capacity: Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]
84
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
endocardial cushions defects: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
gastrointestinal congenital anomalies associated with: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
Hirschsprung’s disease and: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
meiosis and: Meiosis [Genetics]
mitral regurgitation and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
omphalocele and: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
renal congenital anomalies: Renal Embryology [Renal]
doxazosin: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
doxepin: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
doxorubicin
as antitumor antibiotics: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
cardiomyopathy from: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
Hodgkin lymphoma treatment: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
doxycycline
action of: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
anthrax treatment: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
brucellosis treatment: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Chlamydia spp. infection treatment: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
chlamydia treatment: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
Leptospira interrogans infection treatment: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
Lyme disease treatment: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
pneumonia treatment: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
zoonotic infection treatment: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
DPP-4 inhibitors (dipeptidyl peptidase 4): Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm): Helminths [Infectious Disease]
Dressler’s syndrome
ischemic complications and: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
pericarditis and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
dronabinol: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
droplet precautions: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
drug addiction
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
nicotine addition: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
nucleus accumbens and: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
opioids: Opioids [Psychiatry]
tricuspid regurgitation and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
drug clearance: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
drug-eluting stents (DES): Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
drug-induced lupus: DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
causes of: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
isoniazid: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
drug-induced Parkinsonism: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
drug rash: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
drugs. See also drug addiction
administration: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
antibiotics. See antibiotics; specific antibiotics
antifungal: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]. See also specific antifungal drugs
antiviral: Antiviral Drugs [Infectious Disease]; HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]. See also specific drugs
for autonomic nervous system: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; ANS Drugs: Norepinephrine
[Neurology] dosage: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
elimination: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
free radical generation and: Free Radicals [Pathology]
85
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
gastrointestinal disorders: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
lipid drugs. See lipid drugs
metabolism of: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]; Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]; Free
Radicals [Pathology]
microtubule: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
new drug approvals: Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
overdose: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]; Opioids [Psychiatry]
purine metabolic disorders: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
reconciliation of medication: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
seizures: Seizures [Neurology]
teratogen categories: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
urine pH and: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
dry cough
ACE inhibitor side effect: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
helminths infection: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
psittacosis: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
dry eyes
acetylcholine antagonist effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
Sjögren’s syndrome symptom: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
dry gangrene: Necrosis [Pathology]
dry macular degeneration: The Retina [Neurology]
dry mouth
acetylcholine antagonist effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) feature: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
mirtazapine side effect: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
Sjögren’s syndrome symptom: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
D-transposition of great vessels: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
Dubin-Johnson syndrome: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
Duchenne muscular dystrophy: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]; Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
ductal cells: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]; Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
ductal epithelial cells: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
ductus arteriosus: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]; Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]; Maternal-Fetal
Disorders [Reproductive]; Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
ductus venosus: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
Duffy antigen: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
duloxetine: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
duodenal atresia: Down syndrome [Genetics]; Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Maternal-Fetal
Disorders [Reproductive]
duodenal ulcers: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal
Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
duodenum
anatomy: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
disorders: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
histology: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
hormone secretion: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
tumors: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
duplex collecting system: Renal Embryology [Renal]
Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care (DPAHC): Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]
dural sinuses: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
duty to warn and protect: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
dwarfism: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
D-xylose test: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
86
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
dynein: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]; Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Obstructive Lung Disease
[Pulmonary] dysarthria: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]; Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders
[Neurology]; Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
dyschezia: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
dysdiadochokinesia: Cerebellum [Neurology]
dysentery: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Protozoa [Infectious
Disease] dysgammaglobulinemia: Cerebellum [Neurology]
dysgerminoma: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]
dyshormonogenesis: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
dyslipidemia: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]; Renal Failure [Renal]
dysmenorrhea: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
dysmetria: Cerebellum [Neurology]
dysmorphic features: Down syndrome [Genetics]
dysostosis multiplex: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
dyspareunia: Endometriosis [Reproductive]; Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
dyspepsia
causes: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
gastritis symptom: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
dysphagia
achalasia presentation: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
botulism symptoms: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
causes: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
eosinophilic esophagitis presentation: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
esophageal cancer presentation: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
esophageal disorders and: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
GERD and: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
Schatzki ring and: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Zenker’s diverticulum and: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
dysphasia: Seizures [Neurology]
dysphonia: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
dysplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
dysplasia tumors: Neoplasia [Pathology]
dyspnea
asthma feature: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
atrial fibrillation: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
cardiac ischemia symptom: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
causes: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
chronic bronchitis feature: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
emphysema feature: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
pneumothorax: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
pulmonary function tests for diagnosis: Pulmonary Function Tests [Pulmonary]
pulmonary hypertension feature: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
ticagrelor side effect: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
dyssynergia: Cerebellum [Neurology]
dysthymic disorder: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
dystonia
haloperidol side effect: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
87
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
metoclopramide side effect: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
treatment: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
dystrophic calcification: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]; Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
dystrophin gene mutations: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
dysuria: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Endometriosis [Reproductive]
E E2F proteins: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
ear: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
eastern/western equine encephalitis: Meningitis [Neurology]
eating disorders: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]; Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
Eaton's agar: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
Ebola: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Ebstein’s anomaly: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]; Lithium [Psychiatry]; Teratogens I
[Reproductive]; Valve Disease [Cardiology]
E-cadherin: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
echinocandins: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
Echinococcus granulosus: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
Echinococcus spp.: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
echovirus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
eclampsia: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]; Seizures [Neurology]
ecstasy (MDMA): Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
ecstasy withdrawal: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
ecthyma gangrenosum: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
ectoderm: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]; Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]; Germ Layers [Reproductive];
Neuroembryology [Neurology]
milk lines: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
neuroembryology: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
pharyngeal clefts: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
ectopia lentis: The Lens [Neurology]
ectopic ACTH: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
ectopic pregnancy
abortion agent: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
flank hemorrhage: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
gonorrhea and: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
location: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
primary ciliary dyskinesia and: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
termination of: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
ectopic thyroid: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
eculizumab: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
eczema
asthma association: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
spongiosis and: Skin [Dermatology]
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
edema
blood pressure regulation and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
cirrhosis and: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
defined: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
drug-induced: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]; Treatment of Diabetes
[Endocrinology] during fasting/starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
inflammation and: Inflammation [Pathology]
88
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
loop diuretics for: Diuretics [Renal]
preeclampsia feature: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
protein malabsorption and: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
of retina: The Retina [Neurology]
edema factor: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
edema toxin: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Edinger-Westphal nucleus: The Pupil [Neurology]
edrophonium: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]; Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
action of: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
myasthenia gravis treatment: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Neuromuscular Disorders
[Musculoskeletal] Edward syndrome (trisomy 18): Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Neuroembryology
[Neurology]; Trisomies [Genetics]
efavirenz: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
effective circulating volume: Physiology I [Renal]; Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
effect modification: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
efferent arterioles: Physiology I [Renal]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
efficacy (drug): Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
effusion (lungs): Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
eggshell calcifications, of lymph nodes: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
ego defenses: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]; Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]; Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
egodystonic behaviors: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]; Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
egophony: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
egosyntonic behaviors: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]; Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]; Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]; Connective Tissue
[Cell Biology]; Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
Ehrlichia spp.: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
ehrlichiosis: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
eicosanoids: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
antiplatelet activity of: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
asthma treatment: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
inflammation and: Inflammation [Pathology]
type I hypersensitivity mediator: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
Eisenmenger’s syndrome: Shunts [Cardiology]
ejaculatory ducts: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
ejection fraction (EF): Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]; Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology];
Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
ejection murmur: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
EKG readings: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
atrial fibrillation: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
atrial flutter: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
AV blocks: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
basics of: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
bundle branch blocks: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
cardiac anatomy: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
electrical activity: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
heart rate determination: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
hyperkalemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypokalemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
ischemic changes: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT): AVNRT [Cardiology]
for post-stroke management: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
89
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
principles of: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
PR interval: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
pulmonary embolism: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
QRS axis determination: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
QRS interval: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
Qt interval: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
reading high yield EKGS: High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
restrictive cardiomyopathy: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
seizure workup: Seizures [Neurology]
for stable angina: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
Torsade de Pointes: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
venous pressure tracings: Venous Pressure Tracings [Cardiology]
ventricular tachycardia: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
wave types: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
Wiggers diagram and: Wiggers Diagram [Cardiology]
Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome: Wolff-Parkinson White [Cardiology]
elastase
action of: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
α1-anti-trypsin deficiency and: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
disorders of: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
elastic arteries: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
elastin
disorders of: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
Williams syndrome and: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
elastin synthesis: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
elbow: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
electrical cardioversion: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
electrochemical gradient: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
electroencephalogram (EEG)
delirium diagnosis: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
seizure workup: Seizures [Neurology]
electrolytes: Electrolytes [Renal]
delirium tremens and: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
rhabdomyolysis treatment: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
salivary glands and: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
electron transport chain (ETC): Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
apoptosis and: Apoptosis [Pathology]
complexes I-V: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
cyanide poisoning and: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
fumarate and: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
inhibitors of: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
NAD+ and: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
riboflavin and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
TCA cycle and: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
uncoupling of: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
electrophoresis: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
Elek test: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
elementary bodies: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
elephantiasis: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
11ß-hydroxylase deficiency: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
elfin facial appearance: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
90
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
elimination constant (Ke): Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay): ELISA [Cell Biology]; HIV [Infectious Disease]
elongation (protein synthesis): Translation [Cell Biology]
elongation factors: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Translation [Cell Biology]; Virulence [Infectious
Disease] emancipated minors: Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]; Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
embolic stroke: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
embolism
amniotic fluid: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
atherosclerosis complication: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
cardiac: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
fat: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
mesenteric ischemia and: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
pulmonary embolism: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
shock and: Shock [Cardiology]
varicocele treatment: Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
vision loss and: Visual Fields [Neurology]
embryogenesis: Apoptosis [Pathology]; Embryogenesis [Reproductive]; Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
embryology
cardiac: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
cleft lip and palate: Cleft Lip and Palate [Reproductive]
embryogenesis: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]
embryonic genes: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]
gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
genital: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
germ layers: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
hCG synthesis by: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
neuroembryology: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
pharyngeal apparatus: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
pharyngeal arches: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
pharyngeal pouches and clefts: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
pulmonary: Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
renal: Renal Embryology [Renal]
teratogens: Teratogens I [Reproductive]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
thyroid: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
embryonal carcinoma: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma: Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
embryonic age: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
embryonic genes: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
embryonic period: Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
embryonic stem cells: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
embryonic vessels: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
embryopathy: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
emergence reactions: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
emergency care: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]; Public Health [Behavioral Science]
emotional abuse: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
emotional patients: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
emotions: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
emphysema: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
α1-anti-trypsin deficiency and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
causes: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
low DLCO conditions from: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
91
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
lung compliance with: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
percussion of: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
rate of diffusion with: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
empty/full can tests: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
empty sella syndrome: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
enalapril: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
encapsulated bacteria
IgG antibodies and: B-Cells [Immunology]
inherited C3 deficiency and recurrent infections: Complement System [Immunology]
splenic dysfunction and: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
encephalitis
herpes simplex virus: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
HIV and: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
Klüver-Bucy syndrome and: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
measles complication: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
meningitis feature: Meningitis [Neurology]
rabies infection feature: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
RNA viruses and: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
varicella zoster virus and: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
encephalitis viruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
encephalocele: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
encephalopathy
alkylating agent side effect: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
antimetabolite side effects: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
causes of: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
demyelinating diseases and: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
Hartnup disease: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
hypertensive emergency: Hypertension [Cardiology]
ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
primary systemic carnitine deficiency: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
pyrimidine metabolic disorders and: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
Reye’s syndrome and: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
slow onset of: HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]
end diastolic volume (EDV): Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]; Cardiovascular Response to Exercise
[Cardiology] endemic typhus: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
endoarteritis: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
endocardial cushions: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
atrial septal defect (ASD) and: Shunts [Cardiology]
defects: Down syndrome [Genetics]
mitral regurgitation and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
endocardial fibroelastosis: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
endocarditis: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
aortic regurgitation and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
Aspergillus spp.: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
Bartonella henselae: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
causes: Endocarditis [Cardiology]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
coarctation of the aorta complication: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
complications: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
culture negative: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
diagnosis: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
echocardiogram: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
empirical treatment of: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
Enterococci spp.: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
mitral regurgitation and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
prophylaxis: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
pulmonary regurgitation and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
signs and symptoms: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
Staph aureus: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
Strep bovis: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Endocarditis [Cardiology]; Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
[Infectious Disease] tricuspid regurgitation and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
endocarditis stigmata: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
endochondral ossification: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
endochondromas: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
endocrine pancreas: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
endocrinology: MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia) syndromes; Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]. See also
adrenal glands; MEN syndromes; pancreas; parathyroid glands; pituitary gland; reproductive hormones; thyroid
gland; specific hormones
endoderm: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]; Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Germ Layers
[Reproductive]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]
endodermal sinus tumor: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]; Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
endogenous bile acids: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
endometrial biopsy: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]
endometrial cancer: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]
hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) association: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
polycystic ovarian syndrome and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
tamoxifen and: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
endometrial carcinoma: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]
granulosa cell tumor association: Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
vimentin and: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
endometrial disorders: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
endometrial hyperplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]; Ovarian Stromal
Tumors [Reproductive]
endometrial polyps: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
endometrioid tumors: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]; Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
endometriosis and endometrial disorders: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]; Endometrial Disorders
[Reproductive]; Endometriosis [Reproductive]
endometritis: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
endometrium
fibrosis: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
hyperplasia as tamoxifen side effect: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
uterine cycle and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
endomysium: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
endonucleases: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]; DNA structure [Biochemistry]
endophthalmitis: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
endoplasmic reticulum: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
collagen synthesis and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
drug metabolism and: Free Radicals [Pathology]
injury of: Cell Injury [Pathology]
endorphins: Opioids [Psychiatry]
endosomes and endocytosis: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
endothelial cells: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Coagulation [Hematology]; Nephritic Syndrome
[Renal]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
endothelial derived relaxing factor (EDRF): Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
endothelins: Coagulation [Hematology]; Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
endotoxin A: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
endotoxins: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
disseminated intravascular coagulation and: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
Neisseria spp.: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
endovascular coiling: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
end-stage kidney disease: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
end systolic volume (ESV): Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
enflurane: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
enfuvirtide: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
enoxaparin: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
enriched culture media: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
entacapone: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
Entamoeba histolytica: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
liver abscesses and: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
enteric nervous system: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
Enterobacter spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
antibiotics coverage: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
biliary tree infection: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm): Helminths [Infectious Disease]
enterochromaffin-like cells: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Secretions
[Gastroenterology] enterococcus: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
antibiotics coverage: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
pancreatic abscess: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
Enterococcus faecalis: Urinary Infections [Renal]
enterocytes: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
iron metabolism and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
lipid metabolism and: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
vitamin absorption by: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC): Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC): Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
enterokinase: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
enteropathogenic E. Coli (EPEC): Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL): Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC): Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
enterotoxins: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
enteroviruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
immune deficiency syndromes and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
meningitis cause: Meningitis [Neurology]
enthesitis: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
enuresis: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Coagulopathies [Hematology]
enuresis alarms: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
enveloped viruses: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
env gene: HIV [Infectious Disease]
environmental antigens: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
enzymes
free radical inactivation: Free Radicals [Pathology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
inhibitors: Enzyme Inhibitors [Basic Pharmacology]
pancreatic: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
reactions: Enzyme Inhibitors [Basic Pharmacology]; Enzymes [Basic Pharmacology]
eosin-methylene blue agar: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
eosinophilia
causes: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
helminth infection feature: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
eosinophilic esophagitis: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
eosinophilic granuloma: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
eosinophils
antibody mediation of: B-Cells [Immunology]
innate immunity: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
ependymoma: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Cerebellum [Neurology]
epiblast and epiblast cells: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]; Genital Embryology [Reproductive];
Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
epicanthal folds: Down syndrome [Genetics]
epidemic typhus: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
epidemiology: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Diagnostic Tests
[Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Positive and Negative Predictive Value [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Risk
Qualification [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Sensitivity and Specificity [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Study
Designs [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
epidermal aggregates (Pautrier microabscesses): Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
epidermal growth factor (EGF): Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]; Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
epidermal layers: Skin [Dermatology]
epidermis
embryology: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
melanocytes in: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
telomerases in: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
Epidermophyton spp.: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
epididymal cyst: Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
epididymis: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
epidural hematoma: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
epigenetics: DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Imprinting [Genetics]
epiglottitis: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
epilepsy: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Psychosis [Psychiatry]; Seizures [Neurology]
epinephrine
actions of: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
acute heart failure treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
anaphylaxis treatment: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
beta blockers’ effect on: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
during exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
fatty acid metabolism and: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glaucoma treatment: Glaucoma [Neurology]
gluconeogenesis and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
glycogen metabolism and: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
glycolysis and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
hormone sensitive lipase activation by: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
insulin release and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
with local anesthesia: Local Anesthesia [Neurology]
metabolism of: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
95
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
reversal: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
shock treatment: Shock [Cardiology]
smooth muscle contraction and: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
synthesis of: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
tyrosine and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
epiphyseal growth plate: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
bone disorders of: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
osteochondromas and: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
epiphyseal widening: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
epiphysis: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
epiploic foramen (Omental, Winslow’s): Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
epirubicin: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
episcleritis: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]; Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
epispadia: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
epithelial cell junctions: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
epithelial cells: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
carcinomas of: Neoplasia [Pathology]
cell cycle phase of: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
cystic fibrosis: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
of gastrointestinal tract: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
keratin and: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
renal: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
of tubules: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
types of: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
epithelial dysplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; Neoplasia [Pathology]
epithelial hyperplasia: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
epithelial metaplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
epithelial regeneration: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
epithelial tumors: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Neoplasia [Pathology]
epithelioid macrophages: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]; Necrosis [Pathology]
epithelium
breast: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
embryology: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
function: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
neoplasia and: Neoplasia [Pathology]
ovary: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
eplerenone: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Diuretics [Renal]; Male Reproductive Hormones
[Endocrinology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
Epley maneuver: Vestibular System [Neurology]
Epoetin alfa: Other Anemias [Hematology]
epoxide reductase: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
Burkitt’s lymphoma association: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia association: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
Hodgkin lymphoma risk factor: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
pharyngitis: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
eptifibatide: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
equal pressure point (lungs): Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
equine encephalitis: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Erb’s palsy (upper plexus injury): Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
erectile dysfunction: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
drug-induced: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
hemoglobinuria and: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
96
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) and: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
erection (tumescence): Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
ergonovine: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
ergosterol synthesis: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
ergotamine: Headaches [Neurology]
erlotinib: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
erosions
gastric: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal
Tract [Gastroenterology]
skin: Skin [Dermatology]
erotomaniac delusions: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
errors
analysis of: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
diagnostic tests and: Diagnostic Tests [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
medical errors: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
standard error of the mean (SEM): Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
statistical errors: Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
ertapenem: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
erysipelas: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
erythema chronicum migrans: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
erythema infectiosum: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
erythema marginatum: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
erythema multiforme: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
erythema nodosum: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
Crohn’s disease and: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
erythrocyte protoporphyrin level: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
erythrocytes: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): Coagulation [Hematology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
ankylosing spondylitis diagnosis: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
rheumatoid arthritis and: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
for vasculitis disorders: Vasculitis [Immunology]
erythrocytosis: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
erythrodermic psoriasis: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
erythrogenic toxin: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
erythroid hyperplasia: Thalassemias [Hematology]
erythromycin
acne treatment: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
action of: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
cholestasis and: Bile [Gastroenterology]
cytochrome P450 system inhibitor: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
gastroparesis treatment: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
neonatal conjunctivitis treatment: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Structural Eye Disorders
[Neurology] theophylline interaction with: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
erythroplasia of Queyrat: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
erythropoiesis: Sleep Apnea [Pulmonary]
Cooley’s anemia and: Thalassemias [Hematology]
parvovirus and: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
erythropoietin (EPO): Other Anemias [Hematology]
high altitude and: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
renal effects: Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
erythropoietin injections: Other Anemias [Hematology]
97
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
escape rhythm: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
eschars: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
Escherichia coli
acute prostatitis: Prostate [Reproductive]
antibiotic coverage: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam
Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
biliary tree infection: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
culturing: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
hemolytic uremic syndrome cause: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
meningitis cause: Meningitis [Neurology]
multiple myeloma and: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
pancreatic abscess: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
Quellung reaction: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
structures: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
urinary infections: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]; Urinary Infections [Renal]
virulence of: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
esmolol: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
esomeprazole
GERD treatment: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
side effects: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
esophageal atresia: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
esophageal cancer: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
treatment: DNA drugs [Hematology]
esophageal disorders: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
esophageal dysmotility: Scleroderma [Immunology]
esophageal hiatus: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
esophageal sphincter: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
esophageal varices: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]; Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
esophageal webs and rings: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
esophagitis: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
esophagus
cancer of: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
disorders of: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
histology: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
metaplasia of: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
essential amino acids: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
branched chain: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
essential thrombocytosis: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
drugs for treating: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
gout and: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
treatment: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
essential tremor: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
esters: Local Anesthesia [Neurology]
estradiol: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
effects of: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
menopause and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
menstrual cycle and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
estriol (uE3): Down syndrome [Genetics]
estrogen agonists: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
98
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
estrogen-dependent hyperplasia: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]
estrogen-independent hyperplasia: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]
estrogen receptor positivity (ER+): Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
estrogens: Female Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
amplification of: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
bone effects of: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
breast tissue effects: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
cholesterol gallstones risk factor: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
cirrhosis and levels of: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
coagulation factor regulation: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
endometrium and: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]; Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
genital embryology: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
growth spurts: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
osteoporosis and: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
prolactin and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
signaling pathway: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
stromal tumors and: Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
synthesis of: Female Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) levels and: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
Turner syndrome treatment: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
uterine cycle and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
estrone: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
estropia: Eye Movements [Neurology]
eszopiclone: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
etanercept: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
reactivation tuberculosis occurrence with: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
rheumatoid arthritis treatment: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
ethacrynic acid: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Diuretics [Renal]
ethambutol
action of: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) treatment: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
tuberculosis treatment: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
ethanol metabolism: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Ketone Bodies
[Biochemistry]. See also alcohol use and abuse
ethics: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
ethosuximide: Seizures [Neurology]
ethylene glycol: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Kidney Stones [Renal]; Renal Failure [Renal]
ethylene glycol ingestion: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
etomidate: General Anesthesia [Neurology]; Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]; Neurotransmitters
[Neurology] etoposide: DNA drugs [Hematology]
euchromatin: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
eukaryotes: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
characteristics of: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
DNA polymerases: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
protein synthesis in: Transcription [Cell Biology]
translation in: Translation [Cell Biology]
euphoria: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
eustachian tube: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
euthyroid sick syndrome: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
euvolemia: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
euvolemic hyponatremia: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
everolimus: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
99
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
evolocumab: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
Ewing sarcoma: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
treatment: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
excitation-contraction coupling: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]; Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
exemestane: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
exenatide
acute pancreatitis cause: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
diabetes treatment: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
asthma trigger: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
breathing during: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
bulimia and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
carbon dioxide and: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
fibromyalgia treatment: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
physiology: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]; Cardiovascular
Response to Exercise [Cardiology]; Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
rhabdomyolysis and: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
Starling curve shifts: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
exertional angina: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
exfoliatin: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
exocrine pancreas: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
exocytosis: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
exons: Transcription [Cell Biology]
exonuclease activity: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
exophthalmos (bulging eyes): Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
exostoses: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
exostosis: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
exotoxins: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Translation [Cell Biology]; Virulence [Infectious
Disease] Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
expiratory reserve volume: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
exposure therapy: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
“expressive” aphasia: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
exstrophy: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
extended spectrum beta lactamase: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Hand [Musculoskeletal]
extensor carpi radialis longus muscle: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Hand [Musculoskeletal]
extensor carpi ulnaris muscle: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Hand [Musculoskeletal]
extensor digitorum longus muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
extensor hallucis longus muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
external anal sphincter: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
external auditory meatus: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
external hemorrhoids: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
external inguinal ring: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
external oblique muscle: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
external rotation, of hip: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
external urethral sphincter: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
extinction, of behavior: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
extracellular fluid: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) panel: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
extragonadal germ cell tumors: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
extrahepatic cholestasis: Bile [Gastroenterology]
extramedullary hematopoiesis: Thalassemias [Hematology]
100
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
blueberry muffin baby feature: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
Cooley’s anemia and: Thalassemias [Hematology]
osteopetrosis and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
with primary myelofibrosis: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
extrapyramidal system: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]; Gastrointestinal
Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
extravascular hemolysis: External Hemolysis [Hematology]; Glycolysis [Biochemistry]; Hemolysis Basics
[Hematology]; Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
extrinsic apoptosis pathway: Apoptosis [Pathology]
extrinsic hand muscles: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
extrinsic hemolysis: Extrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]; Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
exudate: Inflammation [Pathology]
exudative effusion: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
eye movements: Eye Movements [Neurology]
cranial nerve function: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
eye movement palsies: Eye Movements [Neurology]
frontal eye fields: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
gaze palsies: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
vestibular system and: Vestibular System [Neurology]
eye muscles: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
eyes: Glaucoma [Neurology]; The Retina [Neurology]
anatomy: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
autonomic effects: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
cavernous sinus syndrome and: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
chlamydia infections and: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
conjunctival suffusion: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
cranial nerve deficit: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
disorders of: Glaucoma [Neurology]; Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
loiasis: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
Marfan syndrome and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
movements of. See eye movements
myasthenia gravis and: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
neuromuscular disorders of: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
Patau syndrome abnormalities: Trisomies [Genetics]
rheumatoid arthritis and: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
sarcoidosis and: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
structures of: The Lens [Neurology]; The Pupil [Neurology]
visual fields: Visual Fields [Neurology]
ezetimibe: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
F F (fusion) protein: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Fabry’s disease: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy comparison
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
face
abnormalities: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]; Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
growth deficiencies and: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
Treacher Collins syndrome and: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
facet joint arthritis: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
facial motor nucleus pons: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
facial nerve (CN VII)
deficits: Brainstem [Neurology]
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development: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
function: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
palsy, Lyme disease: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
facial nucleus
AICA stroke and: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
lateral pontine syndromes and: Brainstem [Neurology]
facial numbness: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
facial plethora: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
facies
“chipmunk”: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
rounded: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
factitious diarrhea: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
factitious disorders: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
factor H: Complement System [Immunology]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
factor IV: Coagulation [Hematology]
factor IX: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
factor V and Va: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Coagulation [Hematology]; Other Gram Negatives
[Infectious Disease] factor VII and VIIa: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Coagulation [Hematology]
factor VIII and VIIIa: Coagulation [Hematology]; Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Platelet Activation
[Hematology] factor V Leiden mutation: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]; Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
factor Xa inhibitors: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
factor X and Xa: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Coagulation [Hematology]; Other Gram Negatives
[Infectious Disease]; Porphyrias [Hematology]
factor XI and XI a: Coagulation [Hematology]
factor XII: Coagulation [Hematology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
factor XIII: Coagulation [Hematology]
facultative anaerobes: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
facultative intracellular bacteria: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
FADH (flavin adenine dinucleotide): TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
failure mode and effects analysis: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
failure-to-thrive condition
classic galactosemia and: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
cystic fibrosis: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
hereditary fructose intolerance and: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
inborn errors of metabolism disorders causing: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
pyruvate carboxylase deficiency and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
falciform ligament: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
fallopian tubes
17-a hydroxylase deficiency and: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
ectopic pregnancy: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
embryology: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
primary ciliary dyskinesia and: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
false positives and negatives: Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
false pregnancy: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]; Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
famciclovir: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
herpes treatment: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
meningitis treatment: Meningitis [Neurology]
familial adenomatous polyposis: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]; Genetic
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Principles [Genetics]
familial amyloidosis: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
familial breast cancer: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
familial cancer syndromes: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
familial dysbetalipoproteinemia: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
familial dyslipidemias: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
familial hypercholesterolemia: Pedigrees [Genetics]
familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH): Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
familial Mediterranean fever: Amyloidosis [Hematology]; Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
familial non-ischemic cardiomyopathy: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
familial retinoblastomas: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
family guidelines
organ donation: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
during patient encounters: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
physicians’ families medical care: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
famotidine
GERD treatment: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
parietal cell secretion and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
side effects: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
Fanconi anemia: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]; Other Anemias [Hematology]; Transplants [Immunology]
Fanconi syndrome
hypophosphatemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
ifosfamide side effect: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
renal tubular acidosis association: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
tenofovir side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
farmer’s lung: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
fasciculation: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
Fas-ligand: Apoptosis [Pathology]
Fas ligand: T-cells [Immunology]
fastidious bacteria: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
fastigial nuclei: Cerebellum [Neurology]
fasting and starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
acute intermittent porphyria trigger: Porphyrias [Hematology]
carnitine deficiencies: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
eating disorders: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
fructose 2,6 bisphosphate and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
glycogen storage diseases and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
hypoketotic hypoglycemia: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
inborn errors of metabolism and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
ketone bodies and: Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (MACD) deficiency: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
migraine trigger: Headaches [Neurology]
TCA cycle and: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
urinary ketones and: Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
fasting blood glucose level: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
fasting hypoglycemia
differential diagnosis: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
inborn errors of metabolism and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
fast-twitch (white) fibers: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
fat embolism: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
fatigue
atrial fibrillation: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
drug-induced: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
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primary biliary cirrhosis feature: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
primary sclerosing cholangitis feature: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
fat malabsorption
causes of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
cholestasis and: Bile [Gastroenterology]
pancreatic insufficiency finding: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
fat necrosis: Necrosis [Pathology]
of breasts: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
pancreatic: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
fat soluble vitamins: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
absorption of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
cholestasis and: Bile [Gastroenterology]
fatty acids: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
absorption: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
accumulation: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
breakdown: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
cholecystokinin regulation by: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
glucose metabolism and: Glucose [Biochemistry]
inborn errors of metabolism disorders: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
insulin and: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
ketone bodies and: Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
liver infiltration: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
metabolism: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of
Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
oxidation of: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
PIK3 pathway and (synthesis of): Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
ß-oxidation and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
storage: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
synthesis: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]. See also fatty acid synthesis
types of: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
fatty acid synthase
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
fatty acid synthesis and: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
fatty acid synthesis
biotin and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
citrate synthesis and: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
during fasting/starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glucose metabolism and: Glucose [Biochemistry]
insulin and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Insulin [Endocrinology]
NADPH and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
fatty acyl CoA: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
fatty casts: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
fatty change (cell injury): Cell Injury [Pathology]
fatty liver: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Free Radicals [Pathology]
fatty streaks: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
fava beans, and G6PD deficiency: Free Radicals [Pathology]; HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Intrinsic Hemolysis
[Hematology] febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR): Blood Groups [Hematology]
febrile seizures: Seizures [Neurology]
febuxostat
gout prophylaxis: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
xanthine oxidase inhibition by: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
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fecal fat test: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
fecaliths: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
fecal occult blood testing: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
federal regulations
abuse reporting guidelines: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
on duty to warn and protect: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
on reportable illnesses: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
galactosemia and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
hereditary fructose intolerance and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
inborn errors of metabolism and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
fee for service: Public Health [Behavioral Science]
felodipine: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
Felty syndrome: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
female reproductive system
development disorders: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
embryology: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]
female genitalia: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]; Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
hormones of: Female Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
hypogonadism: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
menstrual cycle: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]. See also menstrual cycle
normal flora of genital tract: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
femoral hernias: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
femoral nerve: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
femoral nerve block: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
femoral ring and canal: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
femoral sheath: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
femoral triangle: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
femoral vessels: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
femur: Hip [Musculoskeletal]; Knee [Musculoskeletal]
avascular necrosis and: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
hip fractures: Hip [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
osteoporosis and: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
pathological fractures: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis Drugs
[Musculoskeletal] fenofibrate: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
fenoldopam: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
fentanyl: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
fermentation: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
ferritin: Coagulation [Hematology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
anemia of chronic disease and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
defined: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
free radical generation and: Free Radicals [Pathology]
ferrochelatase: Porphyrias [Hematology]
ferroportin: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
ferruginous (asbestos) body: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
fertilization: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]
location: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
meiosis and: Meiosis [Genetics]; Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
congenital heart defects and: Shunts [Cardiology]
features of: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
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holoprosencephaly association: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
fetus
anemias: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
aneuploidy: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
anomalies: Placenta [Reproductive]
chromosomal abnormalities: Down syndrome [Genetics]; Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Trisomies
[Genetics] circulation: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]; Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
development: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]
hemoglobin: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
Hgb Barts in: Thalassemias [Hematology]
lung maturity and respiration: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]; Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
maternal antibodies: B-Cells [Immunology]
maternal-fetal disorders: Flow Cytometry [Cell Biology]; Maternal-fetal disorders [Reproductive]; Maternal-
Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
teratogens: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
testosterone effects on: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
warfarin syndrome: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
fever
cocaine intoxication: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
endotoxins and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
malaria feature: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
mediators of: Inflammation [Pathology]
meningitis feature: Meningitis [Neurology]
neuroleptic malignant syndrome symptom: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
Plasmodium spp. infection: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
recurring: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
regulation of: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
seizure cause: Seizures [Neurology]
septic arthritis feature: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
visceral leishmaniasis feature: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
fibrates
for elevated triglyceride levels: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
rhabdomyolysis and: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
fibrillin: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
fibrin: Coagulation [Hematology]
fibrinogen: Coagulation [Hematology]
cryoprecipitate as source of: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
disseminated intravascular coagulation, destruction by: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
inflammation and: Inflammation [Pathology]
nephritic syndrome feature: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
platelet granules and: Platelet Activation [Hematology]
pregnancy production of: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
fibrinoid necrosis: Necrosis [Pathology]
polyarteritis nodosa and: Vasculitis [Immunology]
preeclampsia and: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
fibrinolysis: Coagulation [Hematology]
fibrinous pericarditis: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
fibroadenoma: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
fibroblast growth factor (FGF): Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]; Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR3): Bone [Musculoskeletal]
fibroblast growth factors (FGF): Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
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fibroblasts: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
bone tumors and: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
cell cycle phase of: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
scar formation and: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
scleroderma and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Scleroderma [Immunology]
fibrocystic breast changes: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]; Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
fibromas: Neoplasia [Pathology]; Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
fibromuscular dysplasia: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
fibromyalgia: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
fibronectin: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
fibrosis
biliary tree: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
breasts: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
chronic interstitial nephritis feature: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
dead space cause: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
endometrium: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
GERD sequela: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
A-a gradient and: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
lung: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
fibrothecoma: Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
fibrous dysplasia: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
fibula: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
fibularis longus and brevis: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
Fick equation: Shock [Cardiology]
fifth disease: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
filamentous bacteria: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
filoviruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
filtration fraction: Physiology I [Renal]; Physiology II [Renal]
fimbria: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
fimbriae: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
financial disclosure guidelines, for research: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
finasteride: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Prostate [Reproductive]
fingers: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
osteitis fibrosa cystica of: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
osteoarthritis of: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
first arch syndrome: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
first degree burns: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
first intention wound healing: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
first metatarsophalangeal joint: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
first order elimination: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
first pass metabolism: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
first pharyngeal arch: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
first pharyngeal pouch: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization): Microarrays and FISH [Cell Biology]
fish, helminth infections and: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
fish oil: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
fissures: Skin [Dermatology]
fistula esophagus: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
5α-reductase: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
5α-reductase deficiency: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]; Genital Embryology
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[Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
5α-reductase inhibitors: Prostate [Reproductive]
5-ASA (mesalamine): Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
5-fluorouracil (5-FU): Antimetabolites [Hematology]
flucytosine and: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
keloid treatment: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
megaloblastic anemia and: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
megaloblastic anemias and: Other Anemias [Hematology]
for pyrimidine metabolic disorders: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
5-HT. See serotonin
5-HT2 and HT3 receptor blockers: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
5-HT3 receptor antagonists: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
5-HT antagonist: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
carcinoid syndrome and: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]
serotonin metabolism and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
5-hydroxytryptophan: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP): Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism
[Biochemistry] fixation: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
flaccid paralysis: Nerve Damage [Neurology]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Spinal Cord
Syndromes [Neurology]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
flaccid paralysis tongue: Brainstem [Neurology]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
flaccid penis: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
flagella: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
flagellate erythema: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
flagellum: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
flank hemorrhage: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
flat bones: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
flat face: Renal Embryology [Renal]
flatworms: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
flavin mononucleotide (FMN): B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
flaviviruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
fleas (disease vector): Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
flecainide: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
flexor carpi radialis muscle: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Hand [Musculoskeletal]
flexor carpi ulnaris muscle: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Hand [Musculoskeletal]
flexor digiti minimi brevis: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
flexor digitorum longus muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
flexor digitorum profundus: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
flexor hallucis longus muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
flexor pollicis brevis: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
flight of ideas: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
flocculonodular lobe: Cerebellum [Neurology]
flow cytometry: Flow Cytometry [Cell Biology]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
flow equations: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]; Shock [Cardiology]
flow volume loop: Pulmonary Function Tests [Pulmonary]
fluconazole
action of: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
candida infection treatment: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
cryptococcal meningitis treatment: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
fungal CNS infection treatment: HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]
fungal pneumonia treatment: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
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flucytosine: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
fludrocortisone: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]; Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
“fluent” aphasias: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
fluid compartments: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]; Physiology I [Renal]
fluid volume, determining: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
flukes (trematodes): Helminths [Infectious Disease]
flumazenil: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]; General Anesthesia [Neurology]
fluorescent spot test: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS): Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
fluoroacetate: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
fluorochrome: Flow Cytometry [Cell Biology]
fluoroquinolones
absorption: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic-induced diarrhea: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
for COPD: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
for Legionella: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
as teratogen: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
typhoid fever treatment: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
urinary infections: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]; Urinary Infections [Renal]
fluphenazine
hyperprolactinemia and: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
Tourette syndrome treatment: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
uses: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
flushing
acetylcholine antagonist effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
adenosine and: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
carcinoid tumors and: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]
chlorpropamide side effect: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
desmopressin side effect: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
echinocandins side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
ethanol metabolism and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
niacin and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
opioid effect: Opioids [Psychiatry]
phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors side effect: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
rosacea and: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
flutamide: Prostate [Reproductive]
fluticasone: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
fluvastatin: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
FMR1 gene: Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
foam cells: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]; Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Lysosomal Storage Diseases
[Biochemistry] foamy macrophages: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
folate (B9): Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]. See also folate deficiency
compounds of: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
hypercoagulability and: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
methionine regeneration: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
purine synthesis: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
supplementation: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]; Public Health [Behavioral Science]
synthesis: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
tyrosine metabolism: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
folate deficiency: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
homocysteine metabolism and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
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hypercoagulability risk: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
megaloblastic anemias cause: Other Anemias [Hematology]
red cell distribution width in: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
tropical sprue association: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
folic acid
action of: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
neural tube defects: Neuroembryology [Neurology]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
Wernicke triad treatment: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
folie a deux: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
follicles, of spleen: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
amenorrhea: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
deficiency: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
granulosa cells and: Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
Klinefelter syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
menopause and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
for spermatogenesis: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
[Reproductive] synthesis: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
follicular adenoma: Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
follicular carcinoma: Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
follicular cells: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
follicular cysts: Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
follicular lymphoma: Apoptosis [Pathology]; Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
follicular thyroid carcinoma: Neoplasia [Pathology]
fomepizole: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
food poisoning
Bacillus cereus: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
Clostridium perfringens: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
Staph aureus: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
Vibrio spp.: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
FOOSH injury: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
foot drop: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]; Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
foot exams (diabetic): Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
foramen cecum: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
foramen of Monro: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
foramen ovale
atrial septal defect (ASD): Shunts [Cardiology]
at birth: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
fetal circulation: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
patent foramen ovale (PFO): Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
persistent fetal circulation: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
forced exhalation: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
forebrain: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
foregut: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
foreign body: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
foreign objects: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
formoterol: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
fornix: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
forward (heart) failure: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
foscarnet: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
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action of: Electrolytes [Renal]
adverse effects: Electrolytes [Renal]
cytomegalovirus infection treatment: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
hypocalcemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
fosphenytoin: Seizures [Neurology]
fourth pharyngeal arch: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
fourth pharyngeal pouch: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
fractures. See also specific fractures
bone disorders and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
child abuse injury: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
children: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
complications: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]; Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
elbow: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
greenstick: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
humerus: Hand [Musculoskeletal]; Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
multiple myeloma and: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
osteogenesis imperfecta and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
patellar fracture: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
pathological: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Lung Cancer
[Pulmonary]; Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
penile: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
proton pump inhibitor side effect: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
fragile X syndrome: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]; Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]; DNA
Mutations [Cell Biology]; Pedigrees [Genetics]; Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
fragility fracture: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
frameshift mutation: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]; Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
Francisella spp.: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
Francisella tularensis: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Frank-Starling curve: Starling Curves [Cardiology]; Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
frataxin: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
freckles: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]; Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]; Skin [Dermatology]
free fatty acids: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
free radicals: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]; DNA Repair [Cell Biology]; Free Radicals [Pathology];
Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
free radical scavengers: Free Radicals [Pathology]
free ribosomes: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
fremitus: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
fresh frozen plasma (FFP): Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Blood Groups [Hematology]; Coagulopathies
[Hematology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
Freudian psychology: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
fried egg appearance (germ cells): Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]; Testicular Tumors
[Reproductive] Friedewald formula: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
Friedreich ataxia: Cerebellum [Neurology]; DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
comparison; Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
frontal cortex (Brodmann area 8): Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
frontal eye fields: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
frontal lobe: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]; Intracranial Bleeding
[Neurology] frothy urine: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
fructokinase: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
fructose: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
absorption of: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
as carbohydrate: Glucose [Biochemistry]
carbohydrate digestion: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
glycolysis and: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
fructose 1-phosphate: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
fructose 2,6 bisphosphate: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
fructose 2,6-bisphosphate: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
fructose-6-phosphate: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
fructose intolerance: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
full/empty can tests: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
full thickness burns: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
fumarate: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]; Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
[Biochemistry]; TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
functional asplenia: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]; Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]; Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
functional residual capacity: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
fundus: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; The Retina [Neurology]
fungi. See also specific fungi and infections
Addison’s disease cause: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
antifungal drugs: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
CNS infections: HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]
culturing: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
diabetic ketoacidosis complication: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
granulomas: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
hypersensitivity reaction to: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
liver tumors and: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
opportunistic infections: Opportunist Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
overview: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
pericarditis and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
pneumonias: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
skin infections: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
staining: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
furosemide
action of: Diuretics [Renal]
acute heart failure treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
acute interstitial nephritis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
furuncle: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
Fusobacterium spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
aspiration pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
lung abscesses: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
G G6PD (glucose 6-phosphatase). See glucose 6-phosphatase; glucose 6-phosphatase dehydrogenase deficiency
gabapentin: Seizures [Neurology]
GABA receptors: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
alcohol effect on: Alcohol & CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
anesthetic effects: General Anesthetics [Neurology]
basal ganglia effects: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]
Clostridium tetani: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
cocaine as activator: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
glutamate and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
Huntington’s disease: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
inhibition of: β-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
secretion of: Cerebellum [Neurology]
seizures and: Seizures [Neurology]
sleep cycle effects: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
tricyclic antidepressants and: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
Gage, Phineas: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
gag reflex: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
galactitol: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
galactocerebroside: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]; Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
galactokinase deficiency: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]; The Lens [Neurology]
galactorrhea: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
galactose: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
absorption of: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
as carbohydrate: Glucose [Biochemistry]
carbohydrate digestion: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT): Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of
Metabolism [Biochemistry]
galactose disorders: The Lens [Neurology]
galactosemia: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]; The Lens
[Neurology] galantamine: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
Galant reflex: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
gallbladder
anatomy: Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
embryology: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
gallstones: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]. See also gallstones
helminth infections and: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
hormone regulation of: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
referred pain: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
Salmonella typhi and: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
gallbladder carcinoma: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
gallstone ileus: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
gallstone pancreatitis: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
gallstones (cholelithiasis): Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
acute pancreatitis cause: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
cholestasis and: Bile [Gastroenterology]
cystic fibrosis: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
hemolysis and: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
with lipid drug use: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
gametes: Genetic Principles [Genetics]; Meiosis [Genetics]
gametogenesis: Imprinting [Genetics]
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]. See also GABA receptors
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) liver function test: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
gamma hemolysis pattern: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB): Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
ganciclovir: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
ganglion neurons: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
gangliosides: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
gangrene: Necrosis [Pathology]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Vasculitis [Immunology];
Virulence [Infectious Disease]
gangrenous necrosis: Necrosis [Pathology]
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gap junctions: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]; Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Epithelial Cells
[Dermatology] Gardener’s mydriasis: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
Gardnerella vaginalis: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
Gardner syndrome: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
Gartner's duct: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
gas gangrene: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
gastric adenocarcinomas: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Skin
[Dermatology]; Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
gastric bypass: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
gastric cancer: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]; DNA drugs [Hematology]; Gastric Disorders
gastric carcinomas: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
gastric disorders: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]. See also specific disorders
gastric glands: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
gastric motility: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
gastric parietal cells: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
gastric pits: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
gastric varices: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]; Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
gastrin: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
acid secretion and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
effects of: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
physiology: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
gastrinomas: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
gastrin releasing peptide (grp): Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
gastritis: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
aspirin adverse effect: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
autoimmune: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
defined: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
goblet cells and: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
H. pylori: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
gastrocnemius muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
gastroduodenal artery: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
gastroenteritis
intussusception and: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Listeria spp.: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
Salmonella spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
viral: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastric Disorders
[Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
[Gastroenterology]; Hernias [Gastroenterology]
gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
gastrointestinal system
abdominal CT scans: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
anatomy: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
bleeding: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal
Hormones [Gastroenterology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
blood supply: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]; Hernias [Gastroenterology]
colon: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]. See also colon; colon cancer
embryology: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Liver,
Gallbladder and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
esophagus: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]. See also esophagus
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gallbladder: Biliary disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gallstones [Gastroenterology]; Liver, Gallbladder and
Pancreas [Gastroenterology]. See also gallbladder; gallstones
gastrointestinal tract: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]. See also gastrointestinal tract
helminth infections and: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
hormones: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]. See also specific hormones
intestines: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]; Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology];
Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
liver: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]; Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]; Liver Disease
[Gastroenterology]; Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]. See also liver
motility: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]; Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
pancreas: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer
[Gastroenterology]; Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]. See also pancreas
parathyroid hormone and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
pharmacology: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]. See also specific drugs
physiology: Bile [Gastroenterology]; Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Hormones
[Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
protozoa infections: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
salivary glands: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
secretions: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
stomach: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]. See also gastritis; stomach
tumors: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]. See also specific tumors
Wilson’s disease: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
gastrointestinal tract
acetylcholine and: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
anatomy and histology: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
autonomic effects: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
diffuse scleroderma and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
embryology: Placenta [Reproductive]
fluid secretion in: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
gangrenous necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
neoplasia and: Neoplasia [Pathology]
normal flora of: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease];
Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
gastroparesis: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
[Gastroenterology] gastroschisis: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
gastrula: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]
gastrulation: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]
gatifloxacin: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
Gaucher disease: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
avascular necrosis side effect: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
treatment: Transplants [Immunology]
gaze palsies: Brainstem [Neurology]; Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
GC box: Transcription [Cell Biology]
G cells: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
gel electrophoresis: Blotting [Cell Biology]
gemellus superior/inferior muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
gemfibrozil: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
gene expression: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Microarrays and FISH [Cell Biology]
gene mapping: Gene Mapping [Genetics]; Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
general anesthesia: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; General Anesthesia [Neurology]
generalized anxiety disorder: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
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generalized seizure: Seizures [Neurology]
genetics
bacterial gene transfer: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
disorders: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]; Neoplasia [Pathology]; Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics];
Trisomies [Genetics]. See also specific genetic disorders
embryonic: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
of exotoxins: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
gene mapping: Gene Mapping [Genetics]; Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
genes, defined: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
genetic code: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]; Translation [Cell Biology]
genome, defined: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
Hardy-Weinberg law: Hardy-Weinberg Law [Genetics]
heterogeneity, defined: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
imprinting: Imprinting [Genetics]
meiosis: Meiosis [Genetics]
pedigrees: Pedigrees [Genetics]
polymorphism, defined: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
principles of: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
recombination, defined: Gene Mapping [Genetics]
zinc fingers and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
genetic testing: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
genital ducts: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
genital herpes: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
maternal infection-fetal abnormalities: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
treatment: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
genitalia
ambiguous genitalia: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]; Disorders of Sexual Development
[Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
development: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]; Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Germ
Layers [Reproductive]
herpes: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; TORCH Infections
[Reproductive] warts: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
genital ridge: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
genital tubercle: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
genital ulcers: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
genital warts: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
genitofemoral nerve: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
genomes
defined: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
DNA viruses: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
of HIV: HIV [Infectious Disease]
of RNA viruses: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
genotypes: Genetic Principles [Genetics]; Hardy-Weinberg Law [Genetics]
gentamycin
action of: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
endometritis treatment: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
meningitis treatment: Meningitis [Neurology]
genu varum: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
genu varum (bowed legs): Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease): Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastric Disorders
[Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
[Gastroenterology]; Hernias [Gastroenterology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
German measles. See rubella
germ cell cancers: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]; DNA drugs [Hematology]; Microtubule Inhibitors
[Hematology] germ cell tumors: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]; Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
ovarian cancer: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]
pathophysiology: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Neoplasia [Pathology]
testicular: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
treatment: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
germinoma: Brainstem [Neurology]
germ layers: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]
germline mosaicism: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
germline mutations: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]; Genetic Principles [Genetics]; Neoplasia [Pathology]
gestational age: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
gestational diabetes: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
gestational hyperandrogenism: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
gestational hypertension: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]; Twins [Reproductive]
gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD): Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
gestational tumors: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
Ghon complex: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
Ghon foci: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
giant cell arteritis: The Retina [Neurology]
giant cell pneumonia: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
giant cells: Necrosis [Pathology]; T-cells [Immunology]
giant cell tumors: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
giant platelets: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
Giardia lamblia: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
giardiasis: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
Giardia spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
Giemsa stain: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
Ehrlichia spp.: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
malaria diagnosis: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
gigantism: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
Gilbert’s syndrome: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
gingival hyperplasia
calcium channel blockers side effect: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
cyclosporine side effect: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
immunosuppressant complication: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
phenytoin side effect: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
gingivostomatitis: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
Gitelman syndrome: Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
glands (endometrium): Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
glandular tumors: Neoplasia [Pathology]
Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
glargine: Insulin [Endocrinology]
Glasgow coma scale: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
glaucoma: Glaucoma [Neurology]
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and: Diuretics [Renal]
contraindications: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
Sturge-Weber syndrome and: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
treatment of: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
Gleason system: Prostate [Reproductive]
glenohumeral joint: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
glenoid cavity: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
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gliadin: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
glial cells: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]; Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP): Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
glimepiride: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
glioblastoma multiforme: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
glioblastomas: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
gliomas: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]; Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
gliosis: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]; Nerve Damage [Neurology]
glipizide: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
global aphasia: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
globin chains: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]; Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
globoid cell leukodystrophy: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
globoid cells: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
globotriaosylceramide (Gb3): Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]; Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
[Cardiology] globus pallidus: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]
glomerular filtration rate: Physiology I [Renal]
flow dynamics: Physiology I [Renal]
lithium and: Lithium [Psychiatry]
measurement: Physiology II [Renal]
nephritic syndrome and: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
regulation: Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
glomerulonephritis: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
nephritic syndrome: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]. See also nephritic syndrome
nephrotic syndrome. See nephrotic syndrome
principles of: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
Strep pyogenes: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
toxins and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
type III hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
glomerulosclerosis: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
glomerulus
anatomy: Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
bleeding: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
physiology: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
glomus tumor: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
glossitis
Hartnup disease: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
pyridoxal phosphate deficiency and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
riboflavin deficiency: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX): Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
blood pressure regulation and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
deficits: Brainstem [Neurology]
embryology: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
glucagon
action of: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
beta blocker overdose treatment: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
exercise levels: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
fasting/starvation levels: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
fatty acid metabolism and: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
fed-state levels: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
gluconeogenesis and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
glycogen metabolism and: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
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hypoglycemia treatment: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
insulin and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
glucagon (G-protein) receptor: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology];
Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]; Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1): Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
glucagonoma: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
glucocerebroside: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
glucocorticoid receptors (GR): Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
glucocorticoids: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease treatment: CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
congenital adrenal hyperplasia treatment: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
Cushing’s syndrome and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
gout treatment: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
hemolytic anemia treatment: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
osteoarthritis treatment: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
osteoporosis cause: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
polymyalgia rheumatica treatment: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
secondary adrenal insufficiency: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
glucogenic amino acids: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
glucokinase: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Glycolysis
[Biochemistry] glucokinase deficiency: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP): Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
gluconeogenesis: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]; Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
biotin and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
cortisol and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
during fasting/starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glucagon and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
glucose sources for: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glycogen storage diseases and: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
glycolysis and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
hereditary fructose intolerance and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
hormonal control of: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
insulin and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (MACD) deficiency: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
pyruvate and: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
regulation of: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
substrates for: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
glucoproteins: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
glucose: Glucose [Biochemistry]
absorption of: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]; Glucose [Biochemistry]
acute intermittent porphyria treatment: Porphyrias [Hematology]
amino acids and: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
carbohydrate digestion: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
cataracts and: The Lens [Neurology]
diabetes diagnosis and levels of: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
entry into cells: Glucose [Biochemistry]
during fasting/starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
fast-twitch (white) fibers and: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
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glycogen metabolism regulation: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
glycolysis and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
growth hormone and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
with hypoketotic hypoglycemia: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
insulin release and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
isomers of: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
metabolism of: Glucose [Biochemistry]
sources of: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
storage of: Glucose [Biochemistry]
thiamine and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
glucose 6-phosphatase (G6PD)
gluconeogenesis and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
glycogen breakdown: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
pyridoxal phosphate and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency (G6PD): Glycogen [Biochemistry]; Gout [Musculoskeletal]; HMP Shunt
[Biochemistry] free radicals and: Free Radicals [Pathology]
hemolysis cause: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
hemolytic disorders and: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
HMP shunt and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
malaria treatment and: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
nitrofurantoin precaution: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
sulfonamide toxicity and: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
glucose 6-phosphate: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]; Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]; Glycogen
[Biochemistry] glucose-6-phosphate: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
glucose-6-phosphate (G6P): Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP): Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]; Treatment of
Diabetes [Endocrinology]
glucose fermentation: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
glucose intolerance: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
glucose testing: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
glucose tolerance test: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
glucosidase inhibitors: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
glucuronic acid: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
glucuronidation: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
glutamate: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
as acidic amino acid: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
function of: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
metabolism of: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
N-acetylglutamate synthesis: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
sickle cell anemia substitution: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
toxicity: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
urea cycle and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
glutamate decarboxylase: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
glutamate dehydrogenase: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
glutaminase: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
glutamine
carbamoyl phosphate synthesis: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
purine synthesis: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
pyrimidine synthesis: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
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glutamine-PRPP aminotransferase: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
glutamine synthesis: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
glutathione: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
acetaminophen overdose: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
alcohol use: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
free radical inactivation: Free Radicals [Pathology]
gluten sensitivity: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
gluteus maximus muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
gluteus medius muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
gluteus minimus muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
GLUT transporters: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Glucose [Biochemistry]; Treatment of Diabetes
[Endocrinology] glyburide: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP): Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
glycerol
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
fasting/starvation levels: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
fatty acid breakdown: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
as glucose source: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
lipid metabolism and: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
glycine: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
bile acids and: Bile [Gastroenterology]
collagen and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
heme synthesis and: Porphyrias [Hematology]
metabolism of: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
purine synthesis and: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
glycocalyx: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
glycogen: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
breakdown: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Glycogen [Biochemistry]
defined: Glucose [Biochemistry]
exercise levels: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
fasting/starvation levels: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
fast-twitch (white) fibers and: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
as fuel: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
hormonal regulation of: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
insulin and: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
metabolism regulation: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Glucose [Biochemistry]; Glycogen
[Biochemistry] PIK3 pathway and (synthesis of): Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
synthesis: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Glucose
[Biochemistry]; Glycogen [Biochemistry]
glycogenesis: Glucose [Biochemistry]
glycogenolysis: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
glycogen phosphorylase
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glycogen metabolism: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
pyridoxal phosphate and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
glycogen storage diseases: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
in children: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
inborn errors of metabolism and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
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lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
Von Gierke’s disease and: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
glycogen synthase
cortisol and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glycogen metabolism: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
glycolysis: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
citrate synthesis and: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
endproduct of: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
during fasting/starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
fructose and: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
mitochondrial disorders and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
rate-limiting step of: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
regulation of: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
glycoprotein receptor blockers: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
glycoproteins: Coagulation [Hematology]; Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology];
Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
glycopyrrolate: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
glycosaminoglycans: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
glycosuria: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Pregnancy [Reproductive]
glycosylation: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Translation [Cell Biology]
glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
GM2 ganglioside: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
GNAQ gene: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
goblet cells: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
metaplastic atrophic gastritis and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
mucous secretion by: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
rough endoplasmic reticulum of: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
goiter: Lithium [Psychiatry]; Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
goitrogens: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
gold: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
GOLD criteria: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
golfer’s elbow: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
Golgi apparatus: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
golimumab: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]; Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
gonadal ridges: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
amenorrhea and: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
deficiency: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
hypothalamus regulation of: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
prolactin and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhea: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
as reportable illness: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
sterile pyuria and: Urinary Infections [Renal]
Goodpasture’s syndrome
basement membrane and: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
interstitial lung disease association: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
nephritis and: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
overview: Vasculitis [Immunology]
type II hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
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gout: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
differential diagnosis: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
diuretic association: Diuretics [Renal]
immunosuppressant complication: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
polycythemia vera complication: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
prepatellar bursitis cause: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
prophylaxis: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
purine metabolic disorder: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
treatment: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]; Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
uric acid stone risk factor: Kidney Stones [Renal]
G-protein receptors: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology];
Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]; Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
G proteins: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
Gq proteins: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
gracilis muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
graded response (dose-response): Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
graft versus host disease (GVHD): Transplants [Immunology]
graft-vs-leukemia (GVL) effect: Transplants [Immunology]
gram-negative bacteria: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis
Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic resistance: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
biliary tree infection: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
capsules: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
cell wall and membranes: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
chronic gastritis and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
classification: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease];
Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
culture negative endocarditis: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
shapes: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
virulence: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
gram-positive bacteria: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
capsules: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
cell wall and membrane: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
classification: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci
[Infectious Disease] culturing: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
penicillin resistance mechanism: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
shape: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
staphylococci: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
streptococci: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
surgical-site infections: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
gram stain: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
grandiose delusions: Psychosis [Psychiatry]; Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
grandiosity: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
grand mal seizures: Seizures [Neurology]
granular infiltration: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
granulation tissue: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
granulocytes: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
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granulomas
benign pulmonary nodules: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
granulomatous inflammation and: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
helminth infections and: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
syphilis: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
granulomatosis infantiseptica: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
granulomatous diseases: T-cells [Immunology]
granulomatous inflammation: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
caseous necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
Crohn’s disease and: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
hypervitaminosis and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
infections: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
M. Leprae: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
primary biliary cirrhosis feature: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
granulosa cells: Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
menstrual cycle and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
of ovarian follicle: Female Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
granulosa cell tumors: Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
granzymes: T-cells [Immunology]
grapefruit juice
cytochrome P450 system inhibitor: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
statins and: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
Grave’s disease: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
diagnosis and treatment: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
hyperthyroidism: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
signs and symptoms: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
gray baby syndrome: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
gray hepatization: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
greater omentum: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
greater sac, of peritoneal cavity: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
great vessel transpositions: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
greenstick fracture: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
Grey Turner’s sign: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
grimacing: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
griseofulvin: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
acute intermittent porphyria trigger: Porphyrias [Hematology]
cytochrome P450 system inducer: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
as microtubule drug: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
tinea capitis treatment: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
Groton papules: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
growth factors
apoptosis and: Apoptosis [Pathology]
defined: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
hormone signaling pathway: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
receptor-mediated endocytosis and: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
for scar formation: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
growth hormone (GH)
deficiency: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
excess: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
hypopituitarism treatment: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
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somatostatin and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
for Turner syndrome: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH): Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
growth plate: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
growth plate (epiphyseal): Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Bone Tumors
[Musculoskeletal] GTP (guanosine triphosphate): TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]; Translation [Cell Biology]
guanfacine: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]; Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
guanine: DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
guanosine: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
Guillain-Barre syndrome: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
respiratory acidosis cause: Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]
Schwann cells in: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
triggers for: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
gummas: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
gustatory hallucinations: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
guttate psoriasis: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
Guyon’s canal (ulnar canal): Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
Guyon’s canal syndrome: Hand [Musculoskeletal]; Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
gynecomastia: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
choriocarcinoma feature: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
ketoconazole side effect: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]; Antifungal
Drugs [Infectious Disease]
Klinefelter syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
potassium-sparing diuretics and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
spironolactone complication: Diuretics [Renal]
H H1 condensation: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
H2S production: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
Haemophilus ducreyi: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
Haemophilus influenzae: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam
Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
culturing: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
eye infections: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
factor H and: Complement System [Immunology]
immune deficiency syndromes and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
meningitis cause: Meningitis [Neurology]
pathophysiology: B-Cells [Immunology]
pneumonia: Complement System [Immunology]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
Quellung reaction: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
sickle cell anemia and: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
splenic dysfunction and: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
vaccine: B-Cells [Immunology]; Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
virulence factor of: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Hageman factor: Coagulation [Hematology]
hair cells: Vestibular System [Neurology]
hair follicles
cell cycle phase of: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
inflammation of: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
telomerases in: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
hair loss
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lepromatous leprosy: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
hairy cell leukemia: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
hairy cells: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
Haldane effect: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
half-life, of drugs: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
halitosis: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
hallucinations: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
with alcohol withdrawal: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
bipolar disorder feature: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
causes: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
cocaine intoxication: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
Lewy body dementia: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
PCA stroke and: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
PCP effect: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
psychosis and: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
seizures and: Seizures [Neurology]
sleep disorders and: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
hallucinogens: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
haloperidol
delirium treatment: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
Huntington’s disease treatment: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
hyperprolactinemia and: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
PCP treatment: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
prolactin and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
Tourette syndrome treatment: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
halothane: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
hamartoma: Neoplasia [Pathology]
hamartomas: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]; Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]; Neurocutaneous Disorders
[Dermatology] hamate: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
hamstring muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbosacral Plexus
[Musculoskeletal] hand: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
anatomy: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
brachial plexus injuries: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
chondromas of: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
injuries: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
osteoarthritis of: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
hand-foot-and-mouth disease: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
hand of Benediction: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
Hand-Schuller-Christian disease: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
Hansen's disease: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]; T-cells [Immunology]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious
Disease]. See also specific vessels and types of vessels
hantavirus infection: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
haptens: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
haptoglobin: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
Hardy-Weinberg law: Hardy-Weinberg Law [Genetics]
Hartnup disease: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
marginal zone lymphoma and: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
scleroderma association: Scleroderma [Immunology]
Turner syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
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haustra: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]; Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
Hawthorne effect: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
H band: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
Hb Barts: Blood Groups [Hematology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen): Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
HBeAg (hepatitis B e antigen): Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen): Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
hCG. See human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
HDAg (hepatitis delta antigen): Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
HDL cholesterol
apolipoproteins and: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
cholesterol panel: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
function of: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
treatment of abnormal levels: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
HDL lipoprotein: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
headaches: Headaches [Neurology]
acute lymphoblastic leukemia symptom: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
alcohol withdrawal: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
aneurysm feature: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
anti-emetic side effect: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
brain tumor feature: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
cavernous sinus syndrome feature: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
communicating hydrocephalus feature: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
desmopressin side effect: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
metronidazole side effect: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors side effect: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
preeclampsia feature: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
pseudotumor cerebri feature: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
quinolone side effect: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
raised intracranial pressure feature: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
subarachnoid hemorrhage feature: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]; Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
terbinafine side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
head and neck
cancers: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]; DNA drugs [Hematology]; Microtubule Inhibitors
[Hematology]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
development: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
movements: Vestibular System [Neurology]
trauma: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
head circumference: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP): Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
health care proxy: Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]; Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
health insurance, types of: Public Health [Behavioral Science]
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO): Public Health [Behavioral Science]
hearing: Auditory System [Neurology]; Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
hearing loss and deafness
AICA stroke feature: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
aminoglycoside precaution: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
bone disorders and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
cranial nerve involvement: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
lateral pontine syndromes and: Brainstem [Neurology]
loop diuretic complication: Diuretics [Renal]
Meniere’s disease feature: Vestibular System [Neurology]
meningitis complication: Meningitis [Neurology]
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in newborns: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
osteogenesis imperfecta and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
schwannoma feature: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
sulfonamide toxicity: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
TORCH infection: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
types of: Auditory System [Neurology]
viral causes: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
heart
acetylcholine and: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
anatomy: Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]; Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]; Pericardial
Disease [Cardiology]
autonomic effects: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
blood supply: Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]; Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
cardiac output (CO): Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
development: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
diffuse scleroderma and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
ejection fraction (EF): Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
electrical system of: Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]
embryology: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
ketolysis: Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
muscarinic agonist effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
stroke volume (SV): Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
valves of: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
Wiggers diagram and: Wiggers Diagram [Cardiology]
heart block
causes of: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
complete: Venous Pressure Tracings [Cardiology]
defined: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
inferior myocardial infarction and: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
heartburn
diffuse scleroderma and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
GERD and: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology];
Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology];
Hernias [Gastroenterology]
limited scleroderma (CREST) and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
heart catheterization: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
heart failure: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]. See also specific types of heart failure
acute coronary syndromes. See acute heart failure
atrial fibrillation risk factor: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
beta blocker precaution: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
bundle branch blocks and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
calcium channel blockers and: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
cardiac asthma: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
coarctation of the aorta complication: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
contractility in cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
cor pulmonale as cause: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
diagnosis: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
diastolic: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
drug elimination and: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
glucose metabolism and: Glucose [Biochemistry]
glycogen storage diseases and: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
heart sounds and: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
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hormones and: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
hypertension and: Hypertension [Cardiology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
hypoxia and: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
loop diuretics for: Diuretics [Renal]
mannitol contraindication: Diuretics [Renal]
metformin precaution: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
pathophysiology of: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
preeclampsia complication: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
refeeding syndrome and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
signs and symptoms of: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
sodium and water balance: Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
Starling curves shifts: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
systolic: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
thiazolidinediones precaution: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
venous pressure tracings of: Venous Pressure Tracings [Cardiology]
heart murmurs: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
heart rate
with atrial fibrillation: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
autonomic effects: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
baroreceptors and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
calcium channel blockers and: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
cardiac output (CO) and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
cranial nerves and: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
digoxin’s effect on: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
EKG determination of: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
pacemaker action potentials and: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
response to exercise: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
stroke volume (SV) and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
heart sounds: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
cardiac cycle and: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
components of: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
with heart failure: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
splitting of: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
venous pressure tracings: Venous Pressure Tracings [Cardiology]
Wiggers diagram and: Wiggers Diagram [Cardiology]
heart volume: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
heat labile toxin: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
heat shock proteins (stress proteins): Translation [Cell Biology]
heat stable toxin: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Heberden’s nodes: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
heel pain: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
Heinz bodies: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
helical capsids: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
helicase: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
Helicobacter pylori: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
duodenal ulcers and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
gastritis and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
malignancy associations: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
marginal zone lymphoma and: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
peptic ulcer risk factor: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
staining: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
treatment: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
heliotrope rash: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
HELLP syndrome: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
helminths
classification: Helminths [Infectious Disease]. See also specific helminths
cobalamin deficiencies and: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
innate immunity response to: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
treatment of: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
hemagglutinin: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
hemangioblastomas: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
hemangioma: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
hemangiosarcoma: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
hematemesis: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
hematocele: Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
hematochezia: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
hematochezia (lower gastrointestinal bleeding): Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
hematocrit
measurement technique: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
testosterone therapy side effect: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
hematopoiesis: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]; Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
hematopoietic cell transplantation: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
hematuria
adenovirus and: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
helminth infections and: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
kidney stones: Kidney Stones [Renal]
nephritic syndrome and: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
papillary necrosis: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
physiology: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
renal cell carcinoma feature: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
heme
cytochromes and: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
metabolism: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
microcytic anemias and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
rhabdomyolysis and: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
structure of: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
synthesis: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]; Other Amino Acids
[Biochemistry]; Porphyrias [Hematology]
heme iron: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
hemianopia: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
hemiballism: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]; Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]; Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and
Movement Disorders [Neurology]
hemidesmosomes: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]; Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
hemihyperplasia: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
hemin: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Coagulation [Hematology]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious
Disease]; Porphyrias [Hematology]
hemochromatosis: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis
[Gastroenterology] as autosomal recessive disorder: Pedigrees [Genetics]
calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease association: CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
diagnosis: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
free radical generation and: Free Radicals [Pathology]
hypocalcemia and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
pathophysiology: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
risk factors for: Transplants [Immunology]
treatment: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
tumors associated with: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
hemoglobin: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
carbon dioxide transport: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
as cytochrome: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
globin chains and: Thalassemias [Hematology]
hemolysis and: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
microcytic anemia and levels of: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
oxygen content: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
rhabdomyolysis and: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
sickle cell anemia amino acid substitution: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
hemoglobin A1c: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
hemoglobin Barts: Blood Groups [Hematology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
hemoglobin C: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
hemoglobin electrophoresis: Thalassemias [Hematology]
hemoglobinemia: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
hemolysis: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
extrinsic: Extrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]. See also extrinsic hemolysis
free radicals as cause of: Free Radicals [Pathology]
G6PD deficiency and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
gallstones and: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
hyperbilirubinemia cause: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
hypertensive emergency and: Hypertension [Cardiology]
intrinsic: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]. See also intrinsic hemolysis
pancreatic insufficiency: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and: Complement System [Immunology]
sulfonamide toxicity and: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
Wilson’s disease clinical feature: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
hemolysis patterns: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
hemolytic anemia
α-blocker side effect: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
cephalosporin adverse reaction: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
external hemolysis and: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
hemolytic uremic syndrome: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
penicillin adverse effect: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
platelet disorders: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
ribavirin side effect: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
sickle cell anemia and: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
hemolytic uremic syndrome: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology];
Virulence [Infectious Disease]
hemophilias: Coagulation [Hematology]; Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Pedigrees [Genetics]
hemoptysis
bronchiectasis symptom: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
Goodpasture’s syndrome and: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
helminth infection feature: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
hemorrhage
atherosclerosis and: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
cerebral and lacunar stroke cause: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
fluid compartment shifts: Physiology I [Renal]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
postpartum: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
regulation of (physiology): Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
of retina: The Retina [Neurology]
Starling curve shifts: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
stroke management: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
urinary sodium levels and: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
hemorrhagic cystitis
adenovirus and: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
cyclophosphamide side effect: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
ifosfamide side effect: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
immunosuppressant side effect: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
hemorrhagic fever: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
hemorrhagic infarction: Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
hemorrhagic strokes (intraparenchymal bleed): Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]; Intracranial Bleeding
[Neurology] hemorrhoids: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
hemosiderin: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]; Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
hemosiderinuria: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
hemosiderosis: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
hemostasis
anticoagulants: Anticoagulants [Hematology]
antiplatelet drugs: Antiplatelet Drugs [Hematology]
coagulation: Coagulation [Hematology]
coagulopathies: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
hypercoagulable states: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
platelet activation: Platelet Activation [Hematology]
platelet disorders: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
hemothorax: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
Henoch-Schönlein purpura: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]; Vasculitis [Immunology]
hepadnavirus: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]. See also Hepatitis B
(HBV)
heparin
anticoagulation effect of: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
basis for: Coagulation [Hematology]
for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
DVT treatment: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
metabolic disorders: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
osteoporosis as side effect: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
overdose treatment: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
pulmonary embolism treatment: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
type I hypersensitivity mediator: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
types of: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
warfarin and: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
heparin resistance: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
hepatic (cavernous) hemangioma: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
hepatic adenoma: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
hepatic angiosarcoma: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
hepatic artery: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
hepatic vein: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
hepatic vein thrombosis: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
hepatitis
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
autoimmune: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
causes: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
tumors associated with: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
vaccination: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
viral hepatitis: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
Hepatitis A (HAV): RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
Hepatitis B (HBV): DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and: HIV [Infectious Disease]
MPGN association: MPGN [Renal]
polyarteritis nodosa and: Vasculitis [Immunology]
reactivation, as drug side effect: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
treatment: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
vaccine: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]; Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
Hepatitis C (HCV): RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
lichen planus and: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
MPGN association: MPGN [Renal]
porphyria cutanea tarda association: Porphyrias [Hematology]
treatment: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
Hepatitis D (HDV): Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
Hepatitis E (HEV): RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
hepatocellular carcinoma: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
Aspergillus infection association: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
Budd Chiari syndrome cause: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
hemochromatosis as risk factor: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
hepatitis complication: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
spreading via bloodstream: Neoplasia [Pathology]
Wilson’s disease risk factor: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
hepatocytes: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
hepatoduodenal ligament: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
hepatojugular reflux: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
hepatomegaly
amyloidosis feature: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
classic galactosemia and: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
cystic fibrosis: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
helminth infection feature: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
hemochromatosis and: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
hereditary fructose intolerance and: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
inborn errors of metabolism disorders causes: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
liver tumor feature: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
newborn causes: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
primary systemic carnitine deficiency: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
hepatosplenomegaly
extramedullary hematopoiesis and: Thalassemias [Hematology]
helminth infections and: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
histoplasmosis feature: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
hepatotoxicity
azoles side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
ecstasy effect: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
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halothane side effect: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
isoniazid: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
pyrazinamide: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
terbinafine side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
thiazolidinediones side effect: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
thionamides side effect: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
hepcidin: Inflammation [Pathology]; Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
herald patch: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
hereditary angioedema: Coagulation [Hematology]; Complement System [Immunology]; Inflammation
[Pathology] hereditary ataxias: Cerebellum [Neurology]
hereditary fructose intolerance: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry];
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
hereditary hemochromatosis: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome): Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN): Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
hereditary nephritis: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC): DNA Repair [Cell Biology]; Endometrial Cancer
[Reproductive]; Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) (Lynch syndrome): Genetic Principles [Genetics]
hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome): Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
hereditary spherocytosis: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
aplastic crisis: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
as autosomal dominant disorder: Pedigrees [Genetics]
hemolysis cause: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
hernias: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
bowel obstruction cause: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
congenital: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Hernias [Gastroenterology]; Pulmonary
Embryology [Pulmonary]
GERD risk factor: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
herniated discs: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
herniation: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
heroin use: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]; Opioids [Psychiatry]
herpangina: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
herpes labialis: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
herpes simplex virus: Herpes Viruses [Infectious Disease]
encephalitis: Polymerase Chain Reaction [Cell Biology]
erythema multiforme and: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
esophagitis cause: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and: HIV [Infectious Disease]
keratoconjunctivitis cause: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
Klüver-Bucy syndrome and: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
maternal infection-fetal abnormalities: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
treatment: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
vaginal carcinoma: Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
herpesviruses: Herpes Viruses [Infectious Disease]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Viral Hepatitis
[Infectious Disease] genital ulcers: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
maternal infection-fetal abnormalities: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
meningitis cause: Meningitis [Neurology]
treatment: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
herpes zoster: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]; Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
herpetic whitlow: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
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Hesselbach’s triangle: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
heterochromatin: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
heterogeneity: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
heterophile antibodies: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
heteroplasmy: Pedigrees [Genetics]
heterozygosity: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
hexokinase: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]; Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
hexosaminidase A: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
hexose monophosphate shunt. See HMP shunt
Heyde’s syndrome: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
HFE gene: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
Hgb electrophoresis: Thalassemias [Hematology]
HHV-6: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
HHV-7: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
HHV-8: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; HIV [Infectious Disease]; Vascular
Lesions [Dermatology]
hiatal hernias: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Hernias [Gastroenterology]
high altitude
carbon dioxide and: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
A-a gradient and: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
prophylaxis: Diuretics [Renal]
pulmonary vascular resistance cause: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
respiratory alkalosis cause: Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]
high blood pressure. See hypertension
high dose dexamethasone test: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
high yield EKGs: High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
hilar lymphadenopathy: Chest X-Rays [Pulmonary]; Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]; Sarcoidosis
[Pulmonary]; Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
hindgut: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
hip: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
dislocation: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
fracture, causes of: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis
Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
fracture as pulmonary embolism risk factor: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
osteoarthritis of: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996): Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
hip flexor muscles: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
hippocampus: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
hippurate test: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
Hirschsprung disease: Down syndrome [Genetics]; Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]; Intestinal
Disorders [Gastroenterology]
hirsutism
causes: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
disorders of sexual development feature: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
immunosuppressant complication: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
spironolactone side effect: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
hirudin: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
His-Purkinje disease
AV blocks and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
bundle branch blocks and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
histamine
acid secretion and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
gastrin and: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
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gastritis and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
metabolism of: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
parietal cell secretion and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
receptor blockade: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
synthesis: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
type I hypersensitivity mediator: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
urticaria and: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
vascular permeability mediator: Inflammation [Pathology]
vasodilation and: Inflammation [Pathology]
histamine (H2) blockers
GERD treatment: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
parietal cell secretion and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
side effects: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
histidine
as basic amino acid: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
as essential amino acid: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
metabolism of: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
pyridoxal phosphate and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
histidine decarboxylase: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
histiocytosis: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
histone acetylation: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACs): DNA structure [Biochemistry]
histones: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; DNA structure [Biochemistry]
histoplasmosis: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
Addison’s disease cause: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
granulomas: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
hyper-IgM syndrome and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
Histoplasmosis capsulatum: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
histrionic personality disorder: Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
HIV/AIDs: HIV [Infectious Disease]
antibody detection techniques: Blotting [Cell Biology]; ELISA [Cell Biology]
cholangiopathy: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
CNS infections and: HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]
confidentiality and: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
dementia differential diagnosis: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
diffuse large b-cell lymphoma association: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
encephalitis: Meningitis [Neurology]
end-stage skin disorders: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
follicular dendritic cells and: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
hepatitis and immune reconstitution and: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
herpesviruses association: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
Hodgkin lymphoma risk factor: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
meningitis and: Meningitis [Neurology]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
mycobacterium avium complex (MAC): Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
nephrotic syndrome and: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
nervous system and: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
PCP and: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
pneumonias associated with: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary];
Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
porphyria cutanea tarda association: Porphyrias [Hematology]
pulmonary vascular resistance cause: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
retinitis and: The Retina [Neurology]
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as retrovirus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
treatment: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]. See also specific drugs
viral load quantification: Polymerase Chain Reaction [Cell Biology]
HLA-DR antigens: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
HLA genes
celiac disease and: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
psoriasis and: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
rheumatoid arthritis and: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
sleep disorders and: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
HMG-CoA reductase: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
HMP shunt: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
co-factors for: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
fatty acid synthesis and: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
glucose metabolism and: Glucose [Biochemistry]
glycolysis and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
purine synthesis and: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
hoarseness: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
Hodgkin lymphoma: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
minimal change disease association: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
treatment: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]; Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
holoprosencephaly: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]; Trisomies [Genetics]
Homan sign: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
homatropine: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
homeobox (HOX) genes: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
homeostasis
regulation of: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
stem cells and: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
homeotic genes: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
Homer-Wright rosettes: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
homocysteine
hypercoagulability and: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
metabolic disorders: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
metabolism of: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
structure of: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies and: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
homocystinuria
ectopia lentis cause: The Lens [Neurology]
homocysteine metabolic disorder: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
hypercoagulability risk: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
marfanoid habitus and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
homogentisic acid oxidase: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
homonymous hemianopsia: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]; Visual Fields
[Neurology] homovanillic acid (HVA): Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
homozygosity: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
homunculus: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
honey, botulinum toxin and: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
honeycombing (chest X-ray finding): Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
honeymooner’s cystitis: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
honoraria: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
hookworms: Helminths [Infectious Disease]; Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
horizontal gaze disorder: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
hormone replacement therapy (HRT): Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones
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[Endocrinology]; Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]; Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
hormones. See also specific hormones
apoptosis cause: Apoptosis [Pathology]
gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
genital embryology: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
hypothalamus regulation of: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
signaling pathways: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
hormone-sensitive lipase
fatty acid breakdown: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
glucagon and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
insulin and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
Horner syndrome: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
causes: The Pupil [Neurology]
cavernous sinus syndrome and: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
eye features: The Pupil [Neurology]
lateral pontine syndromes and: Brainstem [Neurology]
Pancoast tumor association: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
syringomyelia association: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
horseshoe kidney: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
hospice care: Public Health [Behavioral Science]
hospital-acquired infections
MRSA: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
hospital quality measures: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
hospital readmissions: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
hot flashes: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
hot tub folliculitis: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
housemaid’s knee: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
Howell–Jolly bodies: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]; Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]; Sickle Cell
Anemia [Hematology]
HTT gene mutation: Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
amenorrhea diagnosis: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
choriocarcinoma secretion: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]; Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
gestational tumor levels: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
pregnancy: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
synthesis by embryo: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
thyroid hormone regulation: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
human epidermal receptors (HER): Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
human epithelial receptors (HER): Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
human factors design: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6): Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7): Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8): Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; HIV
[Infectious Disease]; Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
human herpesvirus vaccine: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
human leukocyte antigens (HLAs): Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; Transplants
[Immunology] human papillomavirus (HPV): Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
cancer and: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
cervical cancer risk factor: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]
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pathologic hyperplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
squamous cell carcinoma risk factor: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
vaccine: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]; DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
human placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin): Pregnancy [Reproductive]
human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV): RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
humerus: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
fracture: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Hand [Musculoskeletal]
pathological fractures of: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
humor: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
humoral-mediated immunity: B-Cells [Immunology]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]; T-cells
[Immunology] hunger, regulation of: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
Hunter syndrome: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
Huntington disease: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders[Neurology]; Trinucleotide Repeat
Disorders [Genetics]
acetylcholine levels and: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
as autosomal dominant disorder: Pedigrees [Genetics]
basal ganglia damage and: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]
GABA levels and: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
glutamate and: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACs) and: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
trinucleotide repeat disorder: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]
Hurler syndrome: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
Hurthle cells: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
Hutchinson teeth: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
hyaline arteriosclerosis: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Hypertension [Cardiology]
hyaline cartilage: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; CPPD [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
hyaline membrane: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
hyaluronic acid: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy): Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
hydralazine
action of: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
acute heart failure treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
chronic heart failure treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
drug-induced lupus: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus [Immunology]
metabolism: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
hydration
cholera treatment: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
delirium treatment: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
E. coli infection treatment: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
kidney stone treatment: Kidney Stones [Renal]
nephron physiology: Nephron Physiology [Renal]
hydrocele: Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
hydrocephalus
brain tumor feature: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
headache cause: Headaches [Neurology]
isotretinoin as cause of: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
maternal toxoplasmosis: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
meningitis complication: Meningitis [Neurology]
osteopetrosis and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
toxoplasmosis symptom: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
tuberous sclerosis and: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
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ventricles and: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
hydrocephalus ex vacuo: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]; Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
hydrochloric acid (HCL): Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
hydrochlorothiazide: Diuretics [Renal]
hydrocortisone: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
hydrogen peroxide: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Free Radicals [Pathology]
hydromorphone: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
hydrophilic statins: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
hydrophobic amino acids: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
hydrops fetalis: Blood Groups [Hematology]; DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Thalassemias [Hematology];
TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
hydroquinone: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
hydrostatic pressure: Physiology I [Renal]
hydroxocobalamin: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
hydroxyapatite: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
hydroxychloroquine: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]; Porphyrias [Hematology]; Rheumatoid Arthritis
[Immunology] hydroxylation: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Translation [Cell Biology]
hydroxyurea
as cancer drug: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
megaloblastic anemias and: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Other Anemias [Hematology];
Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
myeloproliferative disorders and: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
polycythemia vera and: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
pyrimidine metabolic disorders and: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
sickle cell anemia and: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
hyoid artery: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
hyoid bone: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
hyperacusis: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
hyperacute transplant rejection: Transplants [Immunology]
hyperaldosteronism: Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
hyperammonemia
cirrhosis feature: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
citrullinemia and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
inborn errors of metabolism and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
organic acidemias and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency): Ammonia [Biochemistry]
primary systemic carnitine deficiency: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
treatment: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
urea cycle and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
urea cycle disorders and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
hyperbilirubinemia: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Maternal-Fetal Disorders
[Reproductive] hypercalcemia
calcium carbonate side effect: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
etiology: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
granulomatous inflammation and: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
kidney stone risk factor: Kidney Stones [Renal]
metastatic calcification and: Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
multiple myeloma and: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
pancreatitis cause: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
Qt interval and: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
renal cell carcinoma and: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
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sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
signs and symptoms: Electrolytes [Renal]
thiazide diuretics precaution: Diuretics [Renal]
thyroid storm and: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
treatment: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
vitamin D and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
Williams syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
hypercalciuria: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
hypercapnia: Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]; Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
hyperchylomicronemia: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
hypercoagulable states: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
antithrombin III deficiency: Coagulation [Hematology]
Budd Chiari syndrome cause: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
in pregnancy: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
pulmonary embolism risk factor: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
spontaneous abortion risk factor: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
hypercoagulable workup: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
hyperemesis gravidarum: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
hypereosinophilic syndromes (HES): Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
hyperfibrinolysis: Coagulation [Hematology]
hyperglycemia
glucokinase deficiency and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
immunosuppressant complication: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
metabolic syndrome and: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
niacin and: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
protease inhibitors side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
steroid drugs and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
symptoms: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
thyroid hormone and: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroid storm and: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS): Diabetes [Endocrinology]
hypergonadotropic hypogonadism: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
hypergranulosis: Skin [Dermatology]
hyper-IgE syndrome: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
hyper-IgM syndrome: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
hyperinsulinemia: Electrolytes [Renal]; Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
hyperkalemia
ACE inhibitors and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
acidosis symptom: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
acute tubular necrosis feature: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
causes: Electrolytes [Renal]
diabetic ketoacidosis and: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
insulin and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
potassium-sparing diuretics and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
potassium-sparing diuretics complication: Diuretics [Renal]
reading high yield EKGS: High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
renal tubular acidosis association: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
rhabdomyolysis feature: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
signs and symptoms: Electrolytes [Renal]
treatment: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Insulin [Endocrinology]
valsartan and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
hyperkeratosis: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; Skin [Dermatology]
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hyperlipidemia: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
abdominal aortic aneurysms and: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
beta blocker side effect: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
coronary risk equivalent for sudden death: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
hypothyroidism and: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
immunosuppressant complication: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
lipid measurements: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
metabolic syndrome and: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
niacin for treatment of: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
protease inhibitors side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
risk factors: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
treatment of: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
hypermagnesemia: Electrolytes [Renal]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
hypernatremia: Seizures [Neurology]; Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
hyperopia (farsightedness): The Lens [Neurology]
hyperorality: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
hyperparathyroidism
bone disorders and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease association: CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis association: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
hypercalcemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypophosphatemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
osteoporosis and: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
types: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
hyperphagia: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Imprinting [Genetics]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic
[Neurology] hyperphosphatemia: Electrolytes [Renal]; Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]; Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
hyperpigmentation: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
ACTH and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
Cushing’s syndrome and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
helminth infection feature: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
Whipple’s disease symptom: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
hyperplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; Prostate [Reproductive]
hyperplastic arteriosclerosis: Hypertension [Cardiology]
hyperplastic polyp: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
hyperprolactinemia: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
amenorrhea cause: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
calcium channel blockers side effect: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
drug-induced: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
hyperreflexia: Nerve Damage [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
hypersensitivity reactions: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
acute inflammation timeline: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
to Aspergillus spp.: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
to cephalosporins: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
disorders: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
erythema nodosum: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
helminth infection feature: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
malabsorption and: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
mechanism of: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
to penicillins: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
to sulfonamides: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
type 1 diabetes: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
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hypersplenism: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
hypertension: Hypertension [Cardiology]. See also secondary hypertension
abdominal aortic aneurysms and: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
aldosteronism and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
aneurysm association: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
atrial fibrillation risk factor: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
ß2 agonists side effect: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
blood flow mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
coronary risk equivalent for sudden death: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
Cushing’s triad and: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
diagnosis: Hypertension [Cardiology]
ecstasy effect: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
11-ß hydroxylase deficiency and: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
fibrinoid necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
heart sounds: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
immunosuppressant complication: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
nonproliferative retinopathy and: The Retina [Neurology]
oral contraceptive pills risk factors: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
placental abruption risk factor: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
pregnancy and: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]; Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
renal cell carcinoma and: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
sleep apnea complication: Sleep Apnea [Pulmonary]
stroke risk factor: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
treatment: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]; Diuretics
[Renal]; Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
tuberous sclerosis and: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
Turner syndrome and: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
VEGF inhibitor side effect: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
von Recklinghausen disease and: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
hypertensive emergency: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Hypertension [Cardiology]; Parkinson’s,
Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]; Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
hyperthermia
acetylcholine antagonist effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
delirium tremens and: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
ecstasy effect: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
tricyclic antidepressants overdose: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
hyperthyroidism: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
amenorrhea cause: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
antiarrhythmic drugs side effect: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
atrial fibrillation risk factor: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
choriocarcinoma as cause of: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
hCG levels: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
metabolic effects of: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
molar pregnancy feature: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
osteoporosis and: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
pregnancy, treatment during: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
struma ovarii as cause: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]
treatment: Teratogens I [Reproductive]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
hypertriglyceridemia: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
cardiac output and: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]; Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
Friedreich’s ataxia association: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
mitral regurgitation: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]; Heart Sounds [Cardiology]; Valve Disease [Cardiology]
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sudden death and: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
hypertrophic gastropathy: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. See hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
hypertrophic scars: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
hypertrophy (cells): Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
hyperuricemia
causes: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Gout [Musculoskeletal]; Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal];
Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
immunosuppressant complication: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
kidney stone risk factor: Kidney Stones [Renal]
niacin and: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
rhabdomyolysis feature: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
hyperventilation: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]; Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Respiratory Acid-Base
Disorders [Renal]
hyperviscosity syndrome: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
hypervitaminosis A: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
hypervitaminosis D: Electrolytes [Renal]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
hypervolemia: Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
hypervolemic hyponatremia: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
hypnagogic hallucinations: Psychosis [Psychiatry]; Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
hypnopompic hallucinations: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
hypoalbuminemia
cirrhosis feature: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
drug dosage and: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
during fasting/starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
Ménétrièr’s disease and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
hypocalcemia
causes: Electrolytes [Renal]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
EKG reading: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
fat necrosis and: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
foscarnet side effect: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
hypermagnesemia symptom: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypomagnesemia symptom: Electrolytes [Renal]
medullary carcinoma and: MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
parathyroidectomy precaution: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
rhabdomyolysis feature: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
seizure cause: Seizures [Neurology]
thymic aplasia association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
hypocapnia: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
hypochromic anemia: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
hypocomplementemia: MPGN [Renal]; Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
[Immunology] hypocretin-1 and -2: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
hypogammaglobulinemia: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII): Brainstem [Neurology]; Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
hypoglycemia
adrenal crisis and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
amylin analogs precaution: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
beta blockers masking of: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
beta oxidation disorders: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
in children: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
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cirrhosis feature: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
cortisol and: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
diabetes treatment side effect: Insulin [Endocrinology]
glycogen storage diseases and: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
hereditary fructose intolerance and: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
hypoxic encephalopathy cause: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
inborn errors of metabolism and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
liver tumors causing: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
low birth weight complication: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (MACD) deficiency: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
seizure cause: Seizures [Neurology]
sulfonylureas side effect: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
treatment: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
Von Gierke’s disease and: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
hypogonadism: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
differential diagnosis: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
Kallmann syndrome and: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
Klinefelter syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
male reproductive hormones and: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
myotonic dystrophy association: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
Prader-Willi syndrome as cause of: Imprinting [Genetics]
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
hypokalemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
11-ß hydroxylase deficiency and: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
alkalosis symptom: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]; Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
amphotericin B side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
anorexia nervosa and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
diuretics and: Diuretics [Renal]
EKG readings: EKG Basics [Cardiology]; High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
laxative abuse and: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
loop diuretics and: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
primary aldosteronism and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
renal tubular acidosis: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
tenofovir side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
thiazide diuretics complication: Diuretics [Renal]
tubular necrosis association: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
VIPomas: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
hypoketotic hypoglycemia: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors
of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
hypomagnesemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
amphotericin B side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
fat necrosis and: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
foscarnet side effect: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
proton pump inhibitor side effect: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
seizure cause: Seizures [Neurology]
Torsade de Pointes and: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
hypomanic episode: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
hyponatremia: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
chlorpropamide side effect: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
cyclophosphamide side effect: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
eating disorders and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
ecstasy effect: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
immunosuppressant side effect: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
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Legionella spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
legionella symptom: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
physiology: Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
seizure cause: Seizures [Neurology]
thiazide diuretics complication: Diuretics [Renal]
thyroid and: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
treatment: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
hypoparathyroidism: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
AIRE (autoimmune regulator) genes and: T-cells [Immunology]
hypocalcemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
Riedel’s thyroiditis and: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
treatment: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
hypophosphatemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
aluminum hydroxide side effect: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
diabetic ketoacidosis and: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
refeeding syndrome feature: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
tenofovir side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
hypopituitarism: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]; Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
hypoplasia: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]
hypoplastic uterus: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
hypoprothrombinemia: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
hypopyon: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
hypospadia: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]; Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
hypotension
adenosine and: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
amphotericin B side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
atrial fibrillation and: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
beta blocker overdose and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
hypermagnesemia symptom: Electrolytes [Renal]
inferior myocardial infarction and: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
loop diuretics and: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
norepinephrine blockade: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors side effect: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
tricyclic antidepressants overdose: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
hypothalamic portal system: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
hypothalamic syndrome: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
hypothalamic tumors: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
hypothalamus: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic System[Neurology]
cortisol regulation and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
hormone signaling pathway: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
Kallmann syndrome and: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
prolactin and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
reproductive hormones and: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
thyroid hormone regulation: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
transtentorial herniation and: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
hypothenar muscle: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
hypothermia: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
hypothesis testing: Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
hypothyroidism: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
ADH levels: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
amenorrhea cause: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
antiarrhythmic drugs side effect: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
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carpal tunnel syndrome risk factor: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
congenital: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
dementia differential diagnosis: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
differential diagnosis: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
fetal-maternal effects: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
lithium side effect: Lithium [Psychiatry]
metabolic effects: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
Turner syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
hypothyroid myopathy: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
hypotonia
cerebellar symptom: Cerebellum [Neurology]
fetal alcohol syndrome: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
glycogen storage diseases and: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome feature: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
Prader-Willi syndrome as cause of: Imprinting [Genetics]
hypoventilation: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]; Hypoxia [Pulmonary]; Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]
hypovolemia: Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
hypovolemic hyponatremia: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
hypovolemic shock: Shock [Cardiology]
hypoxanthine: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT): Gout [Musculoskeletal]; Immunosuppressants
[Immunology]; Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
hypoxemia: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]; Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
hypoxia: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
asthma feature: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
causes: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
erythropoiesis: Sleep Apnea [Pulmonary]
rate of diffusion and: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
hypoxia-inducible factor: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
hypoxic encephalopathy: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
hysterectomy: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]; Endometriosis [Reproductive]
hysterosalpingography: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
I iatrogenic hypothyroidism: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
I band: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
ibandronate: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
ibuprofen: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
ibutilide: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Wolff-Parkinson White [Cardiology]
I-cell (inclusion cell) disease: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
I cells: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
icosahedral capsids: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
ICU weakness: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
idarubicin: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
idarucizumab: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
idealization: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
identification (mimicking behavior): Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
idiopathic avascular necrosis: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
idiopathic hyperaldosteronism: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. See hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
147
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idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
iduronate 2-sulfatase (ids): Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
ifosfamide: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
IgA antibodies: B-Cells [Immunology]
deficiency: Blood Groups [Hematology]; Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease];
T-cells [Immunology]
dermatitis herpetiformis and: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
Henoch-Schönlein purpura: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]; Vasculitis [Immunology]
IgA nephropathy: Vasculitis [Immunology]
IgA pemphigus: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
IgA protease: B-Cells [Immunology]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious
Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
IgE antibodies: B-Cells [Immunology]; Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
atopic dermatitis and: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
desensitization of: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
testing for: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
Th2 cells and: T-cells [Immunology]
IGF-1: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]; Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
IgG4 plasma cells
autoimmune pancreatitis marker: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
Riedel’s thyroiditis and: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
IgG antibodies: B-Cells [Immunology]
in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
bacteria capsules and: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
immune deficiency syndromes treatment: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
pemphigus vulgaris and: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
Rh system and: Blood Groups [Hematology]
serum sickness and: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
Th1 cells and: T-cells [Immunology]
type II hypersensitivity and: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
vaccines and: B-Cells [Immunology]
virulence factors and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
IgM antibodies: B-Cells [Immunology]
ABO system and: Blood Groups [Hematology]
cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia and: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
primary sclerosing cholangitis lab finding: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
type II hypersensitivity and: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
IL-1 (Interleukin 1): Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]; Innate Immunity [Immunology]
IL-2 (Interleukin 2): Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]; T-cells [Immunology]
IL-4 (Interleukin 4): T-cells [Immunology]
IL-5 (Interleukin 5): T-cells [Immunology]
IL-6 (Interleukin 6): Innate Immunity [Immunology]; Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
IL-8 (Interleukin 8): Innate Immunity [Immunology]
IL-10 (Interleukin 10): T-cells [Immunology]
IL-12 (Interleukin 12): Innate Immunity [Immunology]
IL-12R (Interleukin 12 receptor) deficiency: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]; T-cells [Immunology]; Viral
Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
ileum
histology: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
hormone secretion by: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
vitamin B12 absorption: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
ileus: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
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iliac nodes: Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
iliacus muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
iliohypogastric nerve: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
iliopsoas muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
illness anxiety disorder: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
imatinib: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
imipenem: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics
[Infectious Disease] imipramine: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
immature teratoma: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]
immune complex (IC) deposition: Complement System [Immunology]
immune reconstitution: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS): HIV [Infectious Disease]
immune response: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
immune system. See also vaccinations
autoimmune disorders: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]; Scleroderma [Immunology]; Sjögren’s
Syndrome [Immunology]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]; Vasculitis [Immunology]. See
also specific disorders
B-cells: B-Cells [Immunology]. See also B-cells
complement system: Complement System [Immunology]. See also complement system
drug-induced suppression: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]; Malaria [Infectious Disease]
hypersensitivity reactions: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]. See also hypersensitivity reactions; specific
hypersensitivity reactions
immune deficiency syndromes: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]. See also specific disorders
innate immunity: Innate Immunity [Immunology]. See also innate immunity
lymph nodes: Lymph Nodes and Spleen [Immunology]. See also lymph nodes; spleen
pharmacology: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]; Immunosuppressive Drugs [Immunology]. See
also specific drugs
spleen: Lymph Nodes and Spleen [Immunology]. See also spleen
T-cells: T-Cells [Immunology]. See also T-cells
transplants: Transplants [Immunology]. See also transplants
immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
immunocompromized patients
cervical cancer risk factor: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]
meningitis association: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
necrotizing fasciitis and: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
PCP and: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
protozoa infections and: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
reactivation tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
toxoplasmosis and: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
immunoglobulin: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]; Vasculitis [Immunology]
immunohistochemical stains: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT): Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
immunosuppressants: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]. See also glucocorticoids; NSAIDs
for anemias: External Hemolysis [Hematology]; Other Anemias [Hematology]
antimetabolites: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
antivirals: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
for autoimmune hepatitis: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
for bullous pemphigoid: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
complications: The Retina [Neurology]
Hodgkin lymphoma risk factor: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
for inflammatory myopathy: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
for lupus: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
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for myasthenia gravis: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
for pemphigus vulgaris: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
pneumonia association: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
for transplant rejection: Transplants [Immunology]
IMP dehydrogenase inhibitor: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
impetigo: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
description: Skin [Dermatology]
nephritic syndrome association: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
Staph aureus: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
Strep pyogenes: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
impetigo contagiosa (non-bullous): Skin Infections [Dermatology]
impotence: Brainstem [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]; Wilson’s Disease and
Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
imprinting: Imprinting [Genetics]
inborn errors of metabolism: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]. See also specific disorders
incidence rate: Sensitivity and Specificity [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
incisional hernias: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
inclusion cell (I-cell) disease: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
incomplete dominance (semidominant): Pedigrees [Genetics]
incomplete penetrance: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
incretins: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
incus: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
independent assortment: Gene Mapping [Genetics]
India ink stain: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
indinavir: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
indirect Coombs test: Blood Groups [Hematology]; External Hemolysis [Hematology]
indirect inguinal hernias: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
indomethacin: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]; Shunts [Cardiology]
induction (anesthesia): General Anesthesia [Neurology]
infant deprivation: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
infants. See also neonates
abetalipoproteinemia: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
alkaptonuria: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
carnitine deficiency: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
Cooley’s anemia: Thalassemias [Hematology]
eczema: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
endocardial fibroelastosis: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
galactosemia: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
GERD: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
glycogen storage diseases: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
hereditary fructose intolerance: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
honey contraindication: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
inborn errors of metabolism: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
iron deficiency: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
lysosomal storage diseases: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
mewing cry: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
PDH complex deficiency: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
platelet disorders: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
pyruvate carboxylase deficiency: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
respiratory infections: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
sulfonamide toxicity: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
vascular lesions: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
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infarctions: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]; Necrosis [Pathology]
infections. See also specific infections and infectious agents
apoptosis and: Apoptosis [Pathology]
barriers to: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
breast feeding as prophylaxis: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
delirium cause: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
hemolysis and: External Hemolysis [Hematology]; Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
inflammation: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
leukemoid reaction: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
lymph nodes and: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
with lysosomal storage diseases: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
maternal: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
precautions and preventive measures: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
somatic hypermutation and: B-Cells [Immunology]
inferior epigastric vessels: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
inferior gluteal nerve: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
inferior mesenteric artery: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
inferior thyroid artery: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
infertility
causes: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
cystic fibrosis: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
endometriosis and: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]; Endometriosis [Reproductive]
epithelial cell tumor risk factor: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
gonorrhea and: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
Kartagener’s syndrome feature: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
primary ciliary dyskinesia and: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
scrotal disorders: Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
teratogens as cause: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
Turner syndrome feature: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
inflammasome: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
inflammation: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
of airway: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
anemias associated with: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
of blood vessels: Vasculitis [Immunology]
chronic transplant rejection and: Transplants [Immunology]
coagulation cascade and: Coagulation [Hematology]
of cornea: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
cortisol and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
cytokines and: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
dysregulation of: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
erythrocyte sedimentation rate and: Coagulation [Hematology]
gout and: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
granulomatous: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
headache cause: Headaches [Neurology]
helminth infection feature: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
principles of: Inflammation [Pathology]
rheumatoid arthritis and: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
somatic hypermutation and: B-Cells [Immunology]
types of: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
inflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
amyloidosis association: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
arthritis and: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
risk factors for: Transplants [Immunology]
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T-cell responses: T-cells [Immunology]
treatment: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
uveitis association: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
varicella zoster virus and: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
inflammatory carcinoma: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
inflammatory demyelinating radiculopathy: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
inflammatory edema: Inflammation [Pathology]
inflammatory low back pain: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
infliximab: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
ankylosing spondylitis treatment: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
Crohn’s disease treatment: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
inflammatory bowel disease treatment: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
reactivation tuberculosis occurrence with: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
rheumatoid arthritis treatment: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
influenza
causes: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
droplet precautions for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
immunizations for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
Reye’s syndrome and: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
treatment: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
vaccine: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Virus Structure
[Infectious Disease] viral: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
informed consent: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
infraspinatus muscle: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
infundibular stenosis: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
infusion reactions: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
inguinal canal: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
inguinal ligament: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
INH. See isoniazid
inhalation challenge: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
inhaled anesthetic principles: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
inherited aplastic anemia: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]; Other Anemias [Hematology]; Transplants
[Immunology] inherited C3 deficiency: Complement System [Immunology]
inhibin A: Down syndrome [Genetics]
inhibin B: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
inhibitory neurotransmitters: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
initiation, of protein synthesis: Translation [Cell Biology]
initiation factors: Translation [Cell Biology]
innate immunity: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
components of: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
disorders of: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
salivary tumors: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
inner ear: Auditory System [Neurology]; Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]; Vestibular System
[Neurology] inosine monophosphate (IMP): Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
inositol monophosphatase (IMPase): Lithium [Psychiatry]
inositol triphosphate (IP3). See IP3 second messenger system
inotropes: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Shock [Cardiology]; Starling Curves [Cardiology]
INR (international normalized ratio): Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Coagulation [Hematology]
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insomnia: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
inspiratory capacity: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
Institutional Review Board (IRB): Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
insulin: Insulin [Endocrinology]. See also insulin resistance
analogs: Insulin [Endocrinology]
clearance of: Physiology II [Renal]
effects of: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Signaling Pathways
[Endocrinology] fatty acid metabolism and: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
glucagon and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
gluconeogenesis and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
glucose metabolism and: Glucose [Biochemistry]
glycogen metabolism and: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Glycogen [Biochemistry]
medical use of: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
pregnancy effects: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
regulation of: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
side effects: Insulin [Endocrinology]
structure of: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
synthesis of: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1): Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]; Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
insulinoma: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
insulin receptors: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
insulin resistance
acanthosis nigricans and: Skin [Dermatology]
acromegaly and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
cortisol and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
gastric carcinoma finding: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
myotonic dystrophy association: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
polycystic ovarian syndrome and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
protease inhibitors side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
skin changes: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
integrins: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
intellectual disability
deletion syndrome: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
ectopia lentis and: The Lens [Neurology]
fetal alcohol syndrome: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
maternal phenylketonuria (PKU) and: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
maternal varicellae zoster viral infection: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
myotonic dystrophy association: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
thyroid hormone and: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
trisomies: Down syndrome [Genetics]; Trisomies [Genetics]. See also specific trisomies
tuberous sclerosis and: Cardiac Tumors [Cardiology]
WAGR syndrome: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
intellectualization: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
intention tremor: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
interferons: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; T-cells [Immunology]
granulomatous inflammation and: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
for IL-12 receptor deficiency: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]; T-cells [Immunology]
for multiple sclerosis: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
nephrotic syndrome association: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
for viral hepatitis: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
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interleukins. See IL-1 (Interleukin 1) and other specific interleukins
intermediate filaments: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
internal bleeding, thrombolysis contraindications: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
internal carotid artery
atherosclerosis of: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
cavernous sinus syndrome and: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
internal genital tracts: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
internal hemorrhoids: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
internal iliac nodes: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
internal intercostal muscles: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
internal jugular vein: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
internal oblique muscle: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
internal rotation
of arm: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
of hip: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
of knee: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
international prognostic index (IPI) score: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
internuclear ophthalmoplegia: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
interosseous muscles: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
interpersonal rejection sensitivity: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
interposed nuclei: Cerebellum [Neurology]
interstitial fibrosis: Chest X-Rays [Pulmonary]; Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
interstitial lung disease: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Scleroderma [Immunology]
interstitial nephritis: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Sulfonamides
[Infectious Disease] interstitial pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
intervertebral discs: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
intestinal brush border: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]; Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
intestinal disorders: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]. See also specific disorders
intestinal gastric adenocarcinomas: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
intestinal ischemia: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
intestinal metaplasia: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
intestinal mucosa: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
intestinal nematodes: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
intestinal tapeworms: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
intestines
bilirubin metabolism: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
disorders of: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]; Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]. See
also specific disorders
histology: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
ischemia of: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
malabsorption: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
normal flora of: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
intimate partner violence: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
intra-cardiac shunt: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
intracellular bacteria
antibiotic coverage: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
staining of: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
intracellular fluid: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
intracellular hormones: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]. See also specific hormones
intracranial aneurysms: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
intracranial bleeding: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]; Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
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intracranial calcifications
congenital CMV: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
maternal toxoplasmosis: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
toxoplasmosis symptom: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
intracranial pressure (ICP): Eye Movements [Neurology]; Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Intracranial
Bleeding [Neurology]
intradermal nevi: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
intraductal papilloma: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
intrahepatic cholestasis: Bile [Gastroenterology]; Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
intranasal influenza vaccine: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
intraocular pressure: Glaucoma [Neurology]
intraparenchymal bleed (hemorrhagic strokes): Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]; Intracranial Bleeding
[Neurology] intrapleural pressure: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
intravascular hemolysis: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
intravenous anesthetics: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
intravenous drugs, bioavailability (F): Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
intraventricular hemorrhage: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]; Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
intrinsic apoptosis pathway: Apoptosis [Pathology]
intrinsic factor: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal
Secretions [Gastroenterology]
intrinsic hand muscles: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
intrinsic hemolysis: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
intrinsic pathway: Coagulation [Hematology]
intrinsic renal failure: Renal Failure [Renal]; Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (IMA): Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
introns: Transcription [Cell Biology]
intubation, DNI guidelines: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
intussusception: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
invasive ductal carcinoma: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
invasive gastroenteritis: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
inverse psoriasis: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
involuntary response: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
iodide: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
iodine: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
iodine deficiency: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
iodine excess: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
iodine load: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
iodized salt: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
iodoquinol: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
ionizing radiation: Cerebellum [Neurology]; DNA Repair [Cell Biology]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes
[Immunology] IP3 second messenger system: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
gonadotropin-releasing hormone and: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
hormone signaling pathway: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
parietal cell secretion and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
smooth muscle contraction and: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
ipratropium: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
ipsilateral anosmia: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
ipsilateral gaze palsy: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
irbesartan: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
iridocyclitis: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
155
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
irinotecan: DNA drugs [Hematology]
iris: The Pupil [Neurology]
iritis: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
iron. See also iron overload
absorption: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
absorption, antacids affecting: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Other Antibiotics
[Infectious Disease] cytochromes and: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
deficiency: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology];
Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
deficiency anemias: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Malabsorption
[Gastroenterology]; Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
free radical generation and: Free Radicals [Pathology]
hemochromatosis: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
metabolism disorders: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
iron-chelating agents: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
iron overload
anion gap acidosis: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease association: CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
Cooley’s anemia and risk of: Thalassemias [Hematology]
hemochromatosis: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
porphyria cutanea tarda symptom: Porphyrias [Hematology]
from transfusions: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
iron sulfur compounds (FeS): Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
irreversible cell injury. See necrosis
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
ischemia: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
acute tubular necrosis: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
atherosclerosis complication: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
blood flow mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
central nerve damage and: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
cerebral and lacunar stroke cause: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
coagulative necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
disseminated intravascular coagulation as cause of: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
intestinal: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
mitral regurgitation and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
of retina: The Retina [Neurology]
strokes and: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
ischemic cardiomyopathy: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
ischemic colitis: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
ischemic limb: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
ischemic necrosis: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
ischemic priapism: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
ischemic ventricular tachycardia: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets): Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology];
Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
isocitrate: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
isocitrate dehydrogenase: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
isoimmunization: Blood Groups [Hematology]
isolation (defence mechanism): Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]; Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
isoleucine: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
isoniazid (INH)
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action of: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]; Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
anion gap acidosis: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
antacids and absorption of: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Other Antibiotics [Infectious
Disease] drug-induced lupus: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus [Immunology]
G6PD deficiency and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
niacin deficiency and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
tuberculosis prophylaxis and treatment: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
isopropyl alcohol: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]; Renal Failure [Renal]
isoproterenol: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
isosorbide: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
isosorbide dinitrate: Stable Angina [Cardiology]. See also nitrates
isosorbide mononitrate: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Stable Angina [Cardiology]. See also nitrates
isotonic fluid: Physiology I [Renal]
isotretinoin: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
itraconazole: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]; Fungal Skin
Infections [Infectious Disease]; HIV [Infectious Disease]
ivabradine: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
ivacaftor: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
ivermectin: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
IV fluid administration
acute pancreatitis treatment: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
diabetic ketoacidosis treatment: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
hypernatremia treatment: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
metabolic alkalosis treatment: Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
rhabdomyolysis treatment: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
shock treatment: Shock [Cardiology]
IV immunoglobulins
Guillain-Barre syndrome treatment: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura treatment: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
selective IgA deficiency treatment: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
Ixodes scapularis: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
J Jacksonian seizure: Seizures [Neurology]
JAK2 mutation: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]; Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
Janeway lesions: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
janus kinases (JAK): Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
jaundice: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
with cholangitis: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
with choledocholithiasis: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
with cholestasis: Bile [Gastroenterology]
with cirrhosis: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
with galactosemia: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
hemolysis and: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
with hepatitis: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
pancreatic cancer finding: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
with viral hepatitis: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
with Weil’s disease: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
with yellow fever: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
jaw jerk reflex: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
157
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JC virus: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]; Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]; DNA Viruses
[Infectious Disease]; HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
jejunal-ileal-colonic atresia: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
jejunum
aspirate: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
B vitamin absorption: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
histology: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
lipid absorption: Bile [Gastroenterology]
vitamin absorption in: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
“jerk” nystagmus: Vestibular System [Neurology]
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
Jimson weed toxin: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
Jod-Basedow phenomenon (iodine-induced hyperthyroidism): Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
joints. See also arthritis; specific arthritides; specific joints
arthritis. See arthritis
diffuse scleroderma and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
disorders of: CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
Ehlers Danlos syndrome and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
hemophilia bleeding: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
Marfan syndrome and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
replacements: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
Sjögren’s syndrome and: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
space narrowing: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
synovial: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
wrist sign: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
Jones criteria, for rheumatic fever: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]; Valve Disease [Cardiology]
jugular vein
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
inferior myocardial infarction and: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
junctional nevi: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
justice: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
juvenile gout: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: Seizures [Neurology]
juvenile polyposis syndrome: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
juvenile polyps: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
juxtacortical chondromas: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
juxtaglomerular apparatus: Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
K K+ channels: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
Kala-azar: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
Kallmann syndrome: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]; Hypogonadism [Reproductive];
Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
Kaolin clotting time: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
Kaposi sarcoma: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; HIV [Infectious Disease];
Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Kartagener syndrome: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]; Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Maternal-Fetal Disorders
[Reproductive]; Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
karyolysis: Cell Injury [Pathology]
karyorrhexis: Cell Injury [Pathology]
karyotypes and karyograms: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]; Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive];
Down syndrome [Genetics]; Meiosis [Genetics]
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Kasai procedure: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Kawasaki disease: Vasculitis [Immunology]
Kayser-Fleischer rings: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
K capsule: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
K cells: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
keloid: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
keratin
acne and: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
cytoskeleton: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
hyperkeratosis and: Skin [Dermatology]
intermediate filaments and: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
isotretinoin and: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
retinoic acid and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
in skin: Skin [Dermatology]
tinea infections and: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
keratinization
metaplasia and: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
keratinocytes: Skin [Dermatology]
acantholysis and: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
melanosomes and: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
sunburn and: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
keratin pearls: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
keratitis: Helminths [Infectious Disease]; Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
keratoacanthoma: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
keratoconjunctivitis: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]; Structural Eye
Disorders [Neurology]
keratohyalin granules: Skin [Dermatology]
kernicterus: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]; Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
Kernig sign: Meningitis [Neurology]
ketamine: General Anesthesia [Neurology]; Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
ketoacidosis
anion gap acidosis: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
hypophosphatemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
mucormycosis association: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
pathophysiology: Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
ketoconazole
action of: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
cortisol synthesis and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
Cushing’s syndrome treatment: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
side effects: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
ketogenic amino acids: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
ketone reductase: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
ketones and ketone bodies: Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
fasting state and: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
fatty acid disorder and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
glycogen storage diseases and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
hypoketotic hypoglycemia and: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
ketogenic amino acids and: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
synthesis of: Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
ketorolac: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
ketosis
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
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in children: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
galactosemia and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
glycogen storage diseases and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
hereditary fructose intolerance and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
inborn errors of metabolism and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
organic acidemias and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
kidney disease
as coronary risk equivalent for sudden death: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
drug administration with: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
Hartnup disease: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
kidneys. See also kidney stones; proximal tubules (kidney)
acid-base regulation: Acid Excretion [Renal]; Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
anatomy: Renal Anatomy [Renal]
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) diseases and: Vasculitis [Immunology]
arterial circulation: Renal Anatomy [Renal]
autonomic effects: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
baroreceptors and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
blood flow to: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
carnitine synthesis in: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
coagulative necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
development: Renal Embryology [Renal]
diabetic kidney disease: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
drug clearance: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
electrolytes: Electrolytes [Renal]
embryology: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]
endocrinology: Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
erythropoietin production in: Other Anemias [Hematology]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
hormone regulation: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
hyponatremia and: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
malignancies: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
multiple myeloma and: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
nephrocalcinosis of: Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
parathyroid hormone and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
physiology: Nephron Physiology [Renal]; Physiology I [Renal]; Physiology II [Renal]
quantifying function: Physiology II [Renal]
statin drugs and: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
transplantation of: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
trauma to: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
tubulointerstitial disorders: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
vitamin D and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
kidney stones: Kidney Stones [Renal]
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors complication: Diuretics [Renal]
Crohn’s disease and: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
cysteine metabolic disorders and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
hematuria cause: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
hypercalcemia symptom: Electrolytes [Renal]
hyperparathyroidism and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
nephrocalcinosis and: Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
parathyroid adenoma and: MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]
propranolol side effect: Headaches [Neurology]
protease inhibitors side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
Proteus spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
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renal tubular acidosis: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
squamous cell carcinoma risk factor: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
thiazide diuretic use: Diuretics [Renal]
urate nephropathy: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
vitamin C and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
vitamin D excess and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
Killian’s triangle: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
kinesin: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
kinins and kinin system: Coagulation [Hematology]
kissing disease: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
KIT mutations: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
Klebsiella pneumonia: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Klebsiella pneumoniae
aspiration pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
urinary infections: Urinary Infections [Renal]
Klebsiella spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
abscesses: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
antibiotic coverage: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
aspiration pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
biliary tree infection: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
Quellung reaction: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
struvite stone association: Kidney Stones [Renal]
urinary tract infections: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
Klinefelter syndrome: Turner and Klinefelter Syndromes [Genetics]
aneuploidy: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
germ cell tumor risk factor: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
gynecomastia association: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
male breast cancer association: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
Klumpke palsy: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
Klüver-Bucy syndrome: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
knee: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
anatomy: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
deformities: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
extensor muscles: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
gout and: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
injuries: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
osteoarthritis of: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
primary bone tumors of: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
pseudogout and: CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
reflexes: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
knock-kneed: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
KOH prep: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
koilocytes and koilocytosis: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]; DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Penile
Disorders [Reproductive]; Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
Koplik spots: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Korsakoff syndrome: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
Krabbe’s disease: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]; Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
KRAS gene: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]; Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
KRAS gene: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
Krebs cycle. See TCA cycle
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Krukenberg tumor: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Kübler-Ross model of grief: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
Kupffer cells: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
Kussmaul breathing: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
Kussmaul’s sign: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
acidosis symptom: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
signs and symptoms of: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
Kwashiorkor: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
kyphoscoliosis: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]; Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders
[Genetics] kyphosis: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
L L5 nerve root syndrome: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
La belle indifference: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
labetalol: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
labia majora: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
labia minora: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
labile cells: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
labile tissues: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
labioscrotal swelling: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
labor: Pregnancy [Reproductive]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
laboratory techniques: Blotting [Cell Biology]
blotting: Blotting [Cell Biology]
ELISA: ELISA [Cell Biology]
FISH: Microarrays and FISH [Cell Biology]
flow cytometry: Flow Cytometry [Cell Biology]
gel electrophoresis: Blotting [Cell Biology]
immunohistochemical staining: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
microarrays: Microarrays and FISH [Cell Biology]
polymerase chain reaction: Polymerase Chain Reaction [Cell Biology]
for thyroid disorders: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
Lachman test: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
lacrimal glands
rheumatoid arthritis and: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
Sjögren’s syndrome and: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
lacrimation: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
acetylcholine and: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
acetylcholine antagonist effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
cranial nerve function: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
opioid withdrawal: Opioids [Psychiatry]
lacrimation reflex: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
lactase: Glucose [Biochemistry]
lactate
accumulation during exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
gluconeogenesis and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
glucose metabolism and: Glucose [Biochemistry]
as glucose source: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
glycolysis and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
with mitochondrial disorders: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): Glycolysis [Biochemistry]; Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]; Ovarian Germ Cell
Tumors [Reproductive]
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lactation: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
oxytocin and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
Sheehan syndrome and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
vitamin requirements for: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
lactational mastitis: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
lactic acidosis: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
anion gap acidosis and: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
biguanides side effect: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
cyanide poisoning: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]; Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
glycogen storage diseases and: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
glycolysis and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
inborn errors of metabolism and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
pyruvate and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
Von Gierke’s disease and: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
lactoferrin
in breast milk: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
free radical generation and: Free Radicals [Pathology]
lactose: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]; Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]; Glucose [Biochemistry]
lactose breath hydrogen test: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
lactose fermenters: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
lactose intolerance: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
lactotrophs: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
lactulose: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
[Gastroenterology] lacunar strokes: Cerebral and Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS): Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
Lambert-Eaton syndrome: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
lamellar bone: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
lamina propria: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
laminar flow: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
lamins: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
lamivudine: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
lamivudine (NRTI): Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
lamotrigine: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]; Seizures [Neurology]
Lancefield grouping: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
Langerhans cell histiocytosis: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
Langerhans cells: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
Langhans giant cells: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
language interpreters, for informed consent: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
lansoprazole: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
lanugo hair growth: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
LAP score: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
large cell carcinoma: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
large intestine
histology: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
ischemia of: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
large vessel vasculitis: Vasculitis [Immunology]
laryngeal muscles: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
laryngotracheitis (croup): Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
larynx, muscles of: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
larynx cartilage: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
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Lasègue's sign: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
Lassa fever: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Lassa fever encephalitis: Meningitis [Neurology]
latanoprost: Glaucoma [Neurology]
late-look bias: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
latent period (latency): Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
latent tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
lateral cerebellar lesions: Cerebellum [Neurology]
lateral collateral ligament (LCL): Knee [Musculoskeletal]
lateral epicondylitis: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
lateral geniculate nucleus: Visual Fields [Neurology]
lateral horn: Spinal Cord [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
lateral hypothalamus: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
lateral medullary syndrome: Brainstem [Neurology]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
lateral motor tracts: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
lateral pontine syndromes: Brainstem [Neurology]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
latex agglutination test: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
law of Laplace: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
laxative abuse: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
laxatives: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
LDL (low density lipoprotein)
atherosclerosis and: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
cholesterol panel: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
function of: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
treatment of: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
LDL receptors: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]; Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
L-Dopa
Parkinson’s disease treatment: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
phenylketonuria (PKU) treatment: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
lead poisoning
anemia and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
erythrocyte protoporphyrin level and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
RBC histopathology: Thalassemias [Hematology]
lead time bias: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
learning disability: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT): Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
lecithins: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio): Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
lectin pathway: Complement System [Immunology]
leflunomide: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
left anterior descending artery: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
left atrial pressure: Shock [Cardiology]; Venous Pressure Tracings [Cardiology]
left bundle branch block: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]; EKG Basics [Cardiology]; Heart Sounds
[Cardiology]; High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
left circumflex artery: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
left curve shifts: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
left gastric artery: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
left heart failure: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]; Valve Disease [Cardiology]
left lower quadrant pain: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]; Intestinal Disorders
[Gastroenterology] left main coronary artery: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
left shift: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
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Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
Legionella pneumophila: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
Legionella spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
culturing: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
nephritis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
stain: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
leiomyoma (fibroid): Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]
leiomyosarcoma: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]
Leishmania donovani: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
lens: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Eye Movements [Neurology]; The Lens [Neurology]
lenticulostriate artery: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]; Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]; Intracranial
Bleeding [Neurology]
lentiform nucleus: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]; Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
lentigo maligna: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
lepirudin: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
lepromatous leprosy: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]; T-cells [Immunology]
leprosy: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]; T-cells [Immunology]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
leptin: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
leptomeningeal angioma: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
leptomeninges: Meningitis [Neurology]
Leptospira interrogans: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Leptospira spp.: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
leptospirosis: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: Gout [Musculoskeletal]; Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
Leser-Trélat sign: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
lesser horn, of hyoid: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
lesser omentum: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
lesser sac, of peritoneal cavity: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
lethal factor: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
lethal toxin: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
letrozole: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
Letterer-Siwe disease: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
leucine: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
as branched amino acid: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
as essential amino acid: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
as ketogenic amino acid: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
metabolism of: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
leucovorin
5-FU enhancer: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
bone marrow suppression treatment: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
myelosuppression treatment: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
leucovorin rescue: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]; Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
leukemias
acute: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
chronic: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
defined: Neoplasia [Pathology]
disseminated intravascular coagulation and: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
hemochromatosis and: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
mucormycosis association: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
polycythemia vera complication: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
treatment: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]; Transplants [Immunology];
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Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
uric acid stone risk factor: Kidney Stones [Renal]
viruses and: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
leukemoid reaction: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
leukocyte adhesion deficiency: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP): Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
leukocyte esterase: Urinary Infections [Renal]
leukocytoclastic vasculitis: Vasculitis [Immunology]
leukocytosis: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
leukodystrophy: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
leukoerythroblastosis: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
leukopenia
anorexia nervosa and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
antimetabolite side effects: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
aplastic anemia symptom: Other Anemias [Hematology]
Ehrlichia spp. infection as cause of: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
ganciclovir side effect: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
immunosuppressant complication: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
lupus symptoms: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
leukoreduction: Blood Groups [Hematology]
leukotriene receptor antagonists: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Treatment of COPD & Asthma
[Pulmonary] leukotrienes
AERD and: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
steroids and: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
type I hypersensitivity mediator: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
vascular permeability mediator: Inflammation [Pathology]
leuprolide: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]; Endometriosis [Reproductive]; Prostate
[Reproductive]; Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
levator ani muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
levator palatini muscle: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
levetiracetam: Seizures [Neurology]
levodopa: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
levofloxacin: EKG Basics [Cardiology]; Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
levomilnacipran: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
levothyroxine: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]; Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
Lewy bodies: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
Lewy body dementia: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
Leydig cells: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology];
Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
Leydig cell tumor: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
LH. See luteinizing hormone (LH)
Libman-Sacks endocarditis: Endocarditis [Cardiology]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
lice (disease vector): Endocarditis [Cardiology]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
lichen planus: Skin [Dermatology]; Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
licorice, mineralocorticoid effect of: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
Liddle’s syndrome: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
lidocaine: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Local Anesthesia [Neurology]
life support, decision-making for: Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]
Li-Fraumeni syndrome: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]; Genetic Principles
[Genetics] ligament of Treitz: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
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ligamentum arteriosum: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]; Shunts [Cardiology]
ligamentum flavum hypertrophies: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
ligand-gated ion channel: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
Light’s criteria: Inflammation [Pathology]; Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
likelihood ratios: Diagnostic Tests [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
limb deformities: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]; Teratogens II
[Reproductive] limb development: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]
limbic system: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic System[Neurology]
limited scleroderma (CREST): Scleroderma [Immunology]
linagliptin: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
linear correlation: Correlations [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
Lineweaver Burk plot: Enzymes [Basic Pharmacology]
linezolid: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci
[Infectious Disease] lingual lipase: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
linitis plastica: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
linkage disequilibrium and equilibrium: Gene Mapping [Genetics]
linkage mapping: Gene Mapping [Genetics]
liothyronine: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
lipases
acute pancreatitis and: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
chronic pancreatitis finding: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
fat necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
in saliva: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
lipid A: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
lipid drugs: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
lipid metabolism: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
cholesterol gallstones and: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
cortisol and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
in endoplasmic reticulum: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
estrogen effects on: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
malabsorption: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
thyroid hormone’s effect on: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
lipids
absorption: Bile [Gastroenterology]
atherosclerosis and: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
bile and: Bile [Gastroenterology]
characteristics of: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]; Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
digestion: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
emulsification of: Bile [Gastroenterology]
lipases and: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
peroxidation of: Free Radicals [Pathology]
types of: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
in urine: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
lipid solubility, of inhaled anesthetic principles: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
lipofuscin: Free Radicals [Pathology]
lipohyalinosis: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
lipoic acid
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex co-factor: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
PDH complex deficiency treatment: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex co-factor: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex cofactor: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
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lipolysis
electron transport chain uncoupling: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
glucagon and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
growth hormone and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
niacin and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
lipooligosaccharide (LOS): Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
lipophilic statins: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
lipopolysaccharides (LPS): Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Virulence
[Infectious Disease] lipoprotein lipase: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]; Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]; Lipid Metabolism
[Biochemistry] lipoproteins: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]; Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
liposarcoma: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
liposomal amphotericin B: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
lipoteichoic acid (LTA): Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
lips, “cherry red”: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
liquefactive necrosis: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Necrosis [Pathology]; Nerve Damage
[Neurology]; Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
liraglutide: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
Lisch nodules: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
lisdexamfetamine: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
lisinopril: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
Listeria spp.: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
granulomatous infection: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
meningitis cause: Meningitis [Neurology]
stain: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
TH1 response and: T-cells [Immunology]
lithium: Lithium [Psychiatry]
acquired diabetes insipidus and: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
bipolar disorder treatment: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
dialyzable substances: Renal Failure [Renal]
mood disorder treatment: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
pregnancy contraindication: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
therapeutic index: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
thyroid hormone and: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
lithotomy position: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
liver: Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
abscesses: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
alanine cycle and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
amino acid uptake regulation: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
ammonia conversion by: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
amyloidosis association: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
anatomy: Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
angiosarcoma of: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
autonomic effects: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease association: Cystic Kidney Disease [Renal]
bile acid synthesis in: Bile [Gastroenterology]
bilirubin conjugation: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
biomarkers: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious
Disease]
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blood flow to: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
carnitine synthesis in: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
cell cycle phase of: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
ceramide derivatives accumulation in: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
cholesterol synthesis and: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
coagulation factor synthesis in: Coagulation [Hematology]
colon cancer metastasis: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
copper metabolism in: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
Cori cycle and: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
cysts in: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
drug elimination: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
drug metabolism and clearance: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]; Free Radicals [Pathology];
Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
dyslipidemias and: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
embryology: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
endoplasmic reticulum of: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
during exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
extravascular hemolysis in: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
during fasting/starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glucagon (G-protein) receptors in: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
glucose metabolism and: Glucose [Biochemistry]
glycogen storage diseases and: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
growth hormone and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
hemochromatosis and: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
lipid accumulation in: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
lipid metabolism and: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
malaria and: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
metastases: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Liver Tumors
[Gastroenterology]; Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
organic acidemias and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
Plasmodium spp. infection: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
regeneration of: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
statin drugs and: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
toxicity: Seizures [Neurology]
tumors: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
urea cycle in: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
vitamin storage in: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Other Vitamins
[Biochemistry] liver disease: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]. See also cirrhosis
bile-liver patterns: Bile [Gastroenterology]
carnitine deficiencies: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
clotting factors loss: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
drug administration with: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
hyperammonemia and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
hyperbilirubinemia cause: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
macrocytosis cause: Other Anemias [Hematology]
MELD score for: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
RBC histopathology: Thalassemias [Hematology]
urea cycle and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
liver failure
causes: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
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classic galactosemia and: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
hepatitis and: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
hereditary fructose intolerance and: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
preeclampsia and: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
Reye’s syndrome and: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) levels and: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
tumors causing: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]. See also specific tumors
liver function tests: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
acute pancreatitis and: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
aminotransferases for: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
antiarrhythmic drug and elevation of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
with fibrate use: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
hemochromatosis and: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
methotrexate side effect: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
liver transplantation
familial amyloidosis treatment: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
primary biliary cirrhosis treatment: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
primary sclerosing cholangitis treatment: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
living will: Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]; Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
lixivaptan: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
loading dose: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
Loa loa: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
lobar pneumonia: Chest X-Rays [Pulmonary]; Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary];
Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
local anesthesia: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]; Local Anesthesia [Neurology]
locked-in syndrome: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
lockjaw (trismus): Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
locus ceruleus: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
locus heterogeneity: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
Loeffler media: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
Loeffler syndrome: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
loiasis: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
Lone Star tick: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
long bones: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
long thoracic nerve: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
loop diuretics: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
action of: Diuretics [Renal]
acute heart failure treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
ascites treatment: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
hypomagnesemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
lithium interaction: Lithium [Psychiatry]
metabolic alkalosis and: Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
urinary osmolality: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
Loop of Henle: Nephron Physiology [Renal]
loosening of association: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
Looser zones: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
loperamide: Opioids [Psychiatry]
lopinavir: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
lorazepam: General Anesthesia [Neurology]; Seizures [Neurology]
Lou Gehrig disease: Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]; Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Spinal
Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
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louses (disease vector): Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
lovastatin: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
low back pain: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
low birth weight: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
low body weight: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
low-density lipoprotein receptors: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
Lowenstein-Jensen agar: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
lower esophageal sphincter: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
lower facial droop: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]; Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
lower gastrointestinal bleeding (hematochezia): Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
lower motor damage: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]; Nerve Damage [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes
[Neurology] low molecular weight heparin: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]; Quality
and Safety [Behavioral Science]
L-transposition of great vessels: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
L-type calcium channel blockers: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
L-type calcium channels: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
lumbar plexus: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
lumbar radiculopathy: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
lumbosacral plexus: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
lumbrical muscles: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
lunate: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
lung cancer: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
asbestosis association: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
metastases: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]; Lung Cancer
[Pulmonary] nephrotic syndrome association: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
lung capacities: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
lung compliance: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
lungs. See also lung cancer; lung transplantation
abnormal formation: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]
abscesses: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
acetylcholine and: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
α1-anti-trypsin deficiency and: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
anatomy: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]; Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
autonomic effects: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
blood flow: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]; Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
breast cancer metastases: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
carbon dioxide transport to: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
chest wall and: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
choriocarcinoma metastases to: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
edema of: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
embryology: Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
Haldane effect and: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
hemoglobin and: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
methotrexate-induced lung injury: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
muscarinic agonist effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
Ohm’s law and: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
physical exam: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
physiology: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
red infarcts of: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
renal cell carcinoma metastasis: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
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restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
tumors: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
lung transplantation
COPD treatment: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
cystic fibrosis: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
cytomegalovirus association: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
lung volumes: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
pulmonary vascular resistance and: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
types of: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
lung zones: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
lupus
antiphospholipid syndrome association: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
drug-induced: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; DNA structure [Biochemistry]
Hodgkin lymphoma risk factor: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
pericarditis and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
preeclampsia risk factor: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
spontaneous abortion risk factor: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia association: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
lupus anticoagulant: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
lupus cerebritis: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
lupus nephropathy: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
lusitropy: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]; Systolic and
Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
luteal phase, of menstrual cycle: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
luteinizing hormone (LH)
deficiency: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
Klinefelter syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
during menstrual cycle: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
negative feedback by testosterone: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
for spermatogenesis: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
spermatogenesis regulation: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
synthesis of: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
theca cells and: Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
lye ingestion: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Lyme disease
AV blocks and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
cause: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
diagnosis: Blotting [Cell Biology]
lymph: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
lymphadenopathy
regional: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
with RNA viral infections: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
lymphangiosarcoma: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
lymphangitis: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
lymphatic effusions (chylothorax): Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
lymphatic filariasis: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
lymphatic system
disorders of: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
in gastrointestinal tract: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
lymph node locations: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
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lymph nodes: Lymph Nodes and Spleen [Immunology]
anatomy: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
dendritic cells and: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
locations: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
lymphoid disorders: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
lymphomas and: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
as secondary lymphoid organ: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
lymphoblasts: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
lymphocyte antigens: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
lymphocytes
acute inflammation timeline: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
acute transplant rejection and: Transplants [Immunology]
in breast milk: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
development of: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
disorder of: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
granulomatous inflammation and: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
hairy cell leukemia histopathology of: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
inflammation and: Inflammation [Pathology]
multiple sclerosis and: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
Sjögren’s syndrome and: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV): RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
lymphocytic sialadenitis: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
lymphocytic thyroiditis: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
lymphogranuloma venereum: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
lymphoid cells: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
lymphoid disorders: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
lymphoid follicles: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]; Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
lymphoid hyperplasia
appendicitis and: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
intussusception and: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
lymphoid organs: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
lymphomas. See also specific lymphomas
anemias associated with: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
ataxia telangiectasia as risk factor for: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
defined: Neoplasia [Pathology]
Epstein–Barr virus association: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
overview: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
primary amyloidosis association: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
risk factors: Apoptosis [Pathology]
RNA virus and: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]; DNA drugs [Hematology];
Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]; Transplants [Immunology]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
Lynch syndrome: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]; Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]; Ovarian Epithelial Tumors
[Reproductive] lyonization: Pedigrees [Genetics]
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
lysine
as basic amino acid: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
carnitine synthesis from: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
in collagen: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
in histones: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
histones and: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
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as ketogenic amino acid: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
lipoic acid and: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
lysis, complement-mediated: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
lysosomal storage diseases: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]. See also specific diseases
lysosomes: Cell Injury [Pathology]
lysozymes: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
lysyl oxidase: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
lytic cycle: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
lytic lesions (X-ray finding): Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
M MacConkey’s agar: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
macrocytic anemias: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]; Other Anemias [Hematology]; Pyrimidine Metabolism
[Biochemistry] macroglia: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
macroglossia: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
macrolide antibiotics
action of: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
babesiosis treatment: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
electron transport chain uncoupling: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
Legionella spp. infection treatment: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
macroorchidism: Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF): Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
macrophages
acute inflammation and: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
as antigen presenting cells: T-cells [Immunology]
atherosclerosis and: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
of bone: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
in breast milk: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
cholesterol-filled: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
chronic inflammation and: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
granulomatous diseases of: T-cells [Immunology]
granulomatous inflammation and: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
histoplasmosis and: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
innate immunity: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
nephritic syndrome feature: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
of nervous system: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
phagocytosis and: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
silicosis and: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
type III hypersensitivity reaction and: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
virulence factors and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
macrosomia: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
macula: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; The Retina [Neurology]
macula densa: Physiology I [Renal]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
macular degeneration: The Retina [Neurology]
macular sparing: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]; Visual Fields
[Neurology] macules: Skin [Dermatology]
maculopapular rash: Skin [Dermatology]
cephalosporin adverse reaction: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
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measles feature: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
microglide side effect: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
penicillin adverse effect: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
RNA viruses and: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Rocky Mountain Spotted fever feature: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
sulfonamide allergic reaction: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
syphilis feature: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
typhus: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Mad Cow disease: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
magnesium
action of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
hypocalcemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
parathyroid hormone release and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
for torsade de pointes: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
magnesium citrate: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
magnesium hydroxide: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
magnesium laxatives: Renal Failure [Renal]
magnesium sulfate: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]; Thalamus,
Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
maintenance (anesthesia): General Anesthesia [Neurology]
maintenance dose: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
major depressive disorder: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
major duodenal papilla: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
major histocompatibility complexes (MHC): T-cells [Immunology]
malabsorption: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
amyloidosis feature: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
helminth infection and: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
iron deficiency and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
osteoporosis and: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
proton pump inhibitor side effect: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
vitamin K deficiency cause: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
malaria: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
hemolytic anemia cause: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
sickle cell trait and: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
splenic dysfunction and: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
thalassemias and: Thalassemias [Hematology]
treatment: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
malar rash: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
Malassezia spp.: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
malate: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]; TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
malate dehydrogenase: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
malate shuttle: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]; Glycolysis [Biochemistry]; TCA Cycle
[Biochemistry] male pattern balding: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
male reproductive system
breast cancer: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
development disorders: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
embryology: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]
hormones: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
hormones of: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
hypogonadism: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
malignancies
ascites worsening: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
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of cell cycle (upregulation): Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
chronic inflammation and: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
coagulopathy factor inhibitors and: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
Down syndrome association: Down syndrome [Genetics]
hypercalcemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypercoagulability risk: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
inflammatory myopathy association: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
Leser-Trélat sign and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
pathologic hyperplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
pulmonary embolism risk factor: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
malignant effusion: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
malignant hypertension: External Hemolysis [Hematology]; Hypertension [Cardiology]
malignant hyperthermia: General Anesthesia [Neurology]; Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]; Skeletal
Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
malignant tumors: Neoplasia [Pathology]; Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
malingering symptoms: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
Mallory bodies: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
Malloy-Weiss syndrome: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
malnutrition: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
malonyl-CoA
carnitine shuttle and: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
during exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
fatty acid metabolism and: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
Maltese cross appearance: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
MALT lymphoma: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Non-
Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
maltose fermentation: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
maltose growth media: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
mammary duct ectasia: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
mammary glands: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
mammary ridges: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
mammillary bodies: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
mandible (jaw)
Burkitt’s lymphoma site: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
development: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
osteomas: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
osteonecrosis of: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
thymic aplasia and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
mandibular nerve: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
mania
schizoaffective disorder and: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
treatment: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
manic episode: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
“man-in-a-barrel” symptoms: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
mannitol: Diuretics [Renal]; Glaucoma [Neurology]
mannitol salt agar: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
mannose-6-phosphate: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
mannose associated serine proteases (MASPs): Complement System [Immunology]
mannose-binding lectin (MBL): Complement System [Immunology]
mantle cell lymphoma: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
MAO inhibitors: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
maple syrup urine disease: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Other
176
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Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
Marasmus: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
maraviroc: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
Marcus Gunn pupil: The Pupil [Neurology]
marfanoid habitus: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; The Lens [Neurology]; MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]
Marfan syndrome
aortic dissection: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
as autosomal dominant disorder: Pedigrees [Genetics]
deficient fibrillin: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
ectopia lentis cause: The Lens [Neurology]
genetics: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
murmur diagnosis and: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
subarachnoid hemorrhage and: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
marginal zone lymphoma: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
marijuana: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
mask of pregnancy: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
masseter muscle: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
mast cell degranulation: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
mast cells: B-Cells [Immunology]; Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Innate Immunity [Immunology]
mastectomy, angiosarcoma following: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
mastication: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]; Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
mastitis: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
matching
with case-control studies: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
with cohort studies: Study Designs [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
maternal antibodies: B-Cells [Immunology]; Blood Groups [Hematology]
maternal diabetes
congenital heart defects and: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
fetal effects: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
polyhydramnios and: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
respiratory disorders associated with: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
maternal-fetal disorders: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology].
See also specific disorders
maternal phenylketonuria (PKU): Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
maxillary artery: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]; Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
maxillary nerve: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
maxillary process: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
MCAD deficiency: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of
Metabolism [Biochemistry]
McArdle’s disease: Glycogen [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
MCA stroke: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
McBurney’s point: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
McCune-Albright syndrome: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
MCL proteins: Apoptosis [Pathology]
McMurray test: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
mean: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
hypothesis testing and: Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
t-test and: Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
mean arterial pressure (MAP): Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]; Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
mean corpuscular Hgb concentration (MCHC): Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
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mean corpuscular volume (MCV): Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
mean pulmonary artery pressure: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]; Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
means: Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
mean systemic filling pressure (MSFP): Starling Curves [Cardiology]
measles: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
eye infections and: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
meningitis cause: Meningitis [Neurology]
as reportable illness: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
respiratory precautions for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
vitamin A and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
mebendazole: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Helminths [Infectious Disease]
mechanical heart valves
chronic oral anticoagulation for: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
hemolysis finding with: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
intravascular hemolysis and: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
warfarin for: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
mechanical hemolysis: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
mechanic’s hands: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
Meckel’s cartilage: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
Meckel’s diverticulum: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Intestinal Disorders
[Gastroenterology]; Trisomies [Genetics]
meclizine: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
meconium ileus: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]; Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
MECP2 gene mutations: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
medial circumflex femoral artery: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
medial collateral ligament (MCL): Knee [Musculoskeletal]
medial epicondylitis: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
medial lemniscus: Brainstem [Neurology]; Spinal Cord [Neurology]
medial longitudinal fasciculus: Brainstem [Neurology]; Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) syndrome: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
medial medullary syndrome: Brainstem [Neurology]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
medial meniscal tear: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
medial pons lesions: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
medial pontine syndromes: Brainstem [Neurology]
median: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
median eminence of hypothalamus: Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]; Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
median nerve: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Hand [Musculoskeletal]; Shoulder and Elbow
[Musculoskeletal] median umbilical ligament: Placenta [Reproductive]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
mediastinal mass: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
Medicaid: Public Health [Behavioral Science]
medical abortion: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
medical errors, disclosure of: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
Medicare: Public Health [Behavioral Science]
medication reconciliation: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Fatty
Acids [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
medroxyprogesterone injection (Depo-Provera): Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
medulla: Brainstem [Neurology]
ASA stroke and: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
pyramidal system: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
tonsillar herniation and: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
medullary carcinoma: Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
178
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medullary cavity (bone): Bone [Musculoskeletal]
medullary cords: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
medullary cystic kidney disease: Cystic Kidney Disease [Renal]
medullary sinuses (cavities) and chords, of lymph nodes: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
medullary thyroid carcinoma: MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]
medulloblastomas: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Cerebellum [Neurology]; Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology];
Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
mefloquine: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
megakaryocytes: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
megaloblastic anemia: Other Anemias [Hematology]
antimetabolite side effects: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
causes of: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
folate and riboflavin deficiencies: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
with pyrimidine metabolic disorders: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
urea cycle disorders and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
vitamin B12 deficiency and: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
meglitinides: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
Meigs syndrome: Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
meiosis: Meiosis [Genetics]
deletion syndromes and: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
gamete production: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
genetic recombination and: Gene Mapping [Genetics]
independent assortment and: Gene Mapping [Genetics]
oogenesis: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
spermatogenesis: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
Meissner’s corpuscles: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
Meissner’s plexus: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
melanin: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
ACTH and: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
disorders of: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
melanocyte stimulating hormone and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
synthesis of: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
tyrosine metabolism and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
melanocytes: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]; Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
ACTH and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
actions of: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
melanocytic nevi: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
melanomas: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
melanocytic nevus and: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
nephrotic syndrome association: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
treatment: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
melanosomes: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
melarsoprol: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
melasma: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
melatonin: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
MELD score: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
memantine: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
membrane attack complex (MAC): Complement System [Immunology]
membrane death receptors: Apoptosis [Pathology]
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN): MPGN [Renal]
membranous glomerular nephritis: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]; Tubulointerstitial Disorders
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[Renal] membranous nephropathy: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
membranous ossification: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
membranous ventricular septum disease: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
memory B cells: B-Cells [Immunology]
memory impairment: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
memory T-cells: T-cells [Immunology]
limbic system and: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
type IV hypersensitivity reaction and: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia) syndromes: MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]
Ménétrièr’s disease: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Meniere’s disease: Vestibular System [Neurology]
menin: MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]
meninges: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]; Meningitis [Neurology]
meningiomas: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
neurofibromatosis 2 and: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
olfactory bulb and: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
vimentin and: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
meningismus: Meningitis [Neurology]
meningitis: Meningitis [Neurology]
acute adrenal insufficiency and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
C5-C9 deficiency and: Complement System [Immunology]
communicating hydrocephalus association: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
coxsackievirus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
cryptococcal: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
E. coli: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Haemophilus influenza: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
herpes simplex virus: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
Leptospira interrogans: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
Listeria spp.: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
measles feature: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
neurosyphilis and: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
Strep pneumonia: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam
Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
meningocele: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
meningococcal outer membrane protein: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
meningococcemia: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence
[Infectious Disease] meningoencephalitis: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]; Seizures [Neurology]
Menkes disease: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
menopause: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]; Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
amenorrhea cause: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
anovulatory cycle approaching: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
endometrial polyps and: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
menorrhagia
endometriosis feature: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
iron deficiency and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
von Willebrand disease and: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
menstrual cycle: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
breasts during: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
iron loss during: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
phases: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
180
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menstruation: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
migraine trigger: Headaches [Neurology]
progesterone and: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
MEN syndromes (multiple endocrine neoplasia): MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]
medullary carcinoma and: Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
types of: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
mental retardation. See intellectual disability
mental status
decision-making capacity and: Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]
hypercalcemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypercapnia and: Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]
meperidine
acute pancreatitis treatment: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
seizures and: Opioids [Psychiatry]
shivering treatment: Opioids [Psychiatry]
mepivacaine: Local Anesthesia [Neurology]
Meralgia paresthetica: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
mercury, as teratogen: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
Merkel’s discs: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
meropenem
Enterococci spp. infections: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
overview: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
pneumonia treatment: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
merozoites: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
mesangial cells: MPGN [Renal]; Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
mesangium: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
mesenchymal tissues
tumors of: Neoplasia [Pathology]
vimentin of: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
mesenchyme: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
gonads from: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
pharyngeal arches and: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
mesenteric adenitis: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
mesenteric ischemia: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
mesenteric lymphadenopathy: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
mesentery: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
mesial temporal (hippocampal) sclerosis: Seizures [Neurology]
MESNA (sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate): Alkylating Agents [Hematology]; Immunosuppressants
[Immunology] mesoderm: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]; Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]; Gastrointestinal Embryology
[Gastroenterology]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]; Renal Embryology
[Renal] mesogastrium: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
mesonephric ducts: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Renal
Embryology [Renal]
mesonephros: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
mesothelioma: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]; Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
mesothelium: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
messenger RNA (mRNA). See mRNA
meta analyses: Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
metabolic acidosis: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
acute tubular necrosis feature: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors complication: Diuretics [Renal]
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compensation: Acid Base Problems [Renal]; Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
laxative abuse and: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
non-anion gap: Acid Base Problems [Renal]; Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]; Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
tenofovir side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
thiazide diuretics complication: Diuretics [Renal]
metabolic alkalosis: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]; Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
bulimia nervosa: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and: Diuretics [Renal]
compensation: Acid Base Problems [Renal]; Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
diuretic association: Diuretics [Renal]
primary aldosteronism and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
urinary chloride and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
metabolic syndrome: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
metabolism. See also specific metabolic processes
of drugs: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]; Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
during exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
inborn errors of. See inborn errors of metabolism
thyroid hormone’s effect on: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
metacarpals: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
metachromatic leukodystrophy: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]; Lysosomal Storage Diseases
[Biochemistry] metachronous adenoma: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG): Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
metalloproteinases: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
metamorphopsia: The Retina [Neurology]
metanephrines
pheochromocytoma and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
pheochromocytoma diagnosis: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
metanephros: Renal Embryology [Renal]
metaphase (mitosis): Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
metaphysis: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
metaplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; Endometriosis [Reproductive]
metaplastic atrophic gastritis: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
metastases
bones: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
endometriosis and: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
gastric carcinomas: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
hypocalcemia and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
liver tumors and: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
lung cancer: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
osteosarcoma association: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
prostate cancer: Prostate [Reproductive]
by VIPomas: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
metastatic calcifications: Electrolytes [Renal]; Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
metformin: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
methacholine: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
methacholine challenge: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
methadone: Opioids [Psychiatry]
methanol: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
methanol toxicity: Acid Base Problems [Renal]; Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
methemoglobin: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
methemoglobinemia: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]; Local Anesthesia [Neurology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
methicillin: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
182
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methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia
[Pulmonary]; Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease];
Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
methimazole
aplastic anemia cause: Other Anemias [Hematology]
Grave’s disease treatment: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
hyperthyroidism treatment: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
pregnancy class D: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
side effects: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
thyroid storm treatment: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
methionine: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
carnitine synthesis from: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
cystathionine ß synthase (CBS) deficiency and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
for cysteine metabolic disorders: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
structure of: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
tyrosine metabolism and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
methionine synthase: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
methotrexate: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
choriocarcinoma treatment: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
ectopic pregnancy termination: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Pregnancy [Reproductive]
folate deficiencies and: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
inflammatory bowel disease treatment: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
inflammatory myopathy treatment: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
molar pregnancy treatment: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
overview: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
pregnancy class X: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
for pyrimidine metabolic disorders: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
rheumatoid arthritis treatment: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
sarcoidosis treatment: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
methotrexate-induced lung injury: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
methotrexate toxicity: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
methoxyflurane: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
methyldopa
actions of: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
pregnancy α-blocker drug of choice: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
type II hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia association: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
methylene blue stain: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]; Local Anesthesia [Neurology]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious
Disease] methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR): Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
methyl folate trap: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
methylmalonic acid
B12 deficiency and: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
cobalamin deficiencies and: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
organic acidemias and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
methylmalonic acid (MMA): Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
methylmalonic acidemia: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
methylmalonyl-CoA: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
methylmalonyl-CoA mutase: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors
of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
methylmercury: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
methylphenidate
action of: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]
183
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narcolepsy treatment: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
methylprednisolone
action of: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
asthma treatment: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
overview: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
metoclopramide: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
metolazone: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Diuretics [Renal]
metoprolol: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]; Chronic Heart Failure
[Cardiology] metritis: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
metronidazole
action of: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
anaerobic infection treatment: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
ascending cholangitis treatment: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
Bacteroides fragilis infection treatment: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
cephalosporins synergy: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
Clostridium difficile colitis treatment: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
giardiasis treatment: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
for H. pylori infection: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
[Gastroenterology]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
for protozoan infections: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
sialadenitis treatment: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
side effects: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
metyrosine: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
Meyer-Overton rule: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
Meyer’s loop: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Visual Fields [Neurology]
MHC class I: Apoptosis [Pathology]; Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
MHC class II: B-Cells [Immunology]; Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; T-cells [Immunology]
MHC cross-matching screen: Transplants [Immunology]
micafungin: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
micelles: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
Michaelis Constant (Km): Enzymes [Basic Pharmacology]
Michaelis-Menten kinetics: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]; Enzymes [Basic Pharmacology]
miconazole
action of: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
for dermatophyte infections: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
microaerophilic bacteria: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
micro-aneurysms: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]; The Retina [Neurology]
microangiopathic hemolysis (MAHA): Hypertension [Cardiology]
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
disseminated intravascular coagulation and: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
HELLP syndrome feature: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
hemolytic uremic syndrome cause: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA): Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; External Hemolysis
[Hematology] microarrays: Microarrays and FISH [Cell Biology]
microatheroma: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
microbiology
antimicrobial stewardship and: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
bacteria: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
bacterial classification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious
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Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]; Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; Staphylococci
[Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
bacterial culture: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
bacterial genetics: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
bacterial growth: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]; Special Growth Requirements [Infectious
Disease] bacterial virulence: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
mycobacterial infections: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
zoonotic infections: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
microcalcifications: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
microcephaly: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]
deletion syndrome feature: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
fetal alcohol syndrome: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
fetal hydantoin syndrome: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
maternal phenylketonuria (PKU) and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]; Teratogens II
[Reproductive] teratogens: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
microcomedo: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
microcytic anemias: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Microcytic Anemias [Hematology];
Thalassemias [Hematology]
microcytosis: Inflammation [Pathology]
microdeletion: Microarrays and FISH [Cell Biology]
microfibrils: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
microfilaments: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
microfractures: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
microglia: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Innate Immunity
[Immunology] microglides: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
micromelia: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
micropenis: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
microphthalmia: Trisomies [Genetics]
microRNA (miRNA): Transcription [Cell Biology]
microsatellite instability: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]; DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]; DNA Repair [Cell
Biology] microscopic polyangiitis: Vasculitis [Immunology]
microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS): Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP): Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
Microsporum spp.: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
microtubule inhibitors: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Gout Drugs
[Musculoskeletal]; Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]; Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
microtubules: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
microvilli: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
midazolam: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
midbrain (mesencephalon): Brainstem [Neurology]; Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
middle cerebellar peduncle: Cerebellum [Neurology]
middle cranial fossa: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
middle ear cavity: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
middle meningeal artery: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
middle scalene muscle: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
midgut: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
mifepristone: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
miglitol: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
migraines: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Headaches
185
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
[Neurology] migratory arthralgias: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
migratory polyarthritis: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
migratory superficial thrombophlebitis: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
miliary tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
milk, tetracycline absorption affected by: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
milk-alkali syndrome: Electrolytes [Renal]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Metabolic
Alkalosis [Renal]
milk lines: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
milnacipran: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
milrinone
acute heart failure treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
shock treatment: Shock [Cardiology]
mineral deficiencies: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
mineralocorticoids: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
11-ß hydroxylase deficiency and: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
17-a hydroxylase deficiency and: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
congenital adrenal hyperplasia and: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
congenital adrenal hyperplasia treatment: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
excess disorders: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
minimal change disease: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
mini mental status exam: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
minimum alveolar concentration (MAC): General Anesthesia [Neurology]
minocycline: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
minors
decision-making capacity guidelines for: Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]
informed consent guidelines for: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
miosis: The Lens [Neurology]; Opioids [Psychiatry]; The Pupil [Neurology]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke
Syndromes [Neurology]
mirtazapine: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
miscarriages: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]; Teratogens II
[Reproductive]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]; Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
mischarged tRNA: Translation [Cell Biology]
mismatch repair: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
misoprostol
parietal cell secretion and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
pregnancy termination: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
missense mutations: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]
mitochondria
apoptosis and: Apoptosis [Pathology]
damage of: Cell Injury [Pathology]
electron transport chain and: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
glycolysis and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
heme synthesis and: Porphyrias [Hematology]
pyruvate and: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
TCA cycle in: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
urea cycle and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
mitochondrial disorders: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Pedigrees [Genetics]
cytochrome oxidase deficiency: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
Friedreich’s ataxia and: Cerebellum [Neurology]
inborn errors of metabolism and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
PDH complex deficiency: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
186
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
pyruvate carboxylase deficiency: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
urea cycle in: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
mitochondrial genes: Pedigrees [Genetics]
mitochondrial myopathies: Pedigrees [Genetics]
mitochondrial protein: Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC): Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
mitogens: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
mitosis: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]; Genetic Principles [Genetics]; Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
mitotic spindle: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]; Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
mitoxantrone: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
mitral murmurs: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
mitral regurgitation
afterload reduction and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
causes of: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
inferior infarction and: Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]
murmur: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
pathophysiology: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
PCPW tracing and: Shock [Cardiology]
pressure volume loop testing for: Pressure Volume Loops [Cardiology]
signs and symptoms: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
wall tension and: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
Wiggers diagram and: Wiggers Diagram [Cardiology]
mitral stenosis
during diastole: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
hoarseness and: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
murmur: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
pathophysiology: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
pressure volume loop testing for: Pressure Volume Loops [Cardiology]
Rheumatic fever association: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
signs and symptoms: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
Swan-Ganz catheter and: Shock [Cardiology]
valvular atrial fibrillation and: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
Wiggers diagram and: Wiggers Diagram [Cardiology]
mitral valve
anatomy of: Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]
heart sounds and: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
inflammation of: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
myxomas and: Cardiac Tumors [Cardiology]
rheumatic fever and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
mitral valve prolapse
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease association: Cystic Kidney Disease [Renal]
Ehlers Danlos syndrome and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
heart sounds and: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
Marfan syndrome and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
mitral regurgitation and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
mitral valve regurgitation: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
Mittelschmerz: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
mivacurium: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
mixed acid-base disorders: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
mixed connective tissue disease: Transcription [Cell Biology]
187
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
mixed germ cell tumors: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
mixed hypersensitivity reaction: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
mixing study: Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
M. Kansasii: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
M. Leprae: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
M line: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
Mobitz I AV block: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
modafinil: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
mode: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
molar pregnancy: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]; Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
molecular motor proteins: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
molluscum contagiosum: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
monoamine oxidase (MAO): Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious
Disease] monoamines: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
monoarthritis: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
monoclonal antibodies: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS): Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
monoclonal plasma cells: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
monocular diplopia: Eye Movements [Neurology]
monocular horizontal nystagmus: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
monocytes
“berry like” inclusions: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
innate immunity: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
nephritic syndrome feature: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
monodermal teratoma: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]
mononuclear cells: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]; Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
mononucleosis: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
monosomy: Meiosis [Genetics]
mono spots: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
monozygotic twins (identical twins): Twins [Reproductive]
montelukast: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
mood disorders: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
decision-making capacity and: Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]
with psychosis: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
mood reactivity: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
mood stabilizers: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
MOPP protocol for Hodgkin lymphoma: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
Moraxella catarrhalis: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease];
Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
morbilliform rash: Skin [Dermatology]
Moro reflex (startle reflex): Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
morphine: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
action of: Opioids [Psychiatry]
acute pulmonary edema treatment: Opioids [Psychiatry]
drug elimination: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
side effects: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
morphogenesis: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]
morula: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
mosaicism: Genetic Principles [Genetics]; Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]; Pedigrees [Genetics]
mosaic Turner syndrome: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
mosquito bites: Helminths [Infectious Disease]; Malaria [Infectious Disease]
188
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
mosquito-borne viruses: Meningitis [Neurology]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
mossy fibers: Cerebellum [Neurology]
motilin: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
motility structures: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
motion sickness: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
motor cortex: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Seizures [Neurology]
motor nucleus and nerve, deficits: Brainstem [Neurology]
motor pathway (corticospinal tract), deficits: Brainstem [Neurology]
motor tics: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
mouth
metallic taste: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
normal flora of: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious
Disease]; Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
ulcers of: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
movement disorders: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]; Parkinson’s,
Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders[Neurology]. See also specific disorders
moxifloxacin: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
M proteins: Valve Disease [Cardiology]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
M protein virulence factor: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
mRNA
capping of: Transcription [Cell Biology]
in eukaryotes: Transcription [Cell Biology]
Northern blot: Blotting [Cell Biology]
translation template: Translation [Cell Biology]
untranslated regions of: Transcription [Cell Biology]
MRSA: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; Quality and Safety [Behavioral
Science]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
mu (µ) receptor: Opioids [Psychiatry]
mucinogen: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
mucinous ascites: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
mucinous cystadenoma: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
mucocutaneous candidiasis: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
mucoepidermoid carcinoma: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
mucolipidosis disorders: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
mucopolysaccharidoses: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
mucopolysaccharidosis: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
mucormycosis: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
Mucor spp.: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
mucosa: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
antibodies for: B-Cells [Immunology]
gastrin and: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
inflammation of: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
vaccines and: B-Cells [Immunology]
mucosal neuromas: MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]
mucositis: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
mucous
cystic fibrosis: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
respiratory tract: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
retinoic acid and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
stomach: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
synthesis: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
mucous plugging: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
189
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
muddy brown epithelial cells: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
Mulberry molars: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
Mullerian agenesis: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
Mullerian ducts: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Vaginal
Cancer [Reproductive]
Mullerian dysgenesis: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
Müllerian inhibitory factor (MIF): Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
multicystic dysplastic kidney: Cystic Kidney Disease [Renal]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
multifactorial inheritance: Pedigrees [Genetics]
multi-infarct dementia: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
multimers: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
multi-organ failure: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
multiple gestations
low birth weight cause: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
polyhydramnios and: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
preeclampsia risk factor: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
twins: Twins [Reproductive]
multiple myeloma: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
osteolysis and: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
osteoporosis and: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
primary amyloidosis association: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
viscosity and: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
multiple personality disorder: Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
multiple sclerosis: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]; Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Spinal Cord
Syndromes [Neurology]
Marcus Gunn pupil cause: The Pupil [Neurology]
MLF syndrome association: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
oligodendroglia in: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
optic neuritis association: Visual Fields [Neurology]
treatment: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
mumps
acute pancreatitis cause: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
as reportable illness: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
salivary gland involvement: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
viral infection: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Munchausen by proxy: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
Munchausen syndrome: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
Munro microabscesses: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
murine typhus: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
murmurs
atrial septal defect (ASD): Shunts [Cardiology]
coarctation of the aorta and: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
tetralogy of Fallot: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
types of: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
ventricular septal defect (VSD): Shunts [Cardiology]
muromonab-CD3 (OKT3): Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
Murphy’s sign: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
muscarinic adrenergic receptors: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
muscarinic agonists: Glaucoma [Neurology]; Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
muscarinic antagonists: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]; Treatment of
COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
muscarinic blockers: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Gastrointestinal
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Secretions [Gastroenterology]
muscarinic receptors: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; The Pupil [Neurology]; Salivary Glands
[Gastroenterology] muscle contraction: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Smooth Muscle
[Musculoskeletal] muscle cramps: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
muscle fibers: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
muscles
action potentials of: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
alanine cycle: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
aluminum toxicity and: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
contractions of: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
Cori cycle and: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
cortisol effects: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
development: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
disorders: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
dystrophies: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]; Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]
embryology: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
during exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glycogen metabolism: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
growth hormone and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
hypertrophy: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
hypoxia: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
insulin and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
ketolysis: Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
muscular dystrophy histopathology: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
neuromuscular disorders: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
progressive muscle weakness: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
of pupil: The Pupil [Neurology]
skeletal: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]. See also skeletal muscle
statin drugs and: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
toxins and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
tumors: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
vitamin deficiencies: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
vitamin storage: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
muscularis mucosa: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
musculocutaneous nerve: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
mutant diphtheria protein: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
myalgias: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
diffuse scleroderma and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
statin drugs and: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
myasthenia gravis: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
acetylcholine receptors and: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
poor breathing mechanics caused by: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
respiratory acidosis cause: Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]
type II hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
mycelium: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
mycobacterium avium complex (MAC): Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and: HIV [Infectious Disease]
prophylaxis treatment for: HIV [Infectious Disease]
Mycobacterium bovis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
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Mycobacterium spp.
caseous necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
cell wall of: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
classification: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
granulomas: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
staining of: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
type IV hypersensitivity reaction to: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
culturing: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
meningitis: Meningitis [Neurology]
stain: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
Th1 response and: T-cells [Immunology]
tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
mycolic acid: Necrosis [Pathology]
mycolic acid cell walls: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
mycophenolate (immunosuppressant)
for purine metabolic disorders: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
sarcoidosis treatment: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
mycophenolic acid: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia association: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
culturing: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
erythema multiforme and: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
type II hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
Mycoplasma spp.: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
mycosis fungoides: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
mycotic aneurysms: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
mydriasis (pupillary dilation): The Pupil [Neurology]
myelin
cobalamin deficiencies and: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
components of: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
demyelinating diseases: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
types of: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
myeloablation: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
myeloblasts: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
myelodysplasia: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
myelodysplastic syndromes: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]; Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis
[Gastroenterology] myelofibrosis: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
myeloid disorders: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]; Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
myeloma kidney: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
myelomeningocele: Neuroembryology [Neurology]; Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
myeloperoxidase: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]; HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
myeloproliferative disorders: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
Budd Chiari syndrome cause: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
chronic leukemia: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
gout and: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
uric acid stone risk factor: Kidney Stones [Renal]
myelosuppression
antimetabolite side effects: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
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antitumor antibiotic side effect: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
immunosuppressant side effect: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
microtubule inhibitors side effect: Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
topoisomerase inhibitor side effect: DNA drugs [Hematology]
myenteric nerve plexus (Auerbach plexus): Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
myocardial infarction: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
bundle branch blocks and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
causes of death following: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
coagulative necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
diagnosis: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
EKG changes: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
heparin for: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
hypertension and: Hypertension [Cardiology]
Kawasaki disease complication: Vasculitis [Immunology]
pericarditis and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
revascularization indications: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
special complications: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
Starling curves shifts: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
systolic heart failure and: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
thienopyridine treatment: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
thrombus location: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
VEGF inhibitor side effect: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
watershed area infarct and: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
myocardial infiltrations. See restrictive cardiomyopathy
myocardial relaxation. See lusitropy
myocarditis
coxsackie virus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
diffuse scleroderma and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
diphtheria and: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
myocardium
coagulative necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
ischemic pathological changes: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
neoplasia and: Neoplasia [Pathology]
myoclonic seizures: Seizures [Neurology]
myoepithelial cells: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]; Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
myofibrils: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
myofibroblasts: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
myogenic mechanism: Physiology I [Renal]
myoglobin: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
myoglobinuria: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
myoglobulin: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
myometrium: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]; Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]; Endometriosis
[Reproductive] myonecrosis: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
myopathy: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]; HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Pedigrees [Genetics]
myopericarditis: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
myophosphorylase deficiency: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
myopia (nearsightedness): The Lens [Neurology]
myosin: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
myosin filaments: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
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myosin light chains: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
myositis: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
myositis ossificans (heterotopic ossification): Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
myotonic dystrophy: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]; Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
myotonic muscular dystrophy: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
myxedema (thyroid dermopathy): Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
myxedema coma: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
myxomas: Cardiac Tumors [Cardiology]
N N-acetylcysteine: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
N-acetylneuraminic acid: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI): Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide): Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
ethanol metabolism: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
glycolysis and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
TCA cycle and: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
NADH dehydrogenase: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
nadolol: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
alcohol metabolism and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
bile acid synthesis: Bile [Gastroenterology]
glucose metabolism and: Glucose [Biochemistry]
HMP shunt and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
NADPH oxidase: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]; HMP
Shunt [Biochemistry]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
Naegleria fowleri: Meningitis [Neurology]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
nafcillin
overview: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
sialadenitis treatment: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
for Staph aureus infections: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
nails
clubbing: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]; Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
glomus tumor of: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
pitting: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
psoriasis and: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
psoriatic arthritis features: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
tuberous sclerosis and: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
naked viruses: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
naloxone: General Anesthesia [Neurology]; Opioids [Psychiatry]
naltrexone: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]; Opioids [Psychiatry]
naproxen: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
narcissistic personality disorder: Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
narcolepsy: Psychosis [Psychiatry]; Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
nasal hypoplasia: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
nasal polyps: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]; Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
nasal transepithelial potential difference: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
natalizumab: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
nateglinide: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
natriuretic peptides: Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
natural killer cells: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Innate Immunity [Immunology]
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nausea/vomiting
acute lymphoblastic leukemia symptom: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
acute pancreatitis symptom: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
ADH levels: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
area postrema and: Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]
black liver: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
bulimia and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
cerebellar symptom: Cerebellum [Neurology]
hyperammonemia and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
hypercalcemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypokalemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
hyponatremia: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
Malloy-Weiss syndrome cause: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
metabolic alkalosis: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]; Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
opioid withdrawal: Opioids [Psychiatry]
ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency): Ammonia [Biochemistry]
protease inhibitors side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
raised intracranial pressure feature: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
theophylline side effect: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
treatment: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
vestibular dysfunction: Vestibular System [Neurology]
Necator americanus: Helminths [Infectious Disease]; Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
neck. See head and neck
neck cells: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
necrolytic migratory erythema: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
necrosis: Necrosis [Pathology]
apoptosis vs.: Apoptosis [Pathology]
cell injury and: Cell Injury [Pathology]
dystrophic calcification cause: Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
of retina: The Retina [Neurology]
warfarin skin necrosis: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
necrotizing enterocolitis: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
necrotizing fasciitis: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
causes: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
Strep pyogenes: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
superantigens and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
necrotizing pneumonia: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
negative acute-phase reactants: Inflammation [Pathology]
negative inotropes: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
negative predictive value (NPV): Diagnostic Tests [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Positive and Negative
Predictive Value [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
negative punishment: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
negative reinforcement: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
negative skew, of central tendency: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
neglect: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
Negri bodies: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Neisseria gonorrhea: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
acute prostatitis: Prostate [Reproductive]
antibiotics coverage: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
eye infections and: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
septic arthritis cause: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
structures: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Neisseria meningitidis: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
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antibiotics coverage: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
droplet precautions for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
factor H and: Complement System [Immunology]
meningitis cause: Meningitis [Neurology]
Quellung reaction: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
splenic dysfunction and: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
vaccine: B-Cells [Immunology]; Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
virulence of: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Neisseria spp.: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious
Disease] C5-C9 deficiency and: Complement System [Immunology]
culturing: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
eye infections and: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
mucosa colonization by: B-Cells [Immunology]
shape: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
virulence factor of: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
neomycin: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS): Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
neonates. See also infants; newborn screenings
biliary tree disorders: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
conjunctivitis: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
deafness: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
electron transport chain uncoupling: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
floppy baby: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
hemolytic disease: Blood Groups [Hematology]
hemorrhage: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
herpes simplex virus and: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
hypoglycemia: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
inborn errors of metabolism and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
jaundice: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
lupus: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
maple syrup urine disease: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
meningitis: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Meningitis [Neurology]
mitochondrial disorders: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
organic acidemias and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
phenylketonuria (PKU) screening: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
pneumonia: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
pyruvate kinase deficiency: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
scalded skin syndrome: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
strawberry hemangioma: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
vitamin deficiencies: Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
neoplasia: Neoplasia [Pathology]
neostigmine: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
action of: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
myasthenia gravis treatment: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Neuromuscular Disorders
[Musculoskeletal] nephritic syndrome: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
MPGN and: MPGN [Renal]
pathology: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
post-streptococcal infection: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
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nephritis
Henoch-Schönlein purpura and: Vasculitis [Immunology]
hereditary: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
physiology: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
sulfonamide allergic reaction: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
nephrocalcinosis: Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
amphotericin B side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
lithium side effect: Lithium [Psychiatry]
treatment: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
nephrolithiasis. See kidney stones
nephron
disorders: Renal Embryology [Renal]
physiology: Acid Excretion [Renal]; Nephron Physiology [Renal]
nephropathy
Berger’s disease: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]; Vasculitis [Immunology]
diabetes nephropathy: Lithium [Psychiatry]; Renal Failure [Renal]
lead poisoning and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
lupus and: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
membranous: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
nephritic syndrome cause: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
nephrotic syndrome cause: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
urate nephropathy: Gout [Musculoskeletal]; Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
viral hepatitis and: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
nephrotic syndrome: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
amyloidosis feature: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
diabetes complication: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
hepatitis complication: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
hypercoagulability risk: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
MPGN and: MPGN [Renal]
pathology: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
nephrotoxicity
acyclovir side effect: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
aminoglycoside side effect: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
amphotericin B side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
cephalosporin adverse reaction: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
foscarnet side effect: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
ifosfamide side effect: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
methoxyflurane side effect: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
vancomycin side effect: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
neprilysin inhibitors
side effects: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
systolic heart failure and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
nerve damage: Nerve Damage [Neurology]. See also specific nerves
nerve palsies. See also specific nerves
neurosyphilis and: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
toxoplasmosis and: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
nerve root syndromes: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
nerves, development: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
nervous system
blood-brain barrier: Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]
cells of: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
dermatomes: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
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nerve damage: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
neuroembryology: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
reflexes: Reflexes [Neurology]
structures. See auditory system; basal ganglia; cerebellum; cerebral cortex; cranial nerves; hypothalamus;
limbic system; sinuses (brain); spinal cord; thalamus; ventricles (brain); vestibular system
trinucleotide repeat disorders and: Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
nesiritide: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
neural crest: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
neural crest cells
aorticopulmonary septum embryology: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
pharyngeal arches and: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
thyroid gland development: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
Treacher Collins syndrome and: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
truncus arteriosus and: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
neural ectoderm: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
neural plate: Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]
neural tube: Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]
neural tube defects: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]; Ventricles and
Sinuses [Neurology]
folate deficiencies and: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
sirenomelia association: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
teratogens and: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
neuraminidase: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
neurapraxia: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
neuroblastoma: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
neurofilaments and: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
treatment: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
neurocrine: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
neurocutaneous disorders: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
neurocysticercosis: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
neuroectoderm: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
neuroectoderm cells: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
neuroembryology: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
neuroendocrine tumors: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]
small cell lung cancer: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
neurofibrillary tangles: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
neurofibromatosis: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Genetic Principles [Genetics]; Neurocutaneous Disorders
[Dermatology] neurofilaments: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
neurogenic claudication: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
neuroleptic malignant syndrome: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
neuroleptics: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
Tourette syndrome treatment: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
uses: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
neuromuscular blockade: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
neuromuscular blockers: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
neuromuscular disorders: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
physiological atrophy: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
poor breathing mechanics caused by: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
neurons: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
of blood-brain barrier: Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]
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cell cycle phase of: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
filaments of: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
ischemia: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
Nissl bodies: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
opioids’ effect on: Opioids [Psychiatry]
structures: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
neuropathy. See also peripheral neuropathy
acute intermittent porphyria symptom: Porphyrias [Hematology]
cobalamin deficiencies and: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
diphtheria and: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
lead poisoning and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
leprosy: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
metronidazole side effect: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
microtubule inhibitors side effect: Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
platinum agent side effect: DNA drugs [Hematology]
polyol pathway and: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
pyridoxal phosphate deficiency and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
pyridoxal phosphate toxicity and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
treatment: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
neuropores: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
neurosyphilis: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]; Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
neurotoxicity
carbapenem side effect: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
cytarabine side effect: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
immunosuppressant complication: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
isoniazid: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
maple syrup urine disease and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
neurotoxins: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]. See also specific neurotransmitters
neutropenia: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease];
Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
neutrophils
acute inflammation and: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
blood stream exit of: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
candida infections: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
complement system and: Complement System [Immunology]
hyper-IgE syndrome and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
inflammation and: Inflammation [Pathology]
innate immunity: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
phagocytosis and: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
toxins and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
transfusion-related acute lung injury and: Blood Groups [Hematology]
type III hypersensitivity reaction and: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
never events, quality measurements for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
nevirapine: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
nevus (mole): Skin [Dermatology]
nevus flammeus (port wine stain): Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
nevus simplex: Skin [Dermatology]; Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
newborns. See infants; neonates
newborn screenings
for congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
cystic fibrosis: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
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for hereditary fructose intolerance: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
for SCID: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
for thyroid hormone: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
niacin: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
deficiencies: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
excess: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
Hartnup disease treatment: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
hyperlipidemia and: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
pyruvate dehydrogenase and: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
synthesis, pyridoxal phosphate and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
tryptophan metabolism and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
nicardipine
action of: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
hypertensive emergency treatment: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. See NADPH
nicotine: Stimulants [Psychiatry]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
nicotinic blockers: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
nicotinic receptors: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Skeletal
Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
Niemann-Pick disease: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
nifedipine: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
for angina: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
gestational hypertension treatment: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
nifurtimox: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
night blindness
pancreatic insufficiency: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
retinitis pigmentosa and: The Retina [Neurology]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
nightmare disorders: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
Nikolsky sign: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]; Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]; Skin Infections
[Dermatology] nimodipine: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
nipple discharge: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
nipples: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
Nissen fundoplication (refractory GERD): Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Nissl bodies: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Nerve Damage [Neurology]
nitazoxanide: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
nitrates
action of: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]; Stable Angina [Cardiology]
adverse effects: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
for angina: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
for cardiac ischemia: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
contraindications: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
for heart failure: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
withdrawal (rebound): Stable Angina [Cardiology]
nitric oxide
arginine metabolism and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
hemolytic disorders and: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
methemoglobinemia cause: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
smooth muscle contraction and: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
toxic megacolon and: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
200
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
nitric oxide drugs: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
nitric oxide synthase: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
nitrites
for cyanide poisoning: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]; Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
urinary infections and: Urinary Infections [Renal]
nitroblue tetrazolium test: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
nitrofurantoin: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
G6PD deficiency and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
for urinary infection: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]; Urinary Infections [Renal]
nitrogen mustards: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
nitrogenous bases: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
nitroglycerin (topical): Stable Angina [Cardiology]. See also nitrates
nitroglycerine. See also nitrates
action of: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
for cardiac ischemia: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
contraindications: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
nitroprusside
action of: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
cyanide poisoning: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
hypertensive emergency treatment: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
side effects: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
nitrosamines: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
nitrosoureas: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
nitrous oxide: General Anesthesia [Neurology]; Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
nizatidine
GERD treatment: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
parietal cell secretion and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
side effects: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]; Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
Nocardia spp.: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
chronic granulomatous disease and: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Free Radicals [Pathology];
Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]; HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes
[Immunology] growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
shape: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
staining of: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
nodal osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
nodular glomerulosclerosis: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
nodular hyperplasia: Prostate [Reproductive]
nodular melanoma: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
nodular sclerosing: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
noise-induced hearing loss: Auditory System [Neurology]
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
non-anion gap metabolic acidosis: Acid Base Problems [Renal]; Diuretics [Renal]; Metabolic Acidosis [Renal];
Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
non-bacterial, thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE): Endocarditis [Cardiology]
nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
noncaseating granulomas
Crohn’s disease and: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
noncommunicating hydrocele: Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
noncommunicating hydrocephalus: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
201
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noncompetitive antagonists: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
noncompetitive inhibitors: Enzyme Inhibitors [Basic Pharmacology]
noncompliant lung: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
noncompliant patients: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
non-dihydropyridines: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
nondisjunction (meiotic): Meiosis [Genetics]
Down syndrome and: Down syndrome [Genetics]
Turner syndrome and: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
non-germ cell tumors: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
non-gestational choriocarcinoma: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
non-gonococcal urethritis: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
non-heme iron: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Apoptosis [Pathology]; Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
Epstein–Barr virus association: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
testes involvement: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
treatment: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia association: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
non-homologous end joining (NHEJ): Cerebellum [Neurology]; DNA Repair [Cell Biology]; Immune Deficiency
Syndromes [Immunology]
non-ischemic cardiomyopathy: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
non-ischemic priapism: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
non-maleficence: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
non-occlusive ischemia: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
non-palpable purpura: Vasculitis [Immunology]
nonproliferative retinopathy: The Retina [Neurology]
non-punitive responses: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
non-rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnias: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
non-selective culture media: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
non-selective mao inhibitors: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
non-seminoma germ cell tumors: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
nonsense mutations: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]
non-small cell cancers: DNA drugs [Hematology]; Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]; Microtubule Inhibitors
[Hematology]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; NSTEMI and Unstable Angina
[Cardiology] nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). See NSAIDs
“non treponemal” test: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
norepinephrine: ANS Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]; Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology];
Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
action of: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
adrenergic synapses: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
blockade: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
contractility in cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
depression and levels of: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
function of: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
metabolism of: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
PCP’s effect on: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
receptors: The Pupil [Neurology]
shock treatment: Shock [Cardiology]
smooth muscle contraction and: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
202
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
stimulants and: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
sympathetic nervous system and: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
synthesis of: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
tyrosine and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
norfloxacin: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
normal (Gaussian) distribution: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH): Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
normal sinus rhythm: High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
normochromic anemias: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
normocytic anemias: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]; Other Anemias [Hematology]
anemia of chronic disease: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
defined: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
intrinsic hemolysis: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
types of: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
norovirus: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]; RNA Viruses
[Infectious Disease] northern blot: Blotting [Cell Biology]
Norwalk virus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
nose
congenital syphilis and: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
rosacea and: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
syphilis and: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
nosebleeds: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
nosocomial infections
antibiotics coverage: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
Klebsiella spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Legionella spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
pneumonia: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
treatment: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
notochord: Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]
novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs): Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
novobiocin: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
NPH (neutral protamine hagedorn) insulin: Insulin [Endocrinology]
NSAIDs
acute heart failure and: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
acute interstitial nephritis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
ankylosing spondylitis treatment: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
antiplatelet activity of: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease treatment: CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
diabetes insipidus treatment: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
endometriosis treatment: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
erythema multiforme and: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
gastritis and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
gout treatment: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
headache treatment: Headaches [Neurology]
hypertension and: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
immunology and: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
lithium interaction: Lithium [Psychiatry]
migraine treatment: Headaches [Neurology]
nephrotic syndrome cause: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
osteoarthritis treatment: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
peptic ulcer risk factor: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
pericarditis treatment: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
203
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
reactive arthritis treatment: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
renal effects: Physiology II [Renal]
rheumatoid arthritis treatment: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
tubulointerstitial disorders cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
nuchal rigidity: Meningitis [Neurology]
nuchal translucency
cystic hygroma and: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
Down syndrome diagnosis: Down syndrome [Genetics]
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
nucleosides: DNA structure [Biochemistry]; HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
nucleosomes: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
nucleotide excision repair: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
nucleotides: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
action of: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
nucleosides vs.: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
for PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction [Cell Biology]
synthesis of: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
nucleus accumbens: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
nucleus ambiguus: Brainstem [Neurology]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
nucleus pulposus: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]
null hypothesis (H0): Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
number need to harm (NNH): Risk Quantification [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
number of data points (subjects): Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Hypothesis Testing
[Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
nursemaid’s elbow: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
nutmeg liver: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
nutrient agar: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
nutritional rehabilitation: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
nystagmus: Vestibular System [Neurology]
brainstem disorder feature: Brainstem [Neurology]
causes: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
cerebellar symptom: Cerebellum [Neurology]
PCP effect: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
Wernicke triad: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
nystatin
action of: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
bacterial cultures and: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
candida infection treatment: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
oral thrush treatment: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
O O antigen: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
obesity
acanthosis nigricans and: Skin [Dermatology]
anovulatory cycle and: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
carpal tunnel syndrome risk factor: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
cholesterol gallstones risk factor: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
as coronary risk equivalent for sudden death: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
endometrial hyperplasia risk factor: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]
esophageal cancer risk factor: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
fatty liver disease risk factor: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
GERD risk factor: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
gout and: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
204
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
hernia risk factor: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
nephrotic syndrome association: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
neural tube defect risks: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
osteoarthritis risk factor: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
poor breathing mechanics caused by: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
Prader-Willi syndrome as cause of: Imprinting [Genetics]
preeclampsia risk factor: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
renal cell carcinoma risk factor: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
type 2 diabetes risk factor: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
obligate aerobes: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]; Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
obligate anaerobes: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease];
Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
obligate intracellular bacteria: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease];
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic
Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
observer bias: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
obsessions: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
anorexia nervosa association: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
Tourette syndrome association: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
treatment: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
obstructive jaundice: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
obstructive lung disease: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Pulmonary Function Tests [Pulmonary]
obstructive shock: Shock [Cardiology]
obstructive sleep apnea: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]; Sleep Apnea [Pulmonary]
obturator externus muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
obturator internus muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
obturator nerve: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
occipital lobe: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
auras: Seizures [Neurology]
hemorrhages of: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
occludin: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
occupational lung diseases: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
occupational therapy: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]
ochronosis: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
octreotide: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
carcinoid syndrome treatment: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]
glucagonoma treatment: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
growth hormone excess treatment: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
VIPoma treatment: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
ocular albinism: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
ocular motor nerves: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
oculocutaneous albinism (OCA): Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]; Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
[Biochemistry]; Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
oculomotor nerve (CN III): Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
aneurysms and: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
compression: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
deficits: Brainstem [Neurology]; Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
eye movements: Eye Movements [Neurology]
function: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
pupillary contraction: The Pupil [Neurology]
odd chain fatty acids: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
205
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
gluconeogenesis and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
synthesis: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Exercise and Starvation
[Biochemistry] odds ratios: Risk Quantification [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Study Designs [Biostatistics/Epidemiology];
Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
Ogilvie syndrome: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Ohm’s law: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
Okazaki fragments: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
olanzapine: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
olfactory bulb: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
olfactory groove meningiomas: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
olfactory hallucinations: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
olfactory nerve (CN I): Brainstem [Neurology]; Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
oligoclonal bands: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
oligodendrocytes: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
oligodendroglia: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
oligodendroglioma: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
oligohydramnios: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
pregnancy class D drugs: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
sequence: Renal Embryology [Renal]
oligomycin A: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
oligosaccharide hydrolases: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
oligosaccharides: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
oligospermia: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
O-linked oligosaccharides: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
omalizumab: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
omega-3 fatty acids: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]; Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
omentum: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
omeprazole
blocks H+ secretion: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
GERD treatment: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
hypomagnesemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
side effects: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
omphalocele: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Trisomies [Genetics]
Onchocerca volvulus: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
onchocercoma: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
oncogenes: Neoplasia [Pathology]
oncogenesis: Transcription [Cell Biology]
oncotic pressure: Inflammation [Pathology]; Physiology I [Renal]
ondansetron: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
one-and-a-half syndrome: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
onion-skin fibrosis: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
onion skin finding: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
onion-skinning lysosomes: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
onycholysis: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
onychomycosis: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
oogenesis: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
open angle glaucoma: Glaucoma [Neurology]
open comedos: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
operant conditioning: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
ophthalmia neonatorum: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
ophthalmic nerve (V1): Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
ophthalmic zoster: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
206
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
ophthalmopathy: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
opioids: General Anesthesia [Neurology]; Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]; Opioids
[Psychiatry] opioid tolerance: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
opioid withdrawal: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]; Opioids [Psychiatry]
opponens digiti minimi: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
opponens pollicis: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
opportunistic infections: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
drug-induced: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
HIV/AIDs and: HIV [Infectious Disease]
hyper-IgM syndrome and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
oppositional defiant disorder: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia (OMA): Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
opsonin: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
opsonization
antibody function: B-Cells [Immunology]
splenic dysfunction and: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
virulence factors and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
optic atrophy: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
optic chiasm: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]; Visual Fields [Neurology]
optic disc: The Retina [Neurology]
optic gliomas: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
optic nerve (CN II): Brainstem [Neurology]; Cranial Nerves [Neurology]; Visual Fields [Neurology]
optic neuritis: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]; The Pupil [Neurology]; Visual Fields [Neurology]
optochin test: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
oral antidiabetic agents: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
oral bullae: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
oral candidiasis (thrush): Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
oral contraceptives
Budd Chiari syndrome cause: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
endometriosis treatment: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
estrogen and progesterone analogs: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
hypercoagulability risk: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
hypertension and: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
iron deficiency and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
melasma and: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
polycystic ovarian syndrome treatment: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
pulmonary embolism risk factor: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
pyridoxal phosphate supplementation with: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
risk factors: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) levels and: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
oral fixation: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
oral hairy leukoplakia: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
oral herpes: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
oral thrush: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
oral ulcers
lupus feature: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
pemphigus vulgaris and: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
pyridoxal phosphate deficiency and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
reactive arthritis feature: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
orchiopexy: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
orchitides: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
orexin-A and -B: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
207
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
organ donation, informed consent guidelines: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
organic acidemias
hyperammonemia and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
inborn errors of metabolism and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
organ of Corti: Auditory System [Neurology]
organogenesis: Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
organophosphate poisoning: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
organ transplants: Transplants [Immunology]
antimetabolite use with: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
immunotherapy for: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
MHC matching for: Transplants [Immunology]
organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT): Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]
origin, of muscles: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
ornithine: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
ornithine transcarbamoylase: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
ornithine transcarbamylase: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
oropharyngeal cancer: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
oropharyngeal cancers: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
orotic acid: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
orotic aciduria: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
megaloblastic anemia and: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
megaloblastic anemias cause: Other Anemias [Hematology]
pyrimidine metabolic disorder: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
urea cycle disorders: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
Orphan Annie’s eye nuclei: Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
orthomyxoviruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
orthostatic (postural) hypotension: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Antihypertensives [Cardiology];
Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
oseltamivir: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
Osgood-Schlatter disease: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
Osler nodes: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
osmolarity: Nephron Physiology [Renal]; Physiology I [Renal]
osmosensory neurons: Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]
osmotic diarrhea: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
osmotic diuretics: Diuretics [Renal]
osmotic fragility test: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
osmotic laxatives: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
osteitis deformans: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Breast Carcinoma
[Reproductive] osteitis fibrosa cystica: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]; Renal Failure
[Renal] osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
osteoblastic lesions (metastases): Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Prostate [Reproductive]
osteoblastoma: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
osteoblasts: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
of bone: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
bone tumors and: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
regulation of: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
teriparatide and increased activity of: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
osteocalcin: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
osteochondroma: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
208
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
osteoclasts: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
bisphosphonates: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
innate immunity: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
multiple myeloma and: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
regulation of: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
osteocyte: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
osteogenesis imperfecta
collagen production defect: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
genetics of: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)
causes of: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
clinical features (signs and symptoms): Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
osteoid: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
osteoid core: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
osteoid osteoma: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
osteolysis: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
osteomalacia
aluminum toxicity and: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
hypophosphatemia symptom: Electrolytes [Renal]
overview: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
osteomas: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
osteomyelitis
blastomycosis and: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
Citrobacter spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Pasteurella spp.: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Salmonella spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
sickle cell anemia and: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
in sickle cell patients: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
Staph aureus: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
osteonecrosis: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
osteopenia: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
anorexia nervosa and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
steroids and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
osteopetrosis: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
osteophytes: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
osteoporosis: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
anorexia nervosa and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
anticoagulant drug side effect: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
cancer drug side effect: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
causes: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
menopause and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
osteogenesis imperfecta and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
overview: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
parathyroid hormone and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
rheumatoid arthritis and: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
sickle cell anemia and: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
steroids and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
thalassemias and: Thalassemias [Hematology]
thiazide diuretic use: Diuretics [Renal]
treatment: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
Turner syndrome feature: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
209
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
osteoprotegerin (OPG): Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
osteosarcoma: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
Paget’s disease risk factor: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
teriparatide use and: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
treatment: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
osteosclerosis: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
otitis externa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
otitis media
causes: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
hearing loss: Auditory System [Neurology]
Strep pneumonia: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
otoconia: Vestibular System [Neurology]
otolith organs: Vestibular System [Neurology]
otosclerosis: Auditory System [Neurology]
ototoxicity
aminoglycoside side effect: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
loop diuretic complication: Diuretics [Renal]
platinum agent side effect: DNA drugs [Hematology]
vancomycin side effect: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
outliers: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
oval fat bodies: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
ovarian cancer
breast feeding to lower risk of: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) association: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
treatment: DNA drugs [Hematology]; Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
ovarian cysts: Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
hCG levels: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
ovarian epithelial cancer: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
ovarian epithelial tumors: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
ovarian fibroma: Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
ovarian follicles: Female Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]; Ovarian
Cysts [Reproductive]
ovarian theca lutein cysts: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
ovaries
anatomy: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
cysts: Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
disorders of sexual development and: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
embryology: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
granulosa cell tumor: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]
hormones regulation: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
hypogonadism: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
non-gestational choriocarcinoma: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
stromal tumors: Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
tumors: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]; Ovarian Germ
Cell Tumors [Reproductive]; Ovarian Stromal Tumors[Reproductive]
Turner syndrome and: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
overriding aorta: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
overtreatment, prevention of: Public Health [Behavioral Science]
ovotesticular disorder of sexual development: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
ovulation: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
210
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
ovum: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]; Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
owl’s eye nuclei: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
oxacillin: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
oxaliplatin: DNA drugs [Hematology]
oxaloacetate: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
citrate synthesis and: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
fatty acid metabolism and: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
malate shuttle and: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
pyridoxal phosphate and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
TCA cycle and: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
oxidase test: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
oxidation reactions: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]; Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
oxidative phosphorylation
disruption of: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
electron transport chain and: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
free radical generation: Free Radicals [Pathology]
uncoupling of: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
oxidative stress
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
NADPH and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
oxybutynin: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
oxygen. See also hypoxia
bacterial growth requirements and: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
bile acid synthesis: Bile [Gastroenterology]
carbon monoxide poisoning treatment: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
cardiac output (CO) and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
cluster headache treatment: Headaches [Neurology]
COPD treatment: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
delivery to tissues: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
during exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
oxygen diffusion-perfusion: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]; Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
oxygen saturation: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
oxyhemoglobin
dissociation curves: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]; Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]; Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
teratogens: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
oxytocin
actions of: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
breast tissue effects: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
posterior pituitary gland and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
regulation of: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
P p53 tumor suppressor gene: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]; Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]
P450 enzyme inhibitors: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
P450 enzymes: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
P450 system: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
pacemakers
action potentials: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
AV block treatment: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
cardiac muscles and: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
EKGs and: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
211
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
escape rhythm and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
infections: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
pacinian corpuscles: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
packed RBCs (blood product): Blood Groups [Hematology]
paclitaxel: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Immunosuppressants [Immunology]; Microtubule Inhibitors
[Hematology] Paget cells: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
Paget disease: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Breast Carcinoma
[Reproductive] pain (dolor), from inflammation: Inflammation [Pathology]
pain control: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
painless jaundice: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
palate, cleft. See cleft lip and palate
palatine tonsils: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
paliperidone: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
palivizumab: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
palmar erythema: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
palmar fascia: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
palmar reflex: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
palmitate: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
palpable purpura: Vasculitis [Immunology]
palpitations: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]; Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
pamidronate: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
pampiniform plexus: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
panacinar damage: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
panacinar emphysema: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
Pancoast tumor: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
pancreas: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]. See also pancreatitis
abscesses: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
anatomy: Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
calcification of: Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
cancer of: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
embryology: Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glucose entry into cells: Glucose [Biochemistry]
hormone regulation of: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
hyperglycemia and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
tumors: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]
tumors of: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
pancreas divisum: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
pancreatic amylase: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
pancreatic cholera syndrome: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
pancreatic duct cells: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
pancreatic-duodenal neuroendocrine tumors: MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]
pancreatic insufficiency: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]; Cystic Fibrosis
[Pulmonary]; Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans): Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology];
Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
pancreatic lipase: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
pancreatitis: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer
[Gastroenterology]. See also acute pancreatitis; chronic pancreatitis
Brunner’s gland hypertrophy complication: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
calcification and: Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
familial dyslipidemias and: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
gallstones and: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
helminth infection feature: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
hyperlipidemia and: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
hypocalcemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypomagnesemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
triglyceride levels: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
pancuronium: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
pancytopenia: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
aplastic anemia and: Other Anemias [Hematology]
histoplasmosis feature: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
osteopetrosis and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
sulfonamide toxicity and: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
visceral leishmaniasis feature: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
panencephalitis: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
panic attacks: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]; Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
panic disorder: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
panniculitis: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
pannus: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
pantoprazole
action of: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
GERD treatment: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
side effects: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
pantothenic acid: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
pantothenic acid deficiencies: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
PaO2 (partial pressure oxygen): Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]; Hypoxia [Pulmonary]; Ventilation & Perfusion
[Pulmonary] papillary carcinoma (thyroid): Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin’s tumor): Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
papillary muscles: Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]; Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
papillary necrosis: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]; Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
papilledema: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]; The Retina [Neurology]; Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
papillomas: Neoplasia [Pathology]
papillomavirus: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]. See also human papillomavirus (HPV)
Pap smear: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]; DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Public Health [Behavioral
Science] papules: Skin [Dermatology]
para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA): Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
para-aminohippuric acid (PAH): Physiology II [Renal]
paracortex (of lymph nodes): Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
paracrine: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
paradoxical S2 splitting: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
paraesophageal hernias: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
parafollicular cells (C-cells): Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
paraganglioma: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
Paragonimus westermani: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
parainfluenza: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
parakeratosis: Skin [Dermatology]
paralysis
conversion disorder: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
endocarditis: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
hyperkalemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
213
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
hypermagnesemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypokalemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
nerve damage: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
rabies: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
strokes: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
paralytics: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
paramedian branches (basilar artery): Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
paramedian pontine reticular formation: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]; Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones
[Endocrinology]; Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
paramyxoviruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
paraneoplastic pemphigus: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
paraneoplastic syndromes: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]; Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Renal and
Bladder Malignancies [Renal]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
paranoia: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
paranoid delusions: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
paranoid personality disorder: Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
parasagittal meningioma: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
parasitemia: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
parasites
antibody defense against: B-Cells [Immunology]
innate immunity response to: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
malaria and: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
protozoa: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
parasomnias: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
parasympathetic ganglia: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
parasympathetic nervous system
actions of: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
blood pressure regulation and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
intraocular pressure: Glaucoma [Neurology]
myasthenia gravis and: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
pacemaker action potentials and: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
saliva regulation by: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
parasympathomimetics: Glaucoma [Neurology]
paratesticular tumors: Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
parathyroid adenoma: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]; Parathyroid
Glands [Endocrinology]
parathyroid glands: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
anatomy: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
development: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
DiGeorge syndrome and: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
hormone signaling pathway: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
hypomagnesemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
Riedel’s thyroiditis and: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
thymic aplasia and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
parathyroid hormone (PTH): Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
action of: Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
bone disorders and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
bone effects: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
regulation: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
signaling pathway: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP): Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
214
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
paraurethral (Skene) glands: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
paraventricular nuclei: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
parental notification: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
parent-child interaction therapy: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]; Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
parenteral drug administration: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
paresthesias
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors complication: Diuretics [Renal]
helminth infection feature: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
microtubule inhibitors side effect: Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
pantothenic acid deficiencies and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
parietal cells
autoimmune destruction of: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
gastritis and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
gastrointestinal secretions: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
regulation of: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
parietal lobes: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
Parinaud syndrome: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Brainstem [Neurology]
Parkinsonian symptoms
dopamine antagonists and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
metoclopramide side effect: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
Wilson’s disease and: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]; Wilson’s Disease and
Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
Parkinson’s disease: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders[Neurology]
basal ganglia damage and: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]
catecholamine metabolic disorder: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
dopamine levels and: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
Lewy body dementia: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
treatment: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
ubiquitin-proteasome activity in: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
parotid glands: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]; Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]; Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
parotid gland tumors: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
parotitis: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Flow Cytometry [Cell Biology]; Hemolysis Basics [Hematology];
Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH): Complement System [Immunology]
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT): AVNRT [Cardiology]
parrot fever: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
pars compacta: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]
partial agonists: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
partial molar pregnancy: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
partial pressure carbon dioxide (PaCO2): Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
partial seizures: Seizures [Neurology]
partial thickness burns: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
partial thromboplastin time (PTT): Coagulation [Hematology]; Coagulopathies [Hematology]
with anticoagulant drugs: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
elevation: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
liver and: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
with lupus: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
prolonged: Coagulation [Hematology]; Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
parvovirus: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
parvovirus B19
anemia and: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
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aplastic anemia cause: Other Anemias [Hematology]
aplastic crisis: Thalassemias [Hematology]
hereditary spherocytosis and: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
maternal infection-fetal abnormalities: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
sickle cell anemia and: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
thalassemias and: Thalassemias [Hematology]
passive aggression: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
passive immunity: B-Cells [Immunology]; Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
Pasteur effect: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
Pasteurella spp.: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Patau syndrome: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]; Trisomies
[Genetics] patches: Skin [Dermatology]
patella: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
patellar fracture: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
patellar reflex: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]; Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
congenital rubella syndrome and: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
deletion syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
Eisenmenger’s syndrome and: Shunts [Cardiology]
maternal diabetes and: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
murmurs and: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome feature: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
trisomy disorder association: Trisomies [Genetics]
types of: Shunts [Cardiology]
viruses and: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
patent foramen ovale: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]; Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]; Shunts
[Cardiology] patent urachus: Placenta [Reproductive]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]; Innate
Immunity [Immunology]
pathological fractures
bone disorders and tumors and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
metastases: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
osteoporosis and: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
pathologic calcification: Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
patient-physician relationships
abortion and: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
declining care for patients: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
sexual misconduct, defined: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
patterning: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
pauci-immune nephritis: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
PBC: Physiology I [Renal]
PComm aneurysm: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
PCSK9 inhibitors: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
PDE-5 inhibitors: Prostate [Reproductive]
Pearson coefficient. See correlation coefficient
peau d'orange (skin dimpling): Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
pectinate (dentate or anocutaneous) line: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
pectineus muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
pectoriloquy: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
pectus excavatum (sunken chest): Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
pediatric GERD: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
pediatric patients
abuse and neglect: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]; Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
abuse reporting guidelines: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
acute lymphoblastic leukemia symptom: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
aspirin avoidance with: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
bone disorders: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
brain tumors: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
cataracts and: The Lens [Neurology]
causes of death: Neoplasia [Pathology]
eczema: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
greenstick fractures: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
hip disorders: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
hypoglycemia in: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
ketosis in: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
lead poisoning and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
meningitis: Meningitis [Neurology]
neuroblastomas in: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
osteomyelitis: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
pneumonia causes: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
psychiatric disorders: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
purine metabolic disorders: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
rheumatic fever and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
rickets and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
seizure causes: Seizures [Neurology]
tetracycline precautions: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
torus fracture: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
pedigrees: Pedigrees [Genetics]
pedunculated adenomatous polyp: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
pegloticase: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
pellagra: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]; Other Amino Acids
[Biochemistry] pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia spp.: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
ectopic pregnancy risk: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
endometritis cause: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
Neisseria gonorrhea: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
pemphigus: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
pemphigus foliaceus: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
pemphigus vulgaris: Blistering Disorders [Dermatology]
acantholysis and: Skin [Dermatology]
epithelial cell skin disorder: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
type II hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
“pencil in cup” deformity: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
pendular nystagmus: Vestibular System [Neurology]
penetrance: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
penicillamine: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]; Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
penicillin G
action of: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
syphilis treatment: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
penicillins: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
Actinomyces spp. infection treatment: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
action of: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
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acute interstitial nephritis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
adverse effects: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
antistaphylococcal: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
cephalosporin cross-reactivity: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
diphtheria treatment: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
drug rash: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
group B strep prophylaxis: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
hemolytic anemia cause: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
natural penicillins: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
pharyngitis treatment: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
probenecid synergy: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
resistance: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious
Disease] resistance to: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
rheumatic fever treatment: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
ß-lactamase inhibitors: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
type II hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
penile fracture: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
penis
anatomy: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
cancer: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
disorders: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]; Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
pentamidine
HIV-associated pneumonia treatment: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
PCP treatment: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
pentobarbital: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
pentose phosphate pathway. See HMP shunt
pentoxifylline: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
PEP carboxykinase: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
pepsin: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
peptic ulcers: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
acetylcholine and: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
iron deficiency and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
MEN syndrome and: MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]
primary hyperparathyroidism and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
peptidoglycan: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
staining: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
virulence factors: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
peptidyl transferase: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Translation [Cell Biology]
Peptostreptococcus spp.
antibiotic coverage: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
aspiration pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
lung abscesses: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
percussion: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI): Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
perforated ulcers: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
acute pancreatitis cause: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
Brunner’s gland hypertrophy complication: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
gastric ulcers: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
X-ray findings: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
perforations: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Special Growth
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Requirements [Infectious Disease]
perforins: T-cells [Immunology]
perfusion: Ventilation and Perfusion [Pulmonary]
perianal fistulas: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
perianal itching: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (PALS): Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
pericardial disease: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
pericardial knock: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
pericarditis: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
Dressler’s syndrome and: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
rheumatoid arthritis and: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
scleroderma and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
treatment: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
viral: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
pericyte degeneration: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; The Retina [Neurology]
periductal fibrosis: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
periductal mastitis: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
perimysial inflammation: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
perineum: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
periorbital purpura (raccoon eyes): Amyloidosis [Hematology]
periosteum: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
peripheral artery disease: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
peripheral cell counts: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
peripheral cyanosis: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
peripheral embolism: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
peripheral eosinophilia: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
peripheral nerve damage: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
peripheral nerves: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]; Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
peripheral nerve stimulator: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
peripheral nervous system (PNS): Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]
peripheral neuropathy
amyloidosis feature: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
Chediak-Higashi syndrome and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
cobalamin deficiencies and: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
cytarabine side effect: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
platinum agent side effect: DNA drugs [Hematology]
testing: Spinal Cord [Neurology]
treatment: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
peripheral vascular disease: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
peripheral vasodilation: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
peripheral vision: The Retina [Neurology]
periplasm: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
peritoneal dialysis: Renal Failure [Renal]
peritonitis: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
acute abdomen cause: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Bacteroides fragilis: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
diverticulitis complication: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
periumbilical hemorrhage: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
periventricular plaques: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
perkeratosis: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
permanent atrial fibrillation: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
pernicious anemia: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology];
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
peroxisomes: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Free Radicals [Pathology]
persecutory delusions: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
perseveration: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
persistent depressive disorder: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
persistent fetal circulation: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
persistent grief: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
persistent truncus arteriosus: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
personality changes: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
personality disorders: Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
personality trait: Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
pertussis toxin: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
pes cavus: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
petechiae: Vasculitis [Immunology]
congenital rubella syndrome: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura finding: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
Peyer’s patches: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Intestinal
Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
Peyronie disease: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
phagocytes
acute inflammation and: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
innate immunity: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
phagocytosis: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
apoptosis and: Apoptosis [Pathology]
bacteria capsules and: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
inhibitors of: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
innate immunity: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
NADPH and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
type II hypersensitivity mechanism: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
virulence factors and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
phakomatoses: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
phalanges: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
Phalen maneuver: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
pharyngeal apparatus: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]; Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
pharyngeal arches: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
pharyngeal clefts: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
pharyngeal constrictors: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
pharyngeal pouches: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
pharyngeal spasms: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
pharyngitis
adenovirus and: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
diagnosis: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
nephritic syndrome association: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
toxins and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
pharynx disorders: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
phenacetin: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]; Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
phencyclidine (PCP)
action of: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
elimination: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
function of: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
phenobarbital
acute intermittent porphyria trigger: Porphyrias [Hematology]
alcohol contraindication: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
breaking seizures: Seizures [Neurology]
cytochrome P450 system inducer: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
hyperbilirubinemia and: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
neural tube defect risks: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
osteoporosis as side effect: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
seizure treatment: Seizures [Neurology]
as weak acid (urine pH): Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
phenotype: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
phenoxybenzamine: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
phentolamine: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
phenylalanine: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]; Teratogens II
[Reproductive] phenylalanine hydroxylase: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
phenylbutazone: Other Anemias [Hematology]
phenylephrine: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]; Penile Disorders [Reproductive]; Shock
[Cardiology] phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
phenylketones: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
phenylketonuria (PKU)
fetal effects: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
genetics of: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
phenylalanine and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
screening for: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
treatment of: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
phenytoin
action of: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
contraindications: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
erythema multiforme and: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
folate deficiencies and: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
for seizures: Seizures [Neurology]
side effects: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
pheochromocytomas
adrenal glands: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
diagnosis: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
hemangioblastomas and: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
hypertension: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
MEN syndromes: MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]
treatment: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
von Hippel-Lindau disease and: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
Philadelphia chromosome: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]; Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]; Myeloproliferative
Disorders [Hematology]
phlebitis: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
phlebotomy
hemochromatosis treatment: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
for iron overload: Porphyrias [Hematology]
polycythemia vera treatment: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
porphyria cutanea tarda treatment: Porphyrias [Hematology]
phobias: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
phocomelia: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
phonic tics: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
phonophobia: Headaches [Neurology]
phosphate
bone disorders and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
bone matrix and: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
homeostasis: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
hypocalcemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
renal failure and: Renal Failure [Renal]
titratable acid: Acid Excretion [Renal]
phosphates: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
phosphatidylcholine: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
phosphatidylinositol 3–kinase (PIK3) pathway: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
phosphaturia: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
phosphocreatine: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Penile
Disorders [Reproductive]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
phosphodiester bonds: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
phosphoenolpyruvate: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]; Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]; Glycolysis
[Biochemistry] phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1): Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]; Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry];
Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
phospholamban: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
phospholipase C enzyme: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
phospholipases: Cell Injury [Pathology]; Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]; Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
phospholipid membranes: Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
phospholipids: Coagulation [Hematology]
phosphorylation
cell cycle control and: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
electron transport chain and: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
as posttranslational modification: Translation [Cell Biology]
photophobia: Headaches [Neurology]; Meningitis [Neurology]
photoreceptors (rods and cones): The Retina [Neurology]
photosensitivity
griseofulvin side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
lupus feature: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
sulfonamide toxicity: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
tetracycline side effect: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
phototherapy, for neonatal jaundice: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
phrenic nerve
compression: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
dermatomes: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
diaphragm: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
pericardium: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
phrenoesophageal membrane: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
phyllodes tumor: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
physical abuse. See abuse
physician-patient relationships. See patient-physician relationships
physiologic atrophy: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
physiologic dead space: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]; Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
physiologic hyperplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
physiologic shunting: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
physostigmine: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
action of: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
atropine toxicity treatment: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Gardner’s mydriasis treatment: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
PICA stroke: The Pupil [Neurology]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
Pick’s disease: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
picornaviruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
pigment (bilirubin) stones: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]; Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
pigment disorders: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
pigmented (bilirubin) gallstones: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
pili: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious
Disease] pill-rolling tremor: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
pilocarpine
action of: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
glaucoma treatment: Glaucoma [Neurology]
side effects (salivation): Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
Sjögren’s syndrome treatment: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
pilocarpine iontophoresis: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
pilocytic astrocytoma: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Cerebellum [Neurology]
pilosebaceous unit: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
pilus: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
pimozide: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
pindolol: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]; Stable Angina [Cardiology]
pinealoma: Brainstem [Neurology]
pineal tumors: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Brainstem [Neurology]
pink eye. See conjunctivitis
pink puffer: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
pinocytosis: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
pin prick test: Spinal Cord [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
pioglitazone: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
piperacillin: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
pisiform: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
pitting (nails): Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
pitting edema: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
pituitary ACTH-secreting tumor: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
pituitary adenomas: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Brain Tumors [Neurology]; MEN Syndromes
[Endocrinology]; Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
pituitary-adrenal axis: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
pituitary apoplexy: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
pituitary gland: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
development: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
hormones and: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]; Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology];
Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
regulation of: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
pityriasis rosea: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
pKa. See acid dissociation constant
placenta: Placenta [Reproductive]; Placental Complications [Reproductive]
contraindications: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
embryology: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
hypertension and: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
maternal-placenta barrier: B-Cells [Immunology]; Blood Groups [Hematology]
twins: Twins [Reproductive]
placenta accreta: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
placenta increta: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
placental abruption: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
causes: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
cortical necrosis and: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
low birth weight complication: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
placental alkaline phosphatase (PALP): Bone [Musculoskeletal]
placental aromatase deficiency: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
placental barrier: Placenta [Reproductive]
placental circulation: Placenta [Reproductive]
placental insufficiency: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]; Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
placenta percreta: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
placenta previa: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
plagues: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA): Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
plantaris muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
plaques (blood vessels). See atherosclerotic plaques
plaques (pleural): Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
plaques (skin): Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]; Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
plasma: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]; Physiology II [Renal]
plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC): Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
plasma cell disorders: Amyloidosis [Hematology]; Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
plasma cells: B-Cells [Immunology]; Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
plasma concentration: Physiology II [Renal]
plasma exchange: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
plasma osmolality: Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
plasma osmotic pressure: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
plasmapheresis: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]; Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
plasma renin activity (PRA): Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
plasmids: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
bacterial conjugation and: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
exotoxins and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
penicillin resistance and: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
plasmin: Coagulation [Hematology]
plasminogen: Coagulation [Hematology]
Plasmodium falciparum: Malaria [Infectious Disease]; Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]; Thalassemias
[Hematology] Plasmodium malariae: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
Plasmodium ovale: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
Plasmodium spp.: Malaria [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
Plasmodium vivax: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
platelet count: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Coagulopathies [Hematology];
Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF): Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
atherosclerosis and: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
hormone signaling pathway: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
platelet granules: Platelet Activation [Hematology]
platelets
abnormal bleeding and: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
activation: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
aggregation: Coagulation [Hematology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
bleeding time test: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
blood typing: Blood Groups [Hematology]
cirrhosis and levels of: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
disorders: Antiplatelet Drugs [Hematology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
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essential thrombocytosis and: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
platelet transfusions: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
platinum agents: DNA drugs [Hematology]
pleiotropy: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
pleomorphic adenoma: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
pleomorphic bacteria: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
pleural disease: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
pleural effusion: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
chest X-ray: Chest X-Rays [Pulmonary]
lung cancer complication: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
pathophysiology: Inflammation [Pathology]
physical exam: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
pneumonia complication: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
third spacing and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
tumor feature: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]; Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
pleural plaques: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
pleural pressure: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
pleural tumors: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
pleuritis: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
pleuroperitoneal membrane: Hernias [Gastroenterology]; Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring or Kerckring folds): Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
Plummer-Vinson syndrome: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
pneumococcal infections: Complement System [Immunology]
pneumoconiosis: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
Pneumocystis jirovecii: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]; Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
diffuse interstitial pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
infection treatment: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
opportunist infection, as drug side effect: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
Pneumocystis pneumonia
chest X-ray findings: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and: HIV [Infectious Disease]
prophylaxis treatment for: HIV [Infectious Disease]
staining of: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
treatment and prophylaxis: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
Pneumocystis spp.: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
pneumocytes: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]; Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
bacterial: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram
Positives [Infectious Disease]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
cytomegalovirus association: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
differential diagnosis: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
fungal: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
low birth weight complication: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
nosocomial: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
pathophysiology: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]; Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
pericarditis and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
physical exam findings: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
proton pump inhibitor complication: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
quality and safety standards: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
treatment: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Sulfonamides
[Infectious Disease] viral: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
pneumonitis
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antitumor antibiotic side effect: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
causes: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
pneumoperitoneum: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
pneumothorax: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
chest X-ray: Chest X-Rays [Pulmonary]
lung physical exam for diagnosis: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
nitrous oxide contraindication: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
podagra: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
podocytes: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]; Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]; Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
point mutations: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]
Point of Service plan (POS): Public Health [Behavioral Science]
Poiseuille's law: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
polarity, of RNA viruses: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
polio: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
poliomyelitis: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
poliovirus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
poliovirus vaccine (IPV; Salk): RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
polyadenylation signal: Transcription [Cell Biology]
poly-A polymerase (PAP): Transcription [Cell Biology]
polyarteritis nodosa: Vasculitis [Immunology]
fibrinoid necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
hepatitis complication: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
type III hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
polyarthritis: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
polycystic kidney disease: Cystic Kidney Disease [Renal]
polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]; Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology];
Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]; Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
polycythemia
erythrocyte sedimentation rate and: Inflammation [Pathology]
low birth weight complication: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
renal cell carcinoma and: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
viscosity and: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
polycythemia vera: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Gout [Musculoskeletal]; Myeloproliferative Disorders
[Hematology]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
polydactyly: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]; Trisomies [Genetics]
polydipsia
diabetes insipidus feature: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
hyperglycemia symptom: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
nephrocalcinosis feature: Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
primary hyperparathyroidism and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
polyethylene glycol: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
polygenic inheritance: Pedigrees [Genetics]
polyhydramnios: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Polymerase Chain Reaction [Cell Biology]
for hepatitis diagnosis: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
herpes simplex virus diagnosis: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
HIV diagnosis, perinatal: HIV [Infectious Disease]
meningitis diagnosis: Meningitis [Neurology]
polymorphism: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
polymyalgia rheumatica: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
polymyositis: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
polyneuropathy: Porphyrias [Hematology]
polyol pathway: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
226
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
polyomavirus: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
polyps: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
polysaccharide capsule: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
polysaccharides: Glucose [Biochemistry]
polysomnography: Sleep Apnea [Pulmonary]
polyuria
acute tubular necrosis feature: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
diabetes insipidus feature: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
hypercalcemia symptom: Electrolytes [Renal]
hyperglycemia symptom: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
nephrocalcinosis and: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
primary hyperparathyroidism and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
Pompe’s disease: Glycogen [Biochemistry]; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy comparison; Inborn Errors of
Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
pons: Brainstem [Neurology]
cerebellar communication with: Cerebellum [Neurology]
gaze palsies and: Gaze Palsies [Neurology]
hemorrhage of: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
lacunar strokes and: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
lesions of: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
Pontiac fever: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
popcorn cells: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
Pope’s blessing: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
popliteal artery: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
popliteus muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
populations
genetic mapping of: Gene Mapping [Genetics]
Hardy-Weinberg law and: Hardy-Weinberg Law [Genetics]
incidence and prevalence: Sensitivity and Specificity [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
porcelain gallbladder: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
porins: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
porphobilinogen (PBG): Porphyrias [Hematology]
porphyria cutanea tarda: Porphyrias [Hematology]
porphyrias: Porphyrias [Hematology]
griseofulvin side effect: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
types of: Porphyrias [Hematology]
porphyrin ring: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
portal hypertension
cirrhosis: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
helminth infections: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
platelet sequestration: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
treatment: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
portal triad: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
portal vein: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]; Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
[Gastroenterology] portal vein thrombosis: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
port-wine stain: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
positive predictive value (PPV): Diagnostic Tests [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Positive and Negative Predictive
Value [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
positive punishment: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
positive reinforcement: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
positive skew, of central tendency: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
post-capillary venules: Inflammation [Pathology]
227
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
post-coital bleeding: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]
post-ductal coarctation of the aorta: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
stroke: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
uncal herniation and: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
posterior column: Spinal Cord [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]; Spirochetes [Infectious
Disease] posterior cranial fossa: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): Knee [Musculoskeletal]
posterior descending artery: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
posterior digastric muscle: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
posterior horn: Spinal Cord [Neurology]
posterior longitudinal ligaments: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
posterior myocardial infarction: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
posterior pituitary gland: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
development: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
regulation of: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
posterior urethral valves: Renal Embryology [Renal]
posterior uveitis: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
posterior vitreous membrane: The Retina [Neurology]
post-herpetic neuralgia: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
postinfectious encephalomyelitis: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
postpartum blues: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
postpartum depression: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
post-partum endometritis: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
postpartum hemorrhage: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
postpartum mood disorders: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
postpartum psychosis: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]; Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Nephritic Syndrome [Renal];
Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
post-stroke management: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
post-surgical care: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
posttranslational modifications: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Translation [Cell Biology]
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
anorexia nervosa association: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
bulimia nervosa association: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
dissociative identity disorder and: Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
treatment: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
postural hypotension: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Diabetes
[Endocrinology]; Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
posturing: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
potassium: Electrolytes [Renal]
potassium bicarbonate: Kidney Stones [Renal]
potassium iodide: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
potassium-sparing diuretics
action of: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Diuretics [Renal]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
for heart failure: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
precautions: Lithium [Psychiatry]
side effects: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
potato agar: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
potency (drug): Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
Potter’s syndrome (sequence)
228
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
extrinsic morphogenic error: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]
fetal respiration and: Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
multicystic dysplastic kidney and: Cystic Kidney Disease [Renal]
oligohydramnios association: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
sequence of: Renal Embryology [Renal]
teratogens and: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
Pott’s disease: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]; Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
power and power calculation: Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
poxvirus: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
PPAR-γ receptors: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]; Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
PPD test: T-cells [Immunology]
for TNF-α-inhibitors pre-treatment: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
type IV hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
Prader-Willi syndrome: Imprinting [Genetics]
pralidoxime: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
pramipexole: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
pramlintide: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
prasugrel: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
pravastatin: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
praziquantel: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
prazosin: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
pre-B-cell malignancy: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
pre-capillary arteriolar vasodilation: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
precautions, for infections: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
precision (reliability), of diagnostic tests: Diagnostic Tests [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
precocious puberty: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]; Disorders of Sexual Development
[Reproductive] predictive values: Diagnostic Tests [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Positive and Negative Predictive Value
[Biostatistics/Epidemiology] prednisone
action of: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
coagulopathy factor inhibitor treatment: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
inflammatory myopathy treatment: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
overview: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
pre-ductal coarctation of the aorta: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
preeclampsia: Seizures [Neurology]
fibrinoid necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
low birth weight cause: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
molar pregnancy feature: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
oligohydramnios and: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
pathogenesis: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
placental abruption risk factor: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
twins: Twins [Reproductive]
preeclampsia-eclampsia: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
Preferred Provider Organization (PPO): Public Health [Behavioral Science]
prefrontal cortex: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
pregnancy: Pregnancy [Reproductive]. See also ectopic pregnancy
abortion agent: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
amenorrhea and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
antihypertensive drug choice with: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
B19 virus and: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
bacterial infections: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
229
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
breasts during: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
Budd Chiari syndrome cause: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
carnitine deficiencies: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
carpal tunnel syndrome risk factor: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
cholesterol gallstones risk factor: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
drug contraindications: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Other
Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
Ehlers Danlos syndrome and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
folate deficiencies and: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
gestational diabetes: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
headaches and: Headaches [Neurology]
hepatitis and: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
HIV recommendations: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
hypercoagulability risk: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
hyperglycemia during: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
hypertension during: External Hemolysis [Hematology]; Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
iron deficiency and: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
liver tumor rupture: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
maternal-fetal disorders: Maternal-fetal disorders [Reproductive]
melasma and: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
minors and guidelines for: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
parvovirus and: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
physiology: Physiology [Reproductive]; Pregnancy [Reproductive]
pituitary gland and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
placental complications: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
preparation (menstrual cycle phase): Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
progesterone and: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
prolactin and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
quinolone contraindication: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
refusal for treatment, guidelines: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
Rh system and: Blood Groups [Hematology]
seizure treatment during: Seizures [Neurology]
skin disorders during: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
spermatogeneses and oogenesis: Spermatogeneses and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
syphilis and: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
teratogens: Teratogens I [Reproductive]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
termination of: Pregnancy [Reproductive]. See also abortion
tetracycline alternative: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
thyroid hormone regulation: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) levels and: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
TMP-SMX avoidance during: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
TORCH infections: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
tumors of: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
twins: Twins [Reproductive]
UTI treatment during: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
vitamin requirements: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A): Down syndrome [Genetics]
pregnancy-related endometritis: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
prekallikrein deficiency: Coagulation [Hematology]
preload, in cardiac output: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]; Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
maneuvers for diagnosing murmurs and: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
pressure volume loops and: Pressure Volume Loops [Cardiology]
230
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
response to exercise: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
Starling curves: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
wall tension and: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
premature coronary artery disease: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
premature delivery and birth
intraventricular hemorrhage and: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
low birth weight: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
oligohydramnios and: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
placenta previa as risk for: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
preterm labor: Pregnancy [Reproductive]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
respiratory disorders associated with: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
smoking and: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
twins: Twins [Reproductive]
prenatal care: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
prenatal screenings: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]; Down syndrome [Genetics]; Neuroembryology [Neurology]
prepatellar bursitis: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
pre-renal failure: Physiology I [Renal]; Renal Failure [Renal]
presbycusis: Auditory System [Neurology]
presbyopia: The Lens [Neurology]
pre-senile cataracts: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
pressure ulcers: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
pressure volume loops: Pressure Volume Loops [Cardiology]
pressure zones (lung): Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
pretibial myxedema: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
prevalence, of disease: Positive and Negative Predictive Value [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Sensitivity and
Specificity [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Study Designs [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
prevention and safety: Public Health [Behavioral Science]; Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
Prevotella spp.
antibiotic coverage for: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
aspiration pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
lung abscesses: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
priapism: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
primaquine
G6PD deficiency and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Malaria [Infectious Disease]
malaria treatment: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
Plasmodium spp. infection treatment: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
primary (AL) amyloidosis: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease): Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
primary aldosteronism: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
primary amenorrhea: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
primary auditory cortex: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
primary biliary cirrhosis: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
cholestasis and: Bile [Gastroenterology]
fat malabsorption and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
scleroderma association: Scleroderma [Immunology]
Sjögren’s syndrome association: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
primary carnitine deficiency: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
primary ciliary dyskinesia: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]; Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Maternal-Fetal
Disorders [Reproductive]; Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
primary ciliary dyskinesia (immotile-cilia syndrome): Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Obstructive Lung Disease
[Pulmonary] primary fibrinolysis: Coagulation [Hematology]
231
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
primary hyperparathyroidism: Electrolytes [Renal]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
primary hypertension: Hypertension [Cardiology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
primary hypogonadism: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
primary myelofibrosis: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
primary ovarian insufficiency (premature ovarian failure): Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
primary palate: Cleft Lip and Palate [Reproductive]
primary pulmonary hypertension: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
primary sclerosing cholangitis: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Inflammatory Bowel Disease
[Gastroenterology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
primary syphilis: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
primary systemic carnitine deficiency: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
primary tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
primidone: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]; Seizures [Neurology]
primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET): Brain Tumors [Neurology]
primitive reflexes: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
primitive streak: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]
primordial follicles: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
primordial germ cells: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
principlism: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
Pringle’s maneuver: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
PR interval: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
AV blocks and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
reading high yield EKGS: High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
Prinzmetal (variant) angina: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
prions: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
prisoners, research guidelines for: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
private insurance: Public Health [Behavioral Science]
pro-alpha chains (collagen synthesis): Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
probability: Diagnostic Tests [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
probenecid
action of: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
cidofovir and: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
gout prophylaxis: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
hyperbilirubinemia and: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
penicillin synergy: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
probes (DNA): Blotting [Cell Biology]
procainamide
drug-induced lupus: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus [Immunology]
metabolism of: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
side effects of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome treatment: Wolff-Parkinson White [Cardiology]
procaine: Local Anesthesia [Neurology]
procarbazine: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
procarboxypeptidase: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
procedure bias: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
procedures, informed consent for: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
processing bodies (P-bodies): Transcription [Cell Biology]
processus vaginalis: Hernias [Gastroenterology]; Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
pro-coagulants: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
procollagen: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
proelastase: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
proenzymes (zymogens): Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
232
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
progesterone
breast tissue effects: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
cholesterol gallstones and: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
effects of: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]; Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
endometrium and: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
luteal phase, of menstrual cycle: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
pregnancy: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
synthesis: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
uterine cycle and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
progesterone receptor positivity (PR+): Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
progestin challenge: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
progestins: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
endometrial hyperplasia treatment: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]
endometriosis treatment: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
menopause treatment: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
programmed cell death. See apoptosis
progressive dyspnea: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Other Cancer Drugs
[Hematology] progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]; HIV CNS Infections
[Neurology] proinsulin: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
projection: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]; Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
prokaryotes
characteristics of: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
protein synthesis in: Transcription [Cell Biology]
translation in: Translation [Cell Biology]
prolactin
amenorrhea diagnosis: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
breast tissue effects: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
function of: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
metoclopramide and elevation of: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
pituitary adenoma secretion: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
tyrosine and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
prolactinomas: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]; Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]; Pituitary Gland
[Endocrinology] proliferative breast disorders: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
proliferative retinopathy: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; The Retina [Neurology]
proline: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
prometaphase (mitosis): Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
promoters, for transcription: Transcription [Cell Biology]
proofreading, DNA replication: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
proopiomelanocortin: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]; Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
propafenone: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
proper hepatic artery: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
prophase (mitosis): Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
Propionibacterium acnes: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
propionic acid: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
propionic acidemia: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
propionyl-CoA
fatty acids and: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
233
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
gluconeogenesis and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
organic acidemias and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
propionyl-CoA carboxylase: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors
of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
propofol: General Anesthesia [Neurology]; Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
propranolol
akathisia treatment: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
hypertension treatment: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
hyperthyroidism treatment: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
migraine prevention: Headaches [Neurology]
pheochromocytoma pre-surgical management: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
tetralogy of Fallot and: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
thyroid storm treatment: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
tremor treatment: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
proprioception
cerebellar control of: Cerebellum [Neurology]
diabetes complication: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
testing: Spinal Cord [Neurology]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
propylene glycol ingestion: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
propylthiouracil (PTU): Teratogens I [Reproductive]
aplastic anemia cause: Other Anemias [Hematology]
Grave’s disease treatment: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
hyperthyroidism treatment: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroid storm treatment: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
prostacyclin: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
prostaglandin analogues: Glaucoma [Neurology]
prostaglandins
acid secretion and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
aspirin’s effect on production of: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
ductus arteriosus and: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
inflammation and: Inflammation [Pathology]
niacin excess and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
parietal cell secretion and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and: Shunts [Cardiology]
renal effects: Physiology II [Renal]
smooth muscle contraction and: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
type I hypersensitivity mediator: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
vasodilation and: Inflammation [Pathology]
prostate cancer
coagulation cascade affected by: Coagulation [Hematology]
grading: Prostate [Reproductive]
metastasis: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
treatment: Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
prostate gland: Prostate [Reproductive]
adenocarcinoma: Prostate [Reproductive]
disorders: Prostate [Reproductive]
embryology: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
testosterone effects on: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening: Prostate [Reproductive]
prostatic hyperplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
prosthetic material infections: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
prosthetic valve endocarditis: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
234
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
prostitute’s pupil: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
protamine: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
protease inhibitors: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
proteases: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
proteasomes: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
protective antigen: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
protein A: B-Cells [Immunology]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
protein C/S: Coagulation [Hematology]; Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
protein C/S deficiency: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]; Pulmonary
Embolism [Pulmonary]
protein kinase A (PKA): Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Glycolysis
[Biochemistry] protein kinase R: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
protein phosphatase 1: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
proteins
cytochromes: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
diet for Hartnup disease: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
digestion of: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
during fasting/starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
flow cytometry and: Flow Cytometry [Cell Biology]
malabsorption: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
oxidation of: Free Radicals [Pathology]
signal sequences of: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
Southwestern blot: Blotting [Cell Biology]
Western blot: Blotting [Cell Biology]
protein synthesis: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
in bacteria: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
cell cycle and: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
in endoplasmic reticulum: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
in eukaryotes: Transcription [Cell Biology]
during fed state: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
insulin and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Insulin [Endocrinology]
in prokaryotes: Transcription [Cell Biology]
stages: Translation [Cell Biology]
protein synthesis inhibitors: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious
Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Translation [Cell Biology]; Virulence [Infectious
Disease] proteinuria
amyloidosis feature: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
causes: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
diabetes complication: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
hepatitis complication: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
nephritic syndrome feature: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
nephrotic syndrome feature: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
preeclampsia feature: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
tenofovir side effect: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
testing: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
proteolysis: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
Proteus mirabilis: Urinary Infections [Renal]
Proteus spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
antibiotics coverage: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
struvite stone association: Kidney Stones [Renal]
urinary tract infections: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
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prothrombin: Coagulation [Hematology]; Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]; Pulmonary Embolism
[Pulmonary] prothrombin time (PT): Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Coagulation [Hematology]; Coagulopathies
[Hematology]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
proton pump inhibitors
blocks H+ secretion: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
gastrinoma treatment: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
GERD treatment: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
for H. pylori: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology];
Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
scleroderma treatment: Scleroderma [Immunology]
side effects: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
proto-oncogene: MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]
protoporphyrin: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
proximal humerus fracture: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
proximal internal carotid artery: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
proximal pulmonary artery: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
proximal renal tubular acidosis: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
proximal-to-distal development: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
proximal tubular cells: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
proximal tubules (kidney): Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
acute tubular necrosis: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
bicarbonate reabsorption: Acid Excretion [Renal]
cysteine reabsorption by: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
glucose absorption: Glucose [Biochemistry]
Hartnup disease and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
vitamin D and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
pruritus: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Prussian blue stain: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
psammoma bodies: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]; Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]; Thyroid
Cancer [Endocrinology]
pseudo Argyll Robertson pupil: Brainstem [Neurology]
pseudobulbar palsy: Brainstem [Neurology]; Nerve Damage [Neurology]
pseudocyst: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
pseudoephedrine: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
pseudofolliculitis barbae (razor or shave bumps): Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
pseudofractures: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
pseudogout: CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
pseudohyphae: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
pseudohypoparathyroidism: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
pseudomembranous colitis: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Protein
Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
antibiotics coverage: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
cystic fibrosis and: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
pigment of: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
toxin: Translation [Cell Biology]
virulence: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Pseudomonas spp.
acute inflammation timeline: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
antibiotic coverage: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
chronic granulomatous disease and: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Free Radicals [Pathology];
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Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]; HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes
[Immunology] corneal abrasions and: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
culture: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
factor H and: Complement System [Immunology]
pancreatic abscess: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
wounds and: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
pseudomyxoma peritonei: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
pseudo-osteoarthritis: CPPD [Musculoskeletal]
pseudopalisading: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
pseudopolyps: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
pseudorosette: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
pseudotumor cerebri: Diuretics [Renal]; Eye Movements [Neurology]
pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension): Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
psittacosis: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
psoas major muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
psoriasis
dermatopathology: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
description: Skin [Dermatology]
hyperkeratosis and: Skin [Dermatology]
parakeratosis and: Skin [Dermatology]
retinoic acid and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
risk factors for: Transplants [Immunology]
vitamin A and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
psoriatic arthritis: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
treatment of: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
uveitis association: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
psychiatric patients
confidentiality and: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
informed consent guidelines and: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
psychiatry
ADHD and autism: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]
anxiety disorders: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
child abuse and neglect: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
childhood disorders: Childhood Disorders [Psychiatry]
cognitive disorders: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
dissociative disorders: Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
eating disorders: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
factitious disorders: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
mood disorders: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Lithium [Psychiatry]; Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
personality disorders: Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
psychology: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]; Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
psychosis: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
psychotic disorders: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Psychosis [Psychiatry]; Psychotic Disorders [Psychiatry]
sleep disorders: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
somatic disorders: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
substance use disorders: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]; Opioids [Psychiatry]; Other Drugs
[Psychiatry]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
psychic symptoms: Seizures [Neurology]
psychogenic amnesia. See dissociative amnesia
psychogenic polydipsia: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
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psychological abuse: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
psychology
conditioning: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
ego defenses: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
transference: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
psychomotor agitation: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]; Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
psychomotor epilepsy: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
psychomotor retardation: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
psychosis: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]; Psychosis [Psychiatry]; Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
PCP effect: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
suicide risk: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
psychotherapy: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
psychotic disorders: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]. See also specific psychiatric disorders
pterygoid muscle: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
ptosis
Horner’s syndrome feature: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
myasthenia gravis feature: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
pcomm aneurysm feature: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
PTT. See partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
puberty hormones: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Reproductive
Hormones [Endocrinology]
public health: Public Health [Behavioral Science]
pudendal nerve: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
pudendal nerve block: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
pulmonary anatomy: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
pulmonary arterial hypertension: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
pulmonary artery
anatomy: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
stenosis: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
structure of: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
thrombus of: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
pulmonary atresia: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]; Shunts [Cardiology]
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (wedge pressure): Shock [Cardiology]
pulmonary circulation: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
pulmonary dyspnea: Pulmonary Function Tests [Pulmonary]
pulmonary edema
chest X-ray: Chest X-Rays [Pulmonary]
A-a gradient and: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
inadequate gas exchange and: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
lung auscultation: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
lung compliance with: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
preeclampsia complication: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
thiazolidinediones risk: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
pulmonary embolism: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
chronic oral anticoagulation for: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
formation: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
heparin for: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
hyperfibrinolysis and: Coagulation [Hematology]
oral contraceptive pills contraindication: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
pulmonary vascular resistance cause: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
raloxifene side effect: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
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SERM side effect: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
symptoms of: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
V/Q and: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
warfarin for: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
pulmonary embryology: Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
pulmonary fibrosis
A-a gradient and: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
antiarrhythmic drugs side effect: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
causes: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
diffusion limitation with: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
lung compliance with: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
nail clubbing: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
nitrosoureas toxicity: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
pulmonary vascular resistance cause: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
rate of diffusion with: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
pulmonary function tests (PFTs): Pulmonary Function Tests [Pulmonary]
pulmonary hypertension: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
chronic bronchitis association: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
diffuse scleroderma and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
heart sounds and: Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
high altitude and: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
HIV feature: HIV [Infectious Disease]
limited scleroderma (CREST) and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
low DLCO conditions from: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
sleep apnea complication: Sleep Apnea [Pulmonary]
pulmonary hypoplasia: Hernias [Gastroenterology]; Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
pulmonary nodule: Chest X-Rays [Pulmonary]
pulmonary physiology: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
pulmonary regurgitation: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR): Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]; Pulmonary Circulation
[Pulmonary]; Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
pulmonic murmurs: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
pulmonic stenosis
causes: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
murmur: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
during systole: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
pulmonic valves: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]; Valve Disease [Cardiology]
pulsatile tinnitus: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
pulse oximetry: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
pulse pressure
atrial fibrillation and: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
blood flow mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
physiology of: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
response to exercise: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
pulsus paradoxus: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
punishment (operant conditioning): Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
pupil: The Pupil [Neurology]
aneurysms and: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
constriction: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
Horner’s syndrome affecting: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
syphilis and: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation (PERRLA): The Pupil [Neurology]
pure red cell aplasia: Other Anemias [Hematology]; Transplants [Immunology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
purified protein derivative (PPD) test. See PPD test
purine metabolism: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]; Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
purines: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
rhabdomyolysis and: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
sources of: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
structure of: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
purine salvage pathway: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Gout [Musculoskeletal]; Purine Metabolism
[Biochemistry] purine synthesis
carbon sources: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
disorders of: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
fumarate and: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
nitrogen sources: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
regulation of: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
Purkinje cells: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
Purkinje fibers: Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]; EKG Basics [Cardiology]
Purkinje system: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
purpura: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
purpuric rash: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
pus: Necrosis [Pathology]; Skin Infections [Dermatology]; Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
pustular psoriasis: Skin [Dermatology]; Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
pustule: Skin [Dermatology]
putamen: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]; Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
p-value: Correlations [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Tests of
Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
pyelonephritis: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Urinary Infections [Renal]
Pygmalion effect (observer-expectancy effect): Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
pyknosis: Apoptosis [Pathology]; Cell Injury [Pathology]
pyloric stenosis: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
pyocyanin: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
pyoderma gangrenosum: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
pyogenic granuloma (lobular capillary hemangioma): Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
pyramidal cells: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
pyramidal system: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
pyrantel pamoate: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
pyrazinamide: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
pyridostigmine: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
action of: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
myasthenia gravis treatment: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
pyridoxal: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
pyridoxal phosphate. See vitamin B6
pyridoxal phosphate deficiency: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
pyridoxamine: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
pyridoxine: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
pyrimethamine: HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]; Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
pyrimidine dimers: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
pyrimidine metabolism: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine
Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
pyrimidines: DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
pyrogenic exotoxin A or C: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
pyrogens: Inflammation [Pathology]
pyrophosphate: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
pyruvate: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
during exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
glucogenic amino acids and: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
as glucose source: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
glycolysis endproduct: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
mitochondrial disorders: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
mitochondrial disorders and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
substrate phosphorylation and: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
thiamine and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
uses for: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
pyruvate carboxylase: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
pyruvate carboxylase deficiency: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate
Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
co-factors for: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
deficiency of: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate
Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
regulation of: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
pyruvate kinase deficiency: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
Q Q fever: Endocarditis [Cardiology]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
QRS axis: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
QRS interval: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
bundle branch blocks and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
hyperkalemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
reading high yield EKGS: High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
QT interval: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
antipsychotics effect on: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
haloperidol and: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
magnesium and calcium levels: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
reading high yield EKGS: High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
quadrantic anopia: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Visual Fields [Neurology]
quadratus femoris muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
quadriceps femoris muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
quadriplegia: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
quality measurements: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
quality of life, hospice care and: Public Health [Behavioral Science]
quantal response (dose-response): Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
quantitative variables: Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
Quellung reaction: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
quinidine
action of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
G6PD deficiency and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Malaria [Infectious Disease]
malaria treatment: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
as weak base (urine pH): Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
quinolone antibiotics: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other
Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
R rabbits (disease vector): Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
rabies: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
rabies vaccine: B-Cells [Immunology]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
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rachitic rosary: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
radial artery: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
radial nerve: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Hand [Musculoskeletal]; Shoulder and Elbow
[Musculoskeletal] radiation therapy
angiosarcoma following: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
aplastic anemia cause: Other Anemias [Hematology]
ataxia telangiectasia and: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
bone tumor treatment: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
brain tumor treatment: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
double strand DNA damage: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
free radical generation: Free Radicals [Pathology]
Hodgkin lymphoma treatment: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
lung cancer risk factor: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
myelodysplasia association: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
ophthalmopathy treatment: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
osteosarcoma association: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
pancreatic cancer treatment: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
pituitary adenomas treatment: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
pleomorphic adenoma risk factor: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
radiculopathy syndromes: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
radioactive iodine: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
radius: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
radon: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
ragged red muscle fibers: Pedigrees [Genetics]
rales: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]; Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
raloxifene: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
raltegravir: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
ramipril: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
randomization: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Diagnostic
Tests [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
randomization, for bias reduction: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
random measurement errors: Diagnostic Tests [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
ranibizumab: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]; The Retina [Neurology]; Wound Healing and Scars
[Pathology] ranitidine
GERD treatment: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
parietal cell secretion and: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
side effects: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
Ranke complex: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
RANK-L: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal];
Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
ranolazine: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
rapid eye movement (REM): Neurotransmitters [Neurology]; Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
rapid eye movement (REM) parasomnias: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
rapid response team: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
rare disease assumption: Risk Quantification [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
rasburicase: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
rashes
blueberry muffin syndrome: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
bulls-eye: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
diaper rash: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
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maculopapular: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; RNA
Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease];
Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
viral: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
RAS/MAP kinase pathway: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
rate of diffusion: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
Rathke pouch: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology];
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
rationalization: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
rats (disease vector): Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
rattlesnake bites: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
Raynaud phenomenon
Buerger’s disease and: Vasculitis [Immunology]
diffuse scleroderma and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
limited scleroderma (CREST) and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
lupus feature: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
Sjögren’s syndrome and: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
RBCs. See red blood cells
reaction formation: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
reactivation tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
reactive arthritis: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal];
Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
reactive attachment disorder (RAD): Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
reactive gliosis: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
reactive lymphadenopathy (LAD): Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
reactive oxygen species: Free Radicals [Pathology]
readmissions: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
real time PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction [Cell Biology]
rebound hypertension: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
rebound tenderness: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
recall bias: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
receptor activating nuclear factor kß ligand (RANK-L): Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Bone Tumors
[Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]; Parathyroid
Glands [Endocrinology]
receptor-mediated endocytosis: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
recessive inheritance: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
recombinant human parathyroid hormone: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]; Parathyroid Glands
[Endocrinology] recombination frequency: Gene Mapping [Genetics]
rectus abdominis muscle: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
rectus femoris muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
rectus muscle: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
recurrent artery of Heubner (ACA): Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
recurrent branch, of median nerve: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
recurrent hemolysis: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
recurrent hemorrhagic strokes: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
recurrent laryngeal nerve: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
compression of: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]; Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
development: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
parathyroidectomy precaution: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
Riedel’s thyroiditis and: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
recurrent strokes: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
recurrent tics: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
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recurring fever: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
red blood cell casts: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
red blood cell count: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
red blood cell indices: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
red blood cells
ABO system: Blood Groups [Hematology]
anemias: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]; Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
antigens, blood groups defined by: Blood Groups [Hematology]
babesiosis and: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
components of: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
destruction of: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
erythrocyte sedimentation rate: Coagulation [Hematology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
G6PD deficiency and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
glucose metabolism and: Glucose [Biochemistry]
glycolysis and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
hematuria: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
hemolysis: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]. See also hemolysis
infections: External Hemolysis [Hematology]; Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
insulin and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
malaria and: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
measurement technique: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
myeloproliferative disorders and: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
of newborns: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
pathophysiology: Thalassemias [Hematology]
polycythemia vera and: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
during pregnancy: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
pyruvate kinase deficiency: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
thalassemias: Thalassemias [Hematology]. See also thalassemias
type II hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
vitamin and folate deficiencies: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
vitamin E and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
red cell distribution width (RDW): Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
red hepatization: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
red infarcts: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
red man syndrome: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
red neurons: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
red nucleus: Brainstem [Neurology]; Cerebellum [Neurology]
red pulp, of spleen: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
reduviid bug: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
Reed-Sternberg cells: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
refeeding syndrome: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]; Electrolytes [Renal]
referred pain
for appendicitis: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
for diaphragm irritation: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
reflexes
absent: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
cranial nerve: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
fetal alcohol syndrome: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
hypermagnesemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
loss of: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
of pupil: The Pupil [Neurology]
reflex tachycardia: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
244
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
refractive errors: The Lens [Neurology]
refractory aplastic anemia: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
refractory GERD (Nissen fundoplication): Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
refractory period: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
regadenoson: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
regression: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
regular insulin: Insulin [Endocrinology]
regulated solutes (Na/K): Physiology II [Renal]
regulatory T-cells: T-cells [Immunology]
regurgitant lesions: Endocarditis [Cardiology]; Valve Disease [Cardiology]
reheated rice syndrome: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
Reichert’s cartilage: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
Reid index: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
reinforcement: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
Reinke crystals: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
Reiter’s syndrome: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
conjunctivitis and: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
reactive arthritis feature: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
risk factors for: Transplants [Immunology]
relapsing fever: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD): The Pupil [Neurology]
relative risk: Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Study Designs [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
religious beliefs, informed consent guidelines: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
REM: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]; Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
renal agenesis: Errors in Morphogenesis [Reproductive]; Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Nephrotic
Syndrome [Renal]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
renal angiomyolipomas: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]; Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
renal arterioles: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
renal artery stenosis: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
renal blood flow (RBF): Physiology II [Renal]
renal blood/plasma flow (RPF): Physiology I [Renal]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
renal bruit: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
renal cell carcinomas
glycogen storage: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
parathyroid hormone-related protein synthesis by: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
pathology: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
spread via bloodstream: Neoplasia [Pathology]
treatment: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
varicocele association: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
vimentin and: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
von Hippel-Lindau disease and: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
renal clearance: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]; Physiology II [Renal]
renal compensation: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
renal cysts: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]; Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
renal diseases
diphtheria and: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
erythrocyte sedimentation rate and: Inflammation [Pathology]
lupus feature: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
renal embryology: Renal Embryology [Renal]
renal failure: Renal Failure [Renal]
ACE inhibitors and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
245
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
acute interstitial nephritis feature: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
aluminum toxicity and: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
antihypertensive drug choice with: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
bone disorder associations: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
calcium-phosphate levels: Electrolytes [Renal]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
cidofovir side effect: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
dialysis-related amyloidosis and: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
diffuse scleroderma and: Scleroderma [Immunology]
diphtheria and: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
diuretic complication: Diuretics [Renal]
drug contraindications: Diuretics [Renal]
focal segmental glomerular sclerosis and: Renal Embryology [Renal]
gout attacks and: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
hyperparathyroidism and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
hypertension and: Hypertension [Cardiology]
hypertensive emergency: Hypertension [Cardiology]
loop diuretics and: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
malaria and: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
metformin precaution: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
multiple myeloma and: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
nitrosoureas toxicity: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
pathophysiology: Physiology I [Renal]; Physiology II [Renal]
pericarditis and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
preeclampsia feature: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
SGLT2 inhibitors precaution: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
treatment: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
urinary osmolality: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
vasculitis and: Vasculitis [Immunology]
vitamin D and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
Weil’s disease: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
renal formulas, for acid base disorders: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
renal function measurements: Physiology II [Renal]
renal infarction: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]; Endocarditis [Cardiology]
renal insufficiency
biguanides precaution: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
hypermagnesemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
lithium risk factor: Lithium [Psychiatry]
post-strep glomerulonephritis as cause of: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
renal medullary carcinoma: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
renal osteodystrophy: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]; Renal Failure
[Renal] renal plasma flow (RPF): Physiology II [Renal]
renal tubular acidosis: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
hyperkalemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypokalemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
non-anion gap metabolic acidosis: Acid Base Problems [Renal]; Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
renal vein: Renal Anatomy [Renal]; Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
renin: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]; Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
action of: Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
246
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
diuretics and: Diuretics [Renal]
effective circulating volume: Physiology I [Renal]; Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
mineralocorticoids and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
renal artery stenosis and: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
systolic heart failure and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
urinary sodium levels and: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
Renshaw cells: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
reovirus (rotavirus, coltivirus): Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
reoviruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
repaglinide: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
repeated nucleotide sequences: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]
reperfusion injury: Free Radicals [Pathology]
repetitive hand movements: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
replication, of RNA viruses: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
reporting guidelines
on abuse: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
of child abuse and neglect: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
on illnesses: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
for impaired drivers: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
repression: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
reproductive hormones: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]. See also androgens; estrogens
reserpine: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
residual lung volume: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
residual volume: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
resistance, in vessels: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
resistance, to air flow: Pulmonary Function Tests [Pulmonary]; Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
respiration
of bacteria: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
carbon dioxide and: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
muscles of: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
respiratory acidosis: Acid Base Problems [Renal]; Acid-Base Principles [Renal]; Respiratory Acid-Base
Disorders [Renal]
respiratory alkalosis
aspirin overdose: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
compensation: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
high altitude and: Carbon Dioxide [Pulmonary]
mechanism: Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders [Renal]
respiratory burst: Free Radicals [Pathology]; HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
respiratory compensation: Acid-Base Principles [Renal]
respiratory depression: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]; Opioids [Psychiatry]
respiratory distress: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
respiratory failure: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
respiratory procedures
isolation: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
prophylaxis: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
respiratory precautions: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
droplet precautions: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
treatment: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
respiratory zone (respiratory tract): Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
247
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
resting tremor: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP): Blotting [Cell Biology]
restriction-modification systems: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
restrictive cardiomyopathy: Amyloidosis [Hematology]; Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]; Restrictive
Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
restrictive lung disease: Pulmonary Function Tests [Pulmonary]; Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary];
Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
resuscitation, DNR guidelines: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
retained primary teeth: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
retained products of conception (RPOC): Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
rete ridges: Skin [Dermatology]; Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
reticular lamina: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
reticulate bodies (chlamydiae): Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
reticulocytes: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
reticulocytosis: Other Anemias [Hematology]
retina: The Retina [Neurology]
retinal artery occlusion: The Retina [Neurology]
retinal deposits: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
retinal detachment: The Retina [Neurology]
retinal hemangioblastoma: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
retinal hemorrhages: The Retina [Neurology]
child abuse injury: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
hypertensive emergency: Hypertension [Cardiology]
retinal lesions: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
retinal vein occlusion: The Retina [Neurology]
retinitis: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]; The Retina [Neurology]
retinitis pigmentosa: Genetic Principles [Genetics]; Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; The Retina [Neurology]
retinoblastoma proteins (Rb): Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
retinoblastomas
cell cycle and: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
genetics of: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
neurofilaments and: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
osteosarcoma association: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
retinoic acid: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
retinoic acids: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
retinoids
acne treatment: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
liver disease and: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
types of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
retinoid X receptors (RXR): Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
retinol. See vitamin A
retinopathy
chloroquine side effect: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
diabetes complication: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome feature: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
open angle glaucoma association: Glaucoma [Neurology]
treatment: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
retrograde amnesia: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
retroperitoneal bleeding: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
retroperitoneal lymph nodes: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
retroperitoneal structures: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
retroverted uterus: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
retroviruses: HIV [Infectious Disease]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
248
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Rett syndrome: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
Reye syndrome: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Vasculitis [Immunology]
Reynolds pentad: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
rhabdomyoblasts: Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
rhabdomyolysis: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
statin drugs and: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
statins and: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
rhabdomyomas: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
rhabdomyosarcoma: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
rhabdoviruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
rheumatic fever: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
mitral stenosis and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
Strep pyogenes: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
toxins and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
tricuspid stenosis and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
type II hypersensitivity disorder: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
rheumatic heart disease: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]; Valve Disease [Cardiology]
rheumatoid arthritis: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
anemias associated with: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
carpal tunnel syndrome risk factor: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
citrulline and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
eye symptoms: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
Hodgkin lymphoma risk factor: Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
interstitial lung disease association: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
knee symptoms: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
nephrotic syndrome association: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
pathophysiology: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
pericarditis and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
renal tubular acidosis association: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
scleroderma association: Scleroderma [Immunology]
secondary (AA) amyloidosis association: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
selective IgA deficiency and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
Sjögren’s syndrome association: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
treatment: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]; Malaria [Infectious Disease]; Other Cancer Drugs
[Hematology]; Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
rheumatoid factor: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]; Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
rhinitis: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
rhinophyma: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
rhinorrhea: Opioids [Psychiatry]
rhinosinusitis: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
rhinovirus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Rhizopus spp.: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
rhodopsin: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
Rh system: Blood Groups [Hematology]
ribavirin: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
hepatitis C treatment: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
measles treatment: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
for purine metabolic disorders: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
RSV treatment: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
viral respiratory infection treatment: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
rib notching (chest X-ray): Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
riboflavin: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
riboflavin deficiencies: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
249
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
ribonucleic acids (RNA). See RNA
ribonucleotide reductase
inhibition of: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
pyrimidine metabolism and: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
ribose: Glucose [Biochemistry]
ribose 5-phosphate: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
ribose phosphate: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
ribosomal RNA: Transcription [Cell Biology]
ribosomes
bacterial protein synthesis site: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
free: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
rough endoplasmic reticulum and: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
ß-lactam antibiotics and: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
translation and: Translation [Cell Biology]
ribs, chondrosarcomas of: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
rice-water diarrhea: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
rickets
growth plates and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
pancreatic insufficiency: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
renal tubular acidosis association: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
Rickettsia prowazekii: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Rickettsia rickettsii: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Rickettsia spp.: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
staining of: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
Rickettsia typhi: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Riedel thyroiditis: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
rifampin
action of: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
acute interstitial nephritis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
cytochrome P450 system inducer: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
hyperbilirubinemia and: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
leprosy treatment: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
meningitis prophylaxis: Meningitis [Neurology]
Neisseria spp. prophylaxis: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
RNA polymerase inhibitor: Transcription [Cell Biology]
tuberculosis treatment: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
Rift Valley fever: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
right bundle branch block: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]; EKG Basics [Cardiology]; Heart
Sounds [Cardiology]; High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
right coronary artery: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
right heart failure
bronchiectasis association: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
chronic bronchitis association: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
constrictive pericarditis and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
emphysema feature: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
liver failure cause: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
with primary pulmonary hypertension: Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
signs and symptoms of: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
right lower quadrant pain: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
right upper quadrant pain
250
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
acute cholecystitis: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
alcoholic hepatitis: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
biliary colic: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
cholangitis: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
ecstasy effect: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
evaluation of: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome and: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
helminth infection feature: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
hepatitis feature: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
primary sclerosing cholangitis feature: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
protozoa infection: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
riluzole: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
Rinne test: Auditory System [Neurology]
risk: Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Risk Quantification [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
risk factors, study of: Study Designs [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
risk ratios: Risk Quantification [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
risperidone
hyperprolactinemia and: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
prolactin and: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
Tourette syndrome treatment: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
ristocetin cofactor activity assay: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
ritodrine: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
ritonavir: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]; HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
rituximab: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
rivaroxaban: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
cardioversion treatment: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
stroke treatment: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
rivastigmine: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
river blindness: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
RNA
base pairing: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
Northern blot: Blotting [Cell Biology]
primers, for DNA polymerases: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
structure: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
synthesis: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
transcription and: Transcription [Cell Biology]
types of: Transcription [Cell Biology]
RNA polymerase inhibitors: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; Transcription [Cell Biology]
RNA polymerases: Transcription [Cell Biology]; Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
RNA viruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]. See also specific RNA viruses
structure: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
Robertsonian translocation: Down syndrome [Genetics]; Meiosis [Genetics]
Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
rocuronium: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
rod bacteria: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
rodents (disease vector): RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
roflumilast: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
romantic relationships: Ethical Principles [Behavioral Science]
Romberg test: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Spinal Cord [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
root cause analysis: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
rooting reflex: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
251
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
ropinirole: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
rosacea: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
rose gardener’s disease: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
Rosenthal fibers: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
roseola infantum (sixth disease): Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
rose spots: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
rosiglitazone: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
rostral neuropore: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
rosuvastatin
as cardiac ischemia secondary prevention: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
hydrophilic statin: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
rotator cuff: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
rotavirus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
contact precautions for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
watery diarrhea: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Roth spots: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
Rotor’s syndrome: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
rough endoplasmic reticulum: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
rouleaux: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
round ligament: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
roundworms (nematodes): Helminths [Infectious Disease]
rubella
causes: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
maternal infection-fetal abnormalities: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
newborn deafness: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
rubeola. See mumps
rubor: Inflammation [Pathology]. See also inflammation
rugal folds: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Russell sign: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
ryanodine receptor: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]; Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
S S-100 tumor marker: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
saber shins: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
Sabin polio virus vaccine: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
Sabouraud's agar: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
saccadic eye movements: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
saccular period (lungs): Pulmonary Embryology [Pulmonary]
saccule: Vestibular System [Neurology]
sacral plexus: Hip [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
sacroiliac joints: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
sacroiliitis: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
sacrum: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
sacubitril: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
saddle anesthesia: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
saddle nose: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM): Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
branched chain amino acid metabolism and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
tyrosine metabolism and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
safety and prevention: Public Health [Behavioral Science]; Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
safranin stain: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
salicylic acid: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Renal Failure [Renal]
252
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
saliva: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
salivary duct stones (sialolithiasis): Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
salivary glands
anatomy and physiology of: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
marginal zone lymphoma and: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
rheumatoid arthritis and: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
Sjögren’s syndrome and: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
salivary tumors: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
salivation
acetylcholine antagonist effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
cranial nerve function: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
rabies infection feature: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Salk polio vaccine: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
salmeterol: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
Salmonella enterica: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Salmonella spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
IL-12 receptor deficiency and: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
osteomyelitis: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
Quellung reaction: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
reactive arthritis and: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Seronegative Spondyloarthritis
[Musculoskeletal] sickle cell anemia and: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
Salmonella typhi: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria
[Infectious Disease] salmon patch: (see stork bite birthmark)
sampling bias: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
sanctuary sites: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
sand flies: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
“sandpaper” skin: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]; Vasculitis [Immunology]
SA node: Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]; EKG Basics [Cardiology]
action potentials of: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
beta blockers and: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
escape rhythm and: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]
saphenous nerve: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
saponification: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Necrosis [Pathology]
sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
acute interstitial nephritis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
electrolytes and: Electrolytes [Renal]
granulomatous inflammation and: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
interstitial lung disease association: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
uveitis association: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
vitamin D and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
sarcolemma: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
sarcoma botryoides: Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
sarcomas: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]; Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Germ Layers [Reproductive];
Neoplasia [Pathology]
sarcomeres: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
sarcoplasmic reticulum: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]; Cell Structure [Cell Biology];
Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
253
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
sartorius muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
satiety, regulation of: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
Saturday night palsy: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
savants: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]
SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation): Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
scalded skin syndrome: Skin Infections [Dermatology]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
scalene muscle: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
scalene triangle (thoracic outlet syndrome): Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
scales: Skin [Dermatology]
scanning speech: Cerebellum [Neurology]
scaphoid: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
scapula: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
scarlet fever: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]; Vasculitis [Immunology]
scarring: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
scars: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
SCA stroke: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]; Vertebrobasilar Strokes [Neurology]
scatter, of data: Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Tests of Significance
[Biostatistics/Epidemiology] S cells: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
Schatzki ring: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Schiller-Duval bodies: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]; Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
Schilling test: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
Schirmer test: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
schistocytes: External Hemolysis [Hematology]; Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]; Platelet Disorders
[Hematology] Schistosoma haematobium: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
Schistosoma spp.: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
schistosomiasis: Helminths [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
schizoaffective disorder: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]; Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
schizoid personality disorder: Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
schizophrenia: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
diagnosis: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
dopamine levels and: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
OCD association: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
pathology: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
psychosis and: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
suicide risk: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
symptoms and: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
treatment: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
schizophreniform disorder: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
schizotypal personality disorder: Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
Schwann cells: Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]
axonotmesis and: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
neuropathy and: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
schwannomas: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Cells of the Nervous System [Neurology]; Neurocutaneous Disorders
[Dermatology] sciatica: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
sciatic nerve: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
sciatic neuropathy: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
sclera: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
scleral icterus: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
scleritis: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]; Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
sclerodactyly: Scleroderma [Immunology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
scleroderma: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Scleroderma [Immunology]
antibodies to: Transcription [Cell Biology]
bacterial overgrowth cause: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
differential diagnosis: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
interstitial lung disease association: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
scleroderma renal crisis: Scleroderma [Immunology]
sclerosing adenosis: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]; Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
sclerosing cholangitis: Biliary disorders [Gastroenterology]
sclerosing encephalitis: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
scoliosis: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
scopolamine: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
scopolamine patch: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
scorpions sting: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
Scotch tape test: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
screening programs, disease prevention and: Public Health [Behavioral Science]
scrotal disorders: Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
hernias and: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
scrotum: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
scurvy: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
seasonal allergies: B-Cells [Immunology]
sebaceous glands: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
seborrheic dermatitis: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
seborrheic keratosis: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
sebum: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]; Skin Infections [Dermatology]
secondary adrenal insufficiency: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
secondary amenorrhea: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
secondary amyloidosis: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]; Amyloidosis [Hematology]; Inflammation
[Pathology]; Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
secondary generalized seizure: Seizures [Neurology]
secondary hemochromatosis: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
secondary hyperlipidemia: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
secondary hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]; Renal Failure [Renal]
secondary hypertension: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]; Hypertension [Cardiology]; Secondary
Hypertension [Cardiology]
secondary hypogonadism: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
secondary palate: Cleft Lip and Palate [Reproductive]
secondary syphilis: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
second pharyngeal arch: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
second pharyngeal pouch: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
secretin: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
function: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
physiology: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
secretin test: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
secretion (renal): Physiology II [Renal]
secretory pathway: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
segmental thrombosing vasculitis: Vasculitis [Immunology]
segmented genomes: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
seizures: Seizures [Neurology]
alcohol-induced: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]; Seizures [Neurology]
conversion disorder symptom: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
drug-induced: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
[Gastroenterology]; General Anesthesia [Neurology]; Opioids [Psychiatry]; Other Drugs [Psychiatry];
Seizures [Neurology]; Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
255
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
eclampsia and: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
embolisms and: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
hamartomas and: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
hypercalcemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypocalcemia and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
impaired-driver guidelines: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
meningitis complication: Meningitis [Neurology]
in newborns: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency): Ammonia [Biochemistry]
pyridoxal phosphate deficiency and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
signs and symptoms: Seizures [Neurology]
treatment: Seizures [Neurology]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
tuberous sclerosis and: Cardiac Tumors [Cardiology]
tumor-induced: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
Von Gierke’s disease and: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
selection bias: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
selective culture media: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM): Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]; Osteoporosis Drugs
[Musculoskeletal]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
selective IgA deficiency: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
selective norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]
selective proteinuria: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
anxiety disorder treatment: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
atypical depression treatment: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
eating disorder treatment: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
fibromyalgia treatment: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
selegiline: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
selenium sulfide: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
self-mutilation: Gout [Musculoskeletal]; Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
semicircular canals: Vestibular System [Neurology]
semimembranosus muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
seminal vesicles: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
seminiferous tubules: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
seminomas: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
semitendinosus muscle: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
senile aortic stenosis: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
senile atrophy, of brain: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
sensitivity and specificity: Diagnostic Tests [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Positive and Negative Predictive
Value [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Sensitivity and Specificity [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
sensorineural hearing loss: Auditory System [Neurology]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
sensory cortex: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
sensory neuropathy: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
sentinel node biopsy: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
separation anxiety disorder: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]; Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
sepsis
disseminated intravascular coagulation and: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
empirical treatment of: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
encapsulated bacteria: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
endotoxins and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
gram negative: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Neisseria spp.: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
pneumonia complication: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
256
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
splenic dysfunction and: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
Starling curves shifts: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
stress ulcers and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
third spacing and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
septal panniculitis: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
septate uterus: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
septic arthritis: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
septic shock: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
septic thrombosis: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
serine: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
seronegative spondyloarthritis: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; Skin Disorders I
[Dermatology] serosa: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
“serosal” inflammation: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
serositis: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
[Immunology] serotonin
action of: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
adrenergic synapses: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
carcinoid syndrome and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
carcinoid tumors: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]; Valve Disease [Cardiology]
depression and levels of: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
ecstasy and: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
function of: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
GI tumor secretion of: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
metabolism of: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
PCP’s effect on: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
platelet granules and: Platelet Activation [Hematology]
SSRIs and: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
stimulants effect on: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
tryptophan metabolism and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
type I hypersensitivity mediator: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
tyrosine and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
serotonin 5-hydroxytytamine (5-HT): Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
serotonin modulators: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs): Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
serotonin release assay: Platelet Activation [Hematology]
serotonin syndrome: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Neurotransmitters [Neurology]; Other Drugs [Psychiatry];
Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious
Disease] serous cystadenoma: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
serpin: Coagulation [Hematology]
Serratia spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
chronic granulomatous disease and: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Free Radicals [Pathology];
Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]; HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes
[Immunology] identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
pigment of: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
serratus anterior muscle: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
Sertoli cells: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]; Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Male
Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
257
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Sertoli cell tumor: Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor: Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins: Amyloidosis [Hematology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG): Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
serum sickness: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
cephalosporin adverse reaction: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
penicillin adverse effect: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
sulfonamide allergic reaction: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
sessile adenomatous polyp: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
7α-hydroxylase: Bile [Gastroenterology]
17α-hydroxylase deficiency: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID): Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]; Transplants
[Immunology] sevoflurane: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
sex cord stromal tumors: Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
sex hormone binding globulins (SHBGs): Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Signaling Pathways
[Endocrinology] sexual abuse: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
sexual development, disorders of: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]; Disorders of Sexual
Development [Reproductive]. See also ambiguous genitalia; specific disorders
sexual dysfunction: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). See also specific diseases
condyloma acuminatum (venereal warts): Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
confidentiality and: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
gram negative bacteria and: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
hepatitis B virus: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
HIV/AIDs: HIV [Infectious Disease]
minors, guidelines for treatment of: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
syphilis: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
Trichomonas vaginalis: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
viral: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Sezary syndrome: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
shagreen patches: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
shaken baby syndrome: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]; Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
shawl sign: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
Sheehan syndrome: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
shield chest: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
Shiga-like toxin: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Growth and
Genetics [Infectious Disease]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Shiga toxin: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Shigella spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
bloody diarrhea: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
reactive arthritis and: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Seronegative Spondyloarthritis
[Musculoskeletal] virulence of: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
shingles
dermotome rash: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
meningitis cause: Meningitis [Neurology]
shock: Shock [Cardiology]
causes: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
258
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
endotoxins and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
hemodynamics of: Shock [Cardiology]
hypoxic encephalopathy cause: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
ischemic hepatitis (shock liver): Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
non-occlusive ischemia and: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
physical exam: Shock [Cardiology]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
stress ulcers and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
superantigens and: T-cells [Immunology]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
treatments: Shock [Cardiology]
shock liver (ischemic hepatitis): Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
shock treatment: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
shoulder
anatomy: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
chondrosarcomas of: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
injuries: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
shoulder droop: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
shoulder dystocia: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
shoulder pain
dialysis-related amyloidosis and: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
referred: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
shoulder shrugging: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
shuffling gate: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
shunts: Shunts [Cardiology]
with chronic bronchitis: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
A-a gradient and: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
great vessel transpositions and: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
inadequate gas exchange and: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
Qp to Qs ratio: Shunts [Cardiology]
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) reduction: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
sialadenitis: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
sialic acid: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
sicca symptoms: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
sickle cell anemia: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]; Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
amino acid substitution in: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
aplastic crisis: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
as autosomal recessive disorder: Pedigrees [Genetics]
avascular necrosis side effect: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
drugs for treating: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
erythrocyte sedimentation rate and: Inflammation [Pathology]
hemolysis cause: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
malaria protection: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
missense mutations: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]
nephrotic syndrome and: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
osteomyelitis: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
papillary necrosis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
parvovirus and: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
priapism and: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
secondary hemochromatosis and (complications): Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
Southern blot diagnosis: Blotting [Cell Biology]
Strep pneumonia risks: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
sickle cell crisis: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
259
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
sickle cell disease: Thalassemias [Hematology]; Transplants [Immunology]
sickle cell trait: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
sickling test: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
sideroblastic anemia: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
sigmoid colon: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
signaling pathways: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]. See also
specific pathways
signal recognition particle (SRP): Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
signal sequences (proteins): Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT): Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
signet ring cells: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
sildenafil: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]; Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]
silencers, for transcription: Transcription [Cell Biology]
silent mutations: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]
silica: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
silicosis: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
silver stain: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
Pneumocystis jirovecii: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
silver-sulfadiazine cream: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
simple bone cysts: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
simple columnar epithelium cells: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
simple cuboidal epithelium cells: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
ovary: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
simple cysts: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
simple squamous epithelium cells: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
simplification: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
simvastatin: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
single blind: Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS): Microarrays and FISH [Cell Biology]
sinus bradycardia: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
sinuses (brain): Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
sinusitis
Kartagener’s syndrome and: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
mucormycosis feature: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
Strep pneumonia: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
sinus node
antiarrhythmic drugs and: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
lithium effect on: Lithium [Psychiatry]
pacemaker action potentials and: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
sinusoids, of spleen: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
sinus rhythm: AVNRT [Cardiology]; High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
sinus tachycardia: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
sinus venosus: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
sirenomelia: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
sirolimus: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
Sister Mary Joseph nodule: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
sitagliptin: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
situs inversus: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
6-mercaptopurine (6-MP): Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Antimetabolites [Hematology];
Immunosuppressants [Immunology]; Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]; Purine Metabolism
[Biochemistry]
260
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
6-phosphogluconate pathway. See HMP shunt
6-thioguanine: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
sixth pharyngeal arch: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
Sjögren syndrome: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
acute interstitial nephritis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
marginal zone lymphoma and: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
primary biliary cirrhosis association with: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
renal tubular acidosis association: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
rheumatoid arthritis association: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
scleroderma association: Scleroderma [Immunology]
skeletal muscle. See also specific muscles
action potentials of: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
atrophy: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
blood flow to: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
cardiac muscle similarities: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
cell cycle phase of: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
hypertrophy: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
muscle disorders of: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
structure and function: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
skewed data: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
skewed lyonization: Pedigrees [Genetics]
skin: Skin [Dermatology]
acetylcholine antagonist effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
ACTH and: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]
anthrax infection: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
antitumor antibiotic side effect: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
autonomic effects: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
blastomycosis involvement of: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
blood flow to: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
bronzing: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
cortisol effects: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
Cushing’s syndrome and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
Ehlers Danlos syndrome and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
fungal skin infections: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
hypopigmentation: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
layers of: Skin [Dermatology]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
normal flora of: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
Sjögren’s syndrome and: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
wound healing and: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
skin abscesses: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]; Skin Infections [Dermatology]
skin cancer: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
with albinism: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
parakeratosis and: Skin [Dermatology]
xeroderma pigmentosum and: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
skin disorders: Neoplasia [Pathology]; Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]; Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]; Skin
Disorders II [Dermatology]
skin flushing. See flushing
skin hyperpigmentation. See hyperpigmentation
skin infections: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
anthrax: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
bacillary angiomatosis: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
blueberry muffin syndrome: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Nocardia spp.: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
Staph aureus: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
Strep pyogenes: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
skin lesions
Kaposi sarcoma: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
leprosy: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
primary and secondary: Skin [Dermatology]
skin rashes. See rashes
skull
bone tumors of: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
osteomas: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
osteopetrosis and: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
slapped cheek disease: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
sleep apnea: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]; Pulmonary Circulation [Pulmonary]; Sleep Apnea
[Pulmonary] sleep attacks: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
sleep disorders: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
sleep disturbances: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]; Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
sleep paralysis: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
sleep-related eating disorder: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
sleep terrors: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
sleep walking: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
sliding hiatal hernias: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE): Hip [Musculoskeletal]
SMAD4 gene: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
small cell lung cancer: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
Cushing’s syndrome and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
growth hormone secretion by: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) and: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
SIADH cause: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
treatment: DNA drugs [Hematology]; Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
small intestine
B vitamin absorption: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
cancer, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome as risk factor for: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
histology: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
hormone secretion by: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
ischemia of: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
red infarcts of: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
small lymphocytic lymphoma: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]; Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
smallpox: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
smallpox vaccine: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
smell: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
smoking
abdominal aortic aneurysms and: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
acute intermittent porphyria trigger: Porphyrias [Hematology]
adenocarcinoma risk factor: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
aneurysm association: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
breast disorder risk factor: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
bronchiectasis cause: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
Buerger’s disease risk factor: Vasculitis [Immunology]
cataract risk factor: The Lens [Neurology]
cervical cancer risk factor: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]
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COPD and: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
as coronary risk equivalent for sudden death: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
emphysema cause: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
esophageal cancer risk factor: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
GERD risk factor: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
hypercoagulability risk: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
inflammatory bowel disease and: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
low birth weight cause: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
lung cancer risk factor: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
maternal-fetal complications: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
metaplasia and: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
oral contraceptive pills contraindication: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
osteoporosis cause: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
pancreatic cancer risk factor: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
peptic ulcer risk factor: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
placental abruption risk factor: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
renal cell carcinoma risk factor: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
spontaneous abortion risk factor: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
squamous cell carcinoma risk factor: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
stroke risk factor: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
teratogenic effects of: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
transitional cell carcinoma risk factor: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
vitamin C requirements and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
smoking cessation: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
smooth muscle: Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
acetylcholine and: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
atherosclerosis and: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
autonomic effects: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
of gastrointestinal tract: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
smudge cells: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
SNARE proteins: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
snowstorm appearance (ultrasound): Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors): Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
soap bubble lesions, on MRI: HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious
Disease] social anxiety disorder: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]; Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
sodium
disorders: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
diuretics and: Diuretics [Renal]
nephron physiology: Nephron Physiology [Renal]
and water balance: Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
sodium bicarbonate
for drug overdose: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
renal tubular acidosis treatment: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
side effects: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
tricyclic antidepressants overdose treatment: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
sodium channels: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
sodium-chloride media: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
sodium disorders: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
sodium intake
acute heart failure and: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
hypertension risk factor: Hypertension [Cardiology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
hyponatremia causes: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
sodium nitrite: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
sodium oxybate: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
sodium phenylacetate-sodium benzoate: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
sodium phenylbutyrate: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
sodium phosphate: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
sodium polystyrene sulfonate: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
sodium restriction: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
sodium stibogluconate: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
sodium/water retention. See also edema
cardiac output and: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
soleus muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
solid tumors: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]; DNA drugs [Hematology];
Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
somatic cells: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
somatic delusions: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
somatic disorders: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
somatic hypermutation: B-Cells [Immunology]
somatic mosaicism: Down syndrome [Genetics]; Genetic Principles [Genetics]
somatic mutations: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]; Genetic Principles [Genetics]
somatic symptom disorder: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
somatization: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
somatoform conditions: Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
somatomedin: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
somatostatin: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology];
Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]; Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus,
Limbic [Neurology]
somatotroph adenoma: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
somatotropin: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
somnolence: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
sorbitol
cataracts and: The Lens [Neurology]
diabetes and: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
hereditary fructose intolerance and: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]
osmotic laxative: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
sorbitol MacConkey agar: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
sotalol: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
Southern blot: Blotting [Cell Biology]
Southwestern blot: Blotting [Cell Biology]
spare receptors: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
sparfloxacin: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
spastic bladder: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
spastic paralysis: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
spatial neglect: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
spectrin: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
speech pathologies: Cerebellum [Neurology]
speech production: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
speech therapy: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]
speech tics: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
sperm: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
spermatic cord: Hernias [Gastroenterology]; Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
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spermatic fascia: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
spermatic veins: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
spermatocele: Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
spermatocytes: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
spermatogenesis: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Meiosis [Genetics]; Spermatogenesis and
Oogenesis [Reproductive]
spermatogonia: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis [Reproductive]
spherocytes: External Hemolysis [Hematology]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
spherocytosis: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
spherule: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
sphincter of Oddi: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]; Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
[Gastroenterology] sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
sphincter pupillae: The Pupil [Neurology]
sphingolipidoses: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
sphingolipids: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
sphingomyelin: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
spider angiomata: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
spike and dome subepithelial deposits: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
spina bifida: Neuroembryology [Neurology]
spinal canal: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
spinal cord
ASA stroke and: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
cerebellar communication with: Cerebellum [Neurology]
structures: Spinal Cord [Neurology]
syndromes: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
toxins and: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
tumors of: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
ventricles and: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
spinal cord tracts: Spinal Cord [Neurology]
spinal fluid testing: Meningitis [Neurology]
spinal nerves and nerve roots: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
spinal stenosis: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
spinal tap
meningitis diagnosis: Meningitis [Neurology]
pseudotumor cerebri diagnosis: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
subarachnoid hemorrhage diagnosis: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
spinal V nucleus: Brainstem [Neurology]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
spine
osteoarthritis of: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
osteoblastoma of: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
osteomyelitis of: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
osteoporosis and: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
prostate cancer metastasis: Prostate [Reproductive]
seronegative spondyloarthritis of: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
structures of: Spinal Cord [Neurology]
spinocerebellar pathway: Brainstem [Neurology]
spinothalamic tract: Spinal Cord [Neurology]
AICA stroke and: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
deficits: Brainstem [Neurology]
lateral pontine syndromes and: Brainstem [Neurology]
spirochetes: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]; Spirochetes [Infectious
Disease]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
spironolactone
action of: Diuretics [Renal]
amenorrhea cause: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
ascites treatment: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
non-anion gap metabolic acidosis: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
polycystic ovarian syndrome treatment: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
primary aldosteronism treatment: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
side effects: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
systolic heart failure and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
spleen: Lymph Nodes and Spleen [Immunology]; Necrosis [Pathology]
anatomy: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
ceramide derivatives accumulation in: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
embryology: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
extravascular hemolysis in: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
lipid accumulation in: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
as secondary lymphoid organ: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
sickle cell anemia and: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
spleen infarction: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
splenectomy
hereditary spherocytosis treatment: Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura treatment: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
splenic dysfunction treatment: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
Strep pneumonia risks: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia treatment: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
splenic artery: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
splenic dysfunction: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
splenic flexure: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
splenic infarction: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
splenic sequestration crisis: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
splenic vein thrombosis: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
splenomegaly
Felty syndrome and: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
hairy cell leukemia feature: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
malaria feature: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
portal vein thrombosis: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
with primary myelofibrosis: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
sickle cell anemia and: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
visceral leishmaniasis feature: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
spliceosome: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]; Transcription [Cell Biology]
splicing errors: Transcription [Cell Biology]
splinter hemorrhages: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
splitting (defense mechanism): Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]; Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
spondylitis: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
spondylolisthesis: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
spongiform encephalopathy: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
spongiosis: Skin [Dermatology]
spontaneous abortion: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]; Teratogens II
[Reproductive]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]; Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP): Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
spontaneous cardioversion: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
spontaneous pneumothorax: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
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spores (conidia): Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
spores and spore-forming bacteria: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Bacteria [Infectious Disease];
Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
Sporothrix schenckii (sporotrichosis): Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
sporozoites (malaria): Malaria [Infectious Disease]
spousal abuse: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
sprue: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
squalene oxidase: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
squamocolumnar junction: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]
squamous cell carcinoma: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
actinic keratosis leading to: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
anal: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
bladder: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
cervical carcinoma: Cervical Cancer [Reproductive]
dermoid cyst association: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]
esophageal webs and rings developing into: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
of esophagus: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
helminth infections and: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
human papillomavirus (HPV) and: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
keratin and: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
lungs: Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
parathyroid hormone-related protein synthesis by: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
penis: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
of penis: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
treatment: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
vaginal carcinoma: Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
squatting
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
tetralogy of Fallot symptoms and: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
SRY gene: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Skeletal
Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
SSRIs. See selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
stable angina: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
ischemia and: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
treatment: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
staghorn calculi: Kidney Stones [Renal]
stains, for bacteria: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
standard deviation (SD): Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Diagnostic Tests
[Biostatistics/Epidemiology] standard error of the mean (SEM): Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
standardization: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
standard precautions: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
stapedius paralysis: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
Staphylococcus aureus: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; ß-
Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
cellulitis and: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
chronic granulomatous disease and: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Free Radicals [Pathology];
Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]; HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes
[Immunology] culturing: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
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eye infections and: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
impetigo and: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
infections: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
lung abscesses: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
mastitis and: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]
multiple myeloma and: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
penicillin resistance mechanism: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
pigment of: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
precautions: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
scalded skin syndrome: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
septic arthritis cause: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
sialadenitis: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
superantigens of: T-cells [Immunology]
virulence: B-Cells [Immunology]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
wounds and: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative toxin: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
Staphylococcus epidermidis: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Endocarditis [Cardiology]
biofilm: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
prosthetic material infections: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
surgical-site infections and: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
urinary infections: Urinary Infections [Renal]
Staphylococcus spp.
bacteremia: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
classification: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
endocarditis: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
struvite stone association: Kidney Stones [Renal]
starch
defined: Glucose [Biochemistry]
digestion of: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
Starling curves: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
“starry sky” morphology: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
startle myoclonus: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
starvation. See fasting and starvation
state regulations
on abortion and parental notification: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
abuse reporting guidelines: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
impaired-driver guidelines: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
on reportable illnesses: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
statin myopathy: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
statins
as cardiac ischemia secondary prevention: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
causes of: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
coenzyme Q levels and: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
EKG readings: High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
hydrophilic vs. lipophilic: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
for hyperlipidemia: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
rhabdomyolysis and: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
statistical distribution: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
statistical errors: Hypothesis Testing [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
statistics, overview: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
status asthmaticus: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
status epilepticus: Seizures [Neurology]
ST depressions (EKG)
causes of: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
EKG reading: High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
unstable angina: NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
steady state (drug administration): Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
steatohepatitis: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
steatorrhea
celiac sprue symptom: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
giardiasis feature: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
malabsorption manifestation: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
pancreatic insufficiency: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]; Cystic Fibrosis
[Pulmonary] tropical sprue symptom: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; ST-Elevation Myocardial
Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
ST-elevations (ECG): ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]; Stable Angina [Cardiology]
stellate cells (perisinusoidal cells): Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
stem cells
endometriosis and: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
in stratum basalis: Skin [Dermatology]
telomerases in: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
wound healing and: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
stem cell transplantation
busulfan used in preparation of: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
IL-12 receptor deficiency treatment: T-cells [Immunology]
mucormycosis association: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
primary amyloidosis treatment: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
primary myelofibrosis treatment: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
stenosis, defined: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
stents
complications of: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
coronary: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
for stable angina: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
IIB/IIIA receptor blockers for stenting: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
stercobilin: Bile [Gastroenterology]; Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
sterile pyuria: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Urinary Infections [Renal]
sternocleidomastoid muscle: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
steroid hormones: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]. See also androgens; estrogens
steroids. See also glucocorticoids
action of: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
adrenal crisis and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) disease treatment: Vasculitis [Immunology]
aspergillosis treatment: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious
Disease] avascular necrosis side effect: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
Cushing’s syndrome and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
hepatitis treatment: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
hypersensitivity pneumonitis treatment: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura treatment: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
immunosuppressive drug therapy and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
lupus treatment: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
minimal change disease treatment: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
mucormycosis association: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
open angle glaucoma association: Glaucoma [Neurology]
ophthalmopathy treatment: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
pancreatitis treatment: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
pericarditis treatment: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
rheumatoid arthritis treatment: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
sarcoidosis treatment: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
secondary adrenal insufficiency: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
stress-dosing: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
synthesis: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
synthesis of: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
thyroid storm treatment: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
vasculitis treatment: Vasculitis [Immunology]
weaning with methotrexate: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
sterols: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
Stevens-Johnson syndrome: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
antibiotics adverse effect: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
carbamazepine side effect: Seizures [Neurology]
cephalosporin adverse reaction: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
mycoplasma pneumonia association: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
sulfonamide allergic reaction: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
stillbirth: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
stimulants: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
action of: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]; Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
ADHD treatment: ADHD and Autism [Psychiatry]
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder treatment: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
stimulus: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
stippled epiphyses (X-ray): Teratogens I [Reproductive]
St. John’s Wart: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
St. Louis encephalitis: Meningitis [Neurology]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
stocking-glove sensory loss: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
stomach
blood supply: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
gastritis and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]. See also gastritis
histology: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
marginal zone lymphoma and: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
physiology: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
stomatitis: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
stool antigen test: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
stool cultures: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
stool examination: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
stool osmotic gap: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
stool pH test: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
stool softeners: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
stooped posture: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
stop codons: Translation [Cell Biology]
stork bite birthmark: Skin [Dermatology]; Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
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strabismus: Eye Movements [Neurology]
straight leg raise test: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
strawberry hemangioma: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
strawberry tongue: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]; Vasculitis [Immunology]
streak gonads: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
streak ovaries: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
strep bovis: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
Strep bovis: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
Strep mutans: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
Strep pyogenes: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
virulence of: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
strep throat. See pharyngitis
Streptococcal pharyngitis: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
Streptococci spp.
classification: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
factor H and: Complement System [Immunology]
growth requirements: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]
identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
Lancefield grouping: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
nephritic syndrome cause: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
shape: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
Streptococcus agalactiae: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
Streptococcus bovis: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
Streptococcus gallolyticus: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic coverage: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease];
ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
eye infections and: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
identification: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
immune deficiency syndromes and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
immunizations for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
meningitis cause: Meningitis [Neurology]
mucosa colonization by: B-Cells [Immunology]
multiple myeloma and: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
pneumonia cause: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
Quellung reaction: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
septic arthritis cause: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
sickle cell anemia and: Sickle Cell Anemia [Hematology]
splenic dysfunction and: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
vaccine: B-Cells [Immunology]; Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
virulence factor of: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Streptococcus pyogenes
cellulitis and: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
erysipelas and: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
impetigo and: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
necrotizing fasciitis and: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
superantigens of: T-cells [Immunology]
Streptococcus viridans: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]
streptogramins: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
streptokinase: Coagulation [Hematology]
streptolysin O & S: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
streptomycin
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action of: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
brucellosis treatment: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
bubonic plague treatment: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
tuberculosis treatment: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
tularemia treatment: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
stress
asthma trigger: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
brief psychotic disorder trigger: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
cellular response to: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
contractility in cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
migraine trigger: Headaches [Neurology]
neurotransmitters response to: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
stress-dose steroids: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
stress fractures: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
stress-induced cardiomyopathy: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
stress ulcers: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
striated muscles: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
striatum: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]
strictures
of biliary tract: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
of biliary tree: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Crohn’s disease and: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
GERD sequela: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
lye ingestion and: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
strokes: Cerebral and Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]; Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]; Vertebrobasilar
Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
aspirin therapy for: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
cardioversion risk factor: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
cerebellar: Cerebellum [Neurology]
cerebral strokes: Cerebral and Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
dementia cause: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
diabetes complication: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
heparin for: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
hypertension: Hypertension [Cardiology]
ischemic complication: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
lacunar strokes: Cerebral and Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
management of: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
patent foramen ovale (PFO) and: Shunts [Cardiology]
preeclampsia complication: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
prevention: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Antiplatelets [Hematology]
risk scores: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
seizure cause: Seizures [Neurology]
thienopyridine treatment: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
thrombus location: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
treatment: Coagulation [Hematology]; Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
VEGF inhibitor side effect: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
vertebrobasilar stroke syndromes: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
vision problems following: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
stroke volume (SV): Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
heart rate and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
Starling curves: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
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stroma (endometrium): Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
stromal tumors: Breast Disorders [Reproductive]; Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
Strongyloides stercoralis: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
struma ovarii: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]
struvite stones: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Kidney Stones [Renal]. See also kidney stones
study designs: Study Designs [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
Sturge-Weber syndrome: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]; Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
stuttering: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
stylohyoid muscle: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
styloid process, of temporal bone: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
stylopharyngeus muscle: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
subacute combined degeneration: Helminths [Infectious Disease]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
subacute endocarditis: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain’s/granulomatous thyroiditis): Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
subarachnoid hemorrhage: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]; Headaches [Neurology]; Intracranial Bleeding
[Neurology]; Meningitis [Neurology]
subchondral cyst: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
subchondral sclerosis: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
subcutaneous antidiabetic agents: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
subcutaneous emphysema: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
subcutaneous fat: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
subcutaneous nodules: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
subdural hematoma: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]; Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
subendocardial ischemia: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]; NSTEMI and
Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
subependymal giant cell astrocytomas: Cardiac Tumors [Cardiology]; Neurocutaneous Disorders
[Dermatology]; Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
subfalcine herniation: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
subfornical organ (SFO): Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]
sublimation: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
sublingual gland: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
submandibular gland: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
submucosa: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus): Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
subscapularis muscle: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
substance abuse. See also alcohol use and abuse
anorexia nervosa association: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
bulimia nervosa association: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
dissociative identity disorder and: Dissociative Disorders [Psychiatry]
laxatives: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
minors and guidelines for treatment of: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
murmurs and: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
suicide risk: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
substance abuse disorder: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
substantia nigra: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]
subthalamic nucleus: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]; Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
succinylcholine: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
succinyl-CoA
during fasting/starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
heme synthesis and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; Porphyrias
[Hematology] organic acidemias and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
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TCA cycle and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
sucking reflex: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
sucralfate: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
sucrose: Fructose and Galactose [Biochemistry]; Glucose [Biochemistry]
sudden cardiac death
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
systolic heart failure patients: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
sudden death
coronary artery disease (CAD) and: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
risk factors: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
sleep apnea: Sleep Apnea [Pulmonary]
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
low birth weight complication: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
risk factors: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
smoking and: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
suicide
borderline personality disorder and: Personality Disorders [Psychiatry]
psychiatric diagnoses with: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
schizophrenia complication: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
sulbactam
ascending cholangitis treatment: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
endometritis treatment: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
overview: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
Pasteurella spp. infection treatment: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
ß-lactamase inhibitors: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
sulfa allergy: Diuretics [Renal]
sulfadiazine: HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]; Sulfonamides [Infectious
Disease] sulfa drugs (sulfonamides): Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
acute pancreatitis cause: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
adverse skin reactions: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
allergies: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
erythema multiforme and: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
G6PD deficiency and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Intrinsic Hemolysis [Hematology]
hypersensitivity: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
nephritis and: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
for pyrimidine metabolic disorders: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
as teratogen: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
sulfamethoxazole: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
sulfasalazine: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]; Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
sulfatides: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]; Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
sulfation: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
sulfisoxazole: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
sulfonylureas: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]; Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
sulfur granules: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
sumatriptan: Headaches [Neurology]
sunburn: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]; Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
sunburst/sunray sign: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
superantigens: T-cells [Immunology]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
superficial basal cell carcinoma: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
superficial fibular nerve: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
superficial inguinal nodes: Gastrointestinal Anatomy [Gastroenterology]
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superficial inguinal ring: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
superficial mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
superficial nodular phlebitis: Vasculitis [Immunology]
superficial spreading melanoma: Skin Cancer [Dermatology]
superior cerebellar peduncle: Cerebellum [Neurology]
superior gluteal nerve: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
superior laryngeal nerve: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
superior thyroid artery: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]; Lung Cancer [Pulmonary]
superoxide (02): Free Radicals [Pathology]
superoxide dismutase: Free Radicals [Pathology]; HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]; Special Growth Requirements
[Infectious Disease] supine hypotension: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
suppression: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
supracondylar facture: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
supraoptic nuclei: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
suprarenal arteries: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
suprascapular nerve: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
supraspinatus muscle: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
supravalvular aortic stenosis: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]; Valve Disease
[Cardiology] supraventricular tachycardias: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
suramin: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
surface F (fusion) protein: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
surfactant: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
surgical-site infections: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
surrogates, decision-making capacity and: Decision Making Capacity [Behavioral Science]
survey studies: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
Svedberg units: Translation [Cell Biology]
swallowing: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
swallowing study (video): Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Swan-Ganz catheter: Shock [Cardiology]
swan neck deformity: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
swarm phenotype: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
sweat chloride test: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
sweat glands: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
sweating
acetylcholine and: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
acetylcholine antagonist effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
ADH levels: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
alcohol withdrawal: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
autonomic effects: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
seizures and: Seizures [Neurology]
septic arthritis feature: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
swimmer’s ear. See otitis externa
swimmer’s itch: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
swinging flashlight test: The Pupil [Neurology]
Swyer syndrome: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
Sydenham chorea: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
sympathetic ganglia: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]; Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
sympathetic nervous system
acute heart failure and: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
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blood pressure regulation and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
cardiac muscle contraction and: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
contractility in cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
effective circulating volume: Physiology I [Renal]; Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
exercise response mediated by: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
heart rate and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
intraocular pressure: Glaucoma [Neurology]
nitrates and: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
norepinephrine: Autonomic Drugs: Norepinephrine [Neurology]
pacemaker action potentials and: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
PCP’s effect on: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
saliva regulation by: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
stimulants effect on: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
systolic heart failure and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
tumors of: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
urinary sodium levels and: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
sympathomimetic drugs
action of: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]
contractility in cardiac output and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
heart rate and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
syncope
aortic stenosis and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
carotid massage and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
causes: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
lithium side effect: Lithium [Psychiatry]
syncytiotrophoblast: Placenta [Reproductive]; Pregnancy [Reproductive]; Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
syndactyly: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
carbamazepine side effect: Seizures [Neurology]
causes: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
cyclophosphamide side effect: Alkylating Agents [Hematology]
diagnosis: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
immunosuppressant side effect: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
mechanism: Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
treatment: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
vinca alkaloid toxicity: Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
synesthesia: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
syngenetic graft: Transplants [Immunology]
synovial fluid: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
synovial hypertrophy: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
synovial joints: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
synovium: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
syphilis
cause: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
chancre: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
eye infections and: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
false positives: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction to treatment: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
maternal infection-fetal abnormalities: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
as reportable illness: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
sequelae of: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
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treatment: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
syringomyelia: Neuroembryology [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
systematic desensitization: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
systemic amyloidosis: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
systemic errors: Diagnostic Tests [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
systemic lupus erythematous (SLE): Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
[Immunology] acute interstitial nephritis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
nephrotic syndrome association: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
scleroderma association: Scleroderma [Immunology]
selective IgA deficiency and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
Sjögren’s syndrome association: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
treatment: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]; Malaria [Infectious Disease]
type III hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
systemic sclerosis. See scleroderma
systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
blood flow mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
Flow equation and: Shock [Cardiology]
Starling curves shifts: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
systole: Pressure Volume Loops [Cardiology]
systolic blood pressure (SBP)
physiology of: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
response to exercise: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
systolic dysfunction: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
systolic heart failure: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]; Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
anthracycline toxicity: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
antihypertensive drug choice with: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
atrial fibrillation and: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
muscular dystrophy association: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
pathophysiology of: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
quality measurements for use of: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
symptoms of: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Antihypertensives
[Cardiology]; Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
systolic murmurs: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
T T3 (thyroid hormone): Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
T4 (thyroid hormone): Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
tabes dorsalis: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]; Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
tachycardia
blood pressure regulation and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
ecstasy effect: Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
muscarinic blocker effect: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT): AVNRT [Cardiology]
thyroid hormone’s effect on: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroid storm and: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
tacrolimus: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]; Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
tactile hallucinations: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]; Psychosis [Psychiatry]; Stimulants
277
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
[Psychiatry] tadalafil: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]; Prostate [Reproductive]
taeniasis: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
Taenia solium: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
tafluprost: Glaucoma [Neurology]
Takayasu’s arteritis: Vasculitis [Immunology]
Tamm–Horsfall mucoprotein (THP): Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
tamoxifen: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
action of: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
breast carcinoma treatment: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]
endometrial hyperplasia risk factor: Endometrial Cancer [Reproductive]
tamponade: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
EKG reading: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
ischemic complications: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
shock and: Shock [Cardiology]
signs and symptoms of: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
treatment: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
tamsulosin: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Prostate [Reproductive]
tangentiality: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
tangential speech: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
tapeworms (cestodes): Helminths [Infectious Disease]
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976): Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
tardive dyskinesia: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]; Gastrointestinal
Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
target cells: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
tarsal tunnel: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP): Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
taste: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
TATA box: Transcription [Cell Biology]
tau proteins: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
taurine: Bile [Gastroenterology]
taut form (T), of hemoglobin: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
taxol: Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
Tay-Sachs disease: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]; Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
tazobactam: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
TCA cycle: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
activation of: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
co-factors for: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
during exercise: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
during fasting/starvation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]
fatty acid metabolism and: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
glucogenic amino acids and: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
glucose metabolism and: Glucose [Biochemistry]
glycolysis regulation and: Glycolysis [Biochemistry]
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
ketolysis and: Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
NADH stalling: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
products: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
rate limiting step of: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
T-cell receptors: T-cells [Immunology]
T-cells: T-Cells [Immunology]
activation: B-Cells [Immunology]
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adaptive immunity: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
antigen presentation: T-cells [Immunology]
apoptosis: Apoptosis [Pathology]
atherosclerosis and: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
celiac sprue complication: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
class switching: B-Cells [Immunology]
Epstein–Barr virus association: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
granulomatous inflammation and: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
immune deficiency syndromes of: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
leukemia-lymphoma: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
lymphoid organs and: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
malignancies: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
multiple sclerosis and: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
platelet disorder of: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
seronegative spondyloarthritis and: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
tear drop cells (dacryocytes): Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
teeth
bulimia nervosa and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
syphilis and: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
tetracycline precautions: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
telangiectasias: Cerebellum [Neurology]; Scleroderma [Immunology]
telephone conversations, consent guidelines: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
Tellurite plate: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
telomerase: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]; Neoplasia [Pathology]
telomeres: DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
telophase (mitosis): Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
temperate phages: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
temperature
asthma trigger: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
as hemoglobin allosteric effectors: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
regulation: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
spermatogenesis and: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
temper outbursts: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis): Vasculitis [Immunology]
headache cause: Headaches [Neurology]
polymyalgia rheumatica association: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
temporal bone: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
temporalis muscle: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
temporal lobe
Pick’s disease: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
seizures and: Seizures [Neurology]
transtentorial herniation and: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
temporal lobe epilepsy: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
tendinous xanthoma: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
tendonitis
quinolone side effect: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
shoulder pain: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
teniposide: DNA drugs [Hematology]
tennis elbow: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
tenofovir: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
Tensilon test: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
tension headache: Headaches [Neurology]
tension pneumothorax: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]; Shock [Cardiology]
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tensor fasciae latae: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
tensor tympani: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
teratogens: Germ Layers [Reproductive]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]. See also
specific teratogens
teratoma: Neoplasia [Pathology]; Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]; Testicular Tumors
[Reproductive] terazosin: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
terbinafine: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
terbutaline: Electrolytes [Renal]; Pregnancy [Reproductive]
teres minor muscle: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
terfenadine: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
teriparatide: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]; Parathyroid Glands
[Endocrinology] terminal cisternae: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
terminal complement pathway deficiency: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
terminal duct lobular unit: Breast Tissue [Reproductive]
terminal ileum
lipid absorption: Bile [Gastroenterology]
vitamin B12 absorption: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
termination, of protein synthesis: Translation [Cell Biology]
tertiary amines: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
tertiary hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]; Renal Failure [Renal]
tertiary syphilis: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
testes
cancer: DNA drugs [Hematology]; Testicular Cancer [Reproductive]
disorders of sexual development and: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
embryology: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
hemochromatosis affecting: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
hypogonadism of: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
non-gestational choriocarcinoma of: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
reproductive hormones and: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
as sanctuary site: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
tumors: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]; Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]; Testicular
Tumors [Reproductive]
undescended: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]; Male Reproductive Hormones
[Endocrinology] testicular torsion: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Scrotal
Disorders [Reproductive]
testis determining factor: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
testosterone
effects in males: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
genital embryology: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
for male hypogonadism: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
polycystic ovarian syndrome diagnosis: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
tests of significance: Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
tetanospasmin: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
tetanus: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
tetanus toxoid: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
tetanus vaccine: B-Cells [Immunology]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious
Disease] tetany: Electrolytes [Renal]
tetrabenazine
280
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Huntington’s disease treatment: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
Tourette syndrome treatment: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
tetracaine: Local Anesthesia [Neurology]
tetracycline
action of: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
antacids precaution: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]; Other Antibiotics [Infectious
Disease] photosensitivity and: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
resistance to: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
as teratogen: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
tropical sprue treatment: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4): Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): Other Drugs [Psychiatry]
tetrahydrofolate: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine
Metabolism [Biochemistry]
tetralogy of Fallot
alprostadil and: Shunts [Cardiology]
cyanotic congenital heart disease and: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
deletion syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
embryology of: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
fetal alcohol syndrome: Shunts [Cardiology]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
other features of: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
overview: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
physiology: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
pulmonary regurgitation and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
thymic aplasia and: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
treatment: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
“tet spells”: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
thalamic nuclei: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
thalamic syndrome: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
thalamus: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic System[Neurology]
aneurysms of: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]; Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
cerebellar communication with: Cerebellum [Neurology]
hemorrhagic stroke of: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
lacunar strokes and: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
transtentorial herniation and: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
thalassemias: Malaria [Infectious Disease]; Thalassemias [Hematology]
thalidomide: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
Thayer-Martin culture media: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
thebesian vein: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]
theca cells: Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
menstrual cycle and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
of ovarian follicle: Female Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
theca-lutein cysts: Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
thecoma: Ovarian Stromal Tumors [Reproductive]
thenar muscles: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
theophylline
action of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Stimulants [Psychiatry]
asthma treatment: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
COPD treatment: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
dose response: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
metabolism of: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
microglide precaution: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
281
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
therapeutic index: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
therapeutic privilege, informed consent guidelines and: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
thermogenin: Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
thiamine: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
deficiency of: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
as dehydrogenase complex co-factor: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]; TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
HMP shunt and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
thiamine deficiency
beriberi: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
HMP shunt and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
for maple syrup urine disease: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome association: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry];
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
thiamine pyrophosphate: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
thiazide diuretics: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
action of: Diuretics [Renal]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
acute interstitial nephritis and: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
diabetes insipidus treatment: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
hypomagnesemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
kidney stone treatment: Kidney Stones [Renal]
lithium interaction: Lithium [Psychiatry]
metabolic alkalosis and: Metabolic Alkalosis [Renal]
urinary osmolality: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
thiazolidinediones (TZDS): Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]; Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
thick ascending loop Henle: Nephron Physiology [Renal]
thick filaments (sarcomere): Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
thienopyridine: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
thigh, innervation: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]; Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
thigh adductor muscles: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
thin descending loop Henle: Nephron Physiology [Renal]
thin filaments (sarcomere): Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
thioamides: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thiocyanate: Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
thionamides: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
thiopental: General Anesthesia [Neurology]
thioridazine: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]; Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
thiosulfate (sodium thiosulfate): Hemoglobin [Pulmonary]
third-degree burns: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
third pharyngeal arch: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
thoracentesis: Inflammation [Pathology]; Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]; Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
thoracic outlet syndrome: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
thought blocking: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
3-day measles. See rubella
“3-sign” on chest X-ray: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
threonine: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]; Cell Structure [Cell Biology]
thrombin: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Coagulation [Hematology]
thrombin time: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Platelet Disorders
[Hematology] thrombocytopenia: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
anorexia nervosa and: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
anticoagulant drug side effect: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
antimetabolite side effects: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
282
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aplastic anemia symptom: Other Anemias [Hematology]
Bernard-Soulier syndrome and: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
disseminated intravascular coagulation association: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
Ehrlichia spp. infection as cause of: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
HELLP syndrome feature: Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
hemolytic uremic syndrome: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
heparin-induced: Platelet Activation [Hematology]
IIB/IIIA receptor blockers adverse effect: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
immunosuppressant complication: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
liver disease and: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
lupus and: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
lysosomal storage diseases and: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
thrombocytosis: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
thrombolysis
for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
stroke management: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
thrombomodulin: Coagulation [Hematology]; Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
thromboplastin: Coagulation [Hematology]
thrombopoietin: Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
thrombosis
essential thrombocytosis symptom: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
mesenteric ischemia and: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
oral contraceptive pills risk factors: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Complement System [Immunology]; Intrinsic Hemolysis
[Hematology] polycythemia vera and: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
stent complications and prevention: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
thromboxanes: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
thrombus
atherosclerosis complication: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
cavernous sinus syndrome cause: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
formation: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; Coagulation [Hematology]; Hypercoagulable States
[Hematology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]; Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]; ST-Elevation
Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
intravascular hemolysis and: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
ischemic complications: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
prevention: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter
[Cardiology]; Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; Hypertension [Cardiology]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
retinal artery occlusion cause: The Retina [Neurology]
risk factors: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
treatment: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
ultrasound: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
thrush: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
thumb: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
thumb sign: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
thymic aplasia. See DiGeorge syndrome
thymic medulla: Apoptosis [Pathology]
thymic transplant: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
283
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
thymidine: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Antimetabolites [Hematology]; DNA structure
[Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
thymidine kinase: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
thymidylate synthase: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
thymine: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
thymoma: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Other Anemias [Hematology]
thymus
anatomy and function of: T-cells [Immunology]
apoptosis and: Apoptosis [Pathology]
development: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
DiGeorge syndrome and: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
myasthenia gravis and: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
as primary lymphoid organ: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
thyroglobulin: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroglossal duct: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroglossal duct cyst: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroid binding globulin: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
thyroid cancer: Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
thyroid cartilage: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
thyroid disease
amenorrhea and: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
anovulatory cycle and: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
Turner syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
thyroid disorders: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]. See also hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; thyroiditis
autoimmune: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroid dysgenesis: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroid gland: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
anatomy: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
development: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
embryology: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
lithium toxicity and: Lithium [Psychiatry]
marginal zone lymphoma and: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
thyroid hormone
cardiac effects: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
CNS and bone effects of: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
gluconeogenesis and: Gluconeogenesis [Biochemistry]
metabolic effects of: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
regulation of: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
signaling pathway of: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
synthesis of: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
transport: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroiditis: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
thyroidization of kidney: Urinary Infections [Renal]
thyroid panel: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroid peroxidase (TPO): Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroid releasing hormone (TRH): Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroid replacement therapy: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]; Hypogonadism
[Reproductive]; Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiency: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
thyroid storm: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyropharyngeus muscle: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
thyrotoxicosis: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
284
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
thyrotropin: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]; Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG): Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
tibia: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
tibialis anterior muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
tibialis posterior muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
tibial nerve: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
tibial tuberosity: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
ticagrelor
antiplatelet activity of: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
platelet inhibitor: Platelet Activation [Hematology]
for thrombosis prevention: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
ticarcillin: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
tic douloureux (painful tic): Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
ticks (disease vector): RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria
[Infectious Disease] ticlopidine: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
tics: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
tidal volume: Pregnancy [Reproductive]; Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
tight junctions (occluding junctions or zonula occludens): Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
time period, of studies: Study Designs [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
timolol: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]; Glaucoma [Neurology]
tinea capitis: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
tinea corporis: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
tinea cruris (jock itch): Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
tinea pedis (athlete’s foot): Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
tinea unguium (onychomycosis): Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
tinea versicolor: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
Tinel’s sign: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
tinnitus: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
aspirin adverse effect: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
loop diuretic complication: Diuretics [Renal]
Meniere’s disease feature: Vestibular System [Neurology]
pseudotumor cerebri feature: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
schwannoma feature: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
Tinsdale media: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
tiotropium: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
tirofiban: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
tissue edema: Inflammation [Pathology]
tissue factor: Coagulation [Hematology]
tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI): Coagulation [Hematology]
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA): Coagulation [Hematology]
tissue transglutaminase: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
titin: Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
titratable acids: Acid Excretion [Renal]
titration curves: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
T loop: Translation [Cell Biology]
TMP-SMX: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
HIV-associated pneumonia treatment: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
Nocardia spp. infection treatment: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
opportunist infection prophylaxis: HIV [Infectious Disease]
PCP treatment: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia treatment: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
285
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
for urinary infection: Urinary Infections [Renal]
TNF-α
granulomatous inflammation and: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
innate immunity and: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
insulin resistance and: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
TNF-α inhibitors: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
granulomatous inflammation treatment: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
reactivation tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
rheumatoid arthritis treatment: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
TNM staging system: Neoplasia [Pathology]
tobramycin: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
tocopherol. See vitamin E
togaviruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
tolazamide: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
tolbutamide: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
tolcapone: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
toll-like receptors (TLRs): Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]; Innate Immunity [Immunology]
tolvaptan: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
tongue
cranial nerves and: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
development: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
ectopic thyroid and: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
fasciculations: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
Plummer-Vinson syndrome and: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
reflexes: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
ulcers of: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
tonic-clonic seizures: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]; Hypertension in Pregnancy [Reproductive]
tonometry: Glaucoma [Neurology]
tonsillar herniation: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
tonsils: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
tophi: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
topiramate
eating disorder treatment: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]
migraine prevention: Headaches [Neurology]
seizure treatment: Seizures [Neurology]
top of the basilar syndrome: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
topoisomerase I & II: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]; DNA Replication [Cell Biology]
topoisomerase I and II inhibitors: DNA drugs [Hematology]
topoisomerase IV: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
topotecan: DNA drugs [Hematology]
TORCH infection: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; The Lens [Neurology]; Maternal-Fetal Disorders
[Reproductive]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
torsades de pointes: EKG Basics [Cardiology]
chemical cardioversion and: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
EKG reading: High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
quinolone side effect: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
treatment of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
torsemide: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]; Diuretics [Renal]
torus fracture: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR): Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
total lung capacity: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
total lung volume: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
total peripheral resistance (TPR): Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
286
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
blood flow mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
blood pressure determinant: Secondary Hypertension [Cardiology]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
response to exercise: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
Starling curves shifts: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
venous return curve shifts: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
total ventilation (TV): Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
Tourette syndrome: Childhood disorders [Psychiatry]
OCD association: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
treatment: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
toxic acute tubular necrosis: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
toxic adenomas: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
toxic epidermal necrolysis: Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]
antibiotics adverse effect: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
cephalosporin adverse reaction: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
sulfonamide allergic reaction: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
toxic megacolon: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
toxic multinodular goiter: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
toxic shock syndrome: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]; T-cells
[Immunology]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
toxins
acute pancreatitis cause: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
bacterial classification: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
cholera: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
Clostridium spp.: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
Corynebacterium diphtheria: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
liver tumors and: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
plasmids and: Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Staph aureus: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
Toxocara spp.: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
toxoid vaccines: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
Toxoplasma gondii: HIV CNS Infections [Neurology]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
toxoplasmosis: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
eye infections and: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
maternal infection-fetal abnormalities: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
prophylaxis treatment for: HIV [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
trabecular bone: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]; Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
trabecular meshwork: Glaucoma [Neurology]
trachea
embryology: Germ Layers [Reproductive]
Riedel’s thyroiditis and: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
tracheal cartilage: Lysosomal Storage Diseases [Biochemistry]
tracheal obstruction: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
tracheoesophageal septum: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
trachoma: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
tracking eye movements: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
tramadol: Opioids [Psychiatry]
“tram-track” appearance (light microscopy): MPGN [Renal]
transcription: Transcription [Cell Biology]
cortisol regulation of: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
DNA methylation and: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
epigenetics and: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
287
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
histone acetylation and: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
hormone signaling pathway for: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
lupus and: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
summary: Translation [Cell Biology]
viral: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
transcription factors: Blotting [Cell Biology]; Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]; Transcription [Cell Biology]
transduction, bacterial: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
transference: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
transferrin: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
anemia of chronic disease: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
free radical generation and: Free Radicals [Pathology]
as negative acute-phase reactant: Inflammation [Pathology]
pregnancy levels of: Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
transfer RNA: Transcription [Cell Biology]
transformation (bacteria): Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß): Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
transfusion reactions: Blood Groups [Hematology]; DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI): Blood Groups [Hematology]
transient hyperthyroidism: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]
transient myocardial ischemia: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
transient tachypnea: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
transitional cell carcinoma: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
transitional epithelium: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
transition metals: Free Radicals [Pathology]
transition mutations: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]
transition of care: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
transketolase: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
translation: Translation [Cell Biology]
translocation: Translation [Cell Biology]
acute promyelocytic leukemia cause: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]
ß-lactam antibiotics and: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
Robertsonian: Meiosis [Genetics]
transmural ischemia: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]; ST-Elevation Myocardial
Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
transpeptidases: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
transplant rejection: Transplants [Immunology]
transplants: Transplants [Immunology]. See also organ transplants
pneumonia association: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
retinitis and: The Retina [Neurology]
transport lipoprotein: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
transposition, bacterial: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
transposition of the great arteries (TGA): Teratogens II [Reproductive]
transposons: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
transpulmonary pressure: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
transtentorial herniation: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
transthyretin: Amyloidosis [Hematology]; Inflammation [Pathology]
transudate: Inflammation [Pathology]
transudative effusion: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): Prostate [Reproductive]
transversalis fascia: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
transverse abdominis muscle: Pulmonary Anatomy [Pulmonary]
transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum): Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
288
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
transversion mutations: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]
trapezium: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
trapezius muscle: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
trapezoid (bone): Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
trastuzumab: Breast Carcinoma [Reproductive]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
trauma
acute pancreatitis cause: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
carnitine deficiencies: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
hypercoagulability risk: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
necrotizing fasciitis and: Skin Infections [Dermatology]
pneumothorax: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
PTSD cause: Anxiety Disorders [Psychiatry]
rhabdomyolysis and: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
skin disorders of (pyogenic granuloma): Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
stress ulcers and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
travoprost: Glaucoma [Neurology]
trazadone: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
Treacher Collins syndrome: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
tremors
alcohol withdrawal: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]
brainstem disorder feature: Brainstem [Neurology]
hypomagnesemia symptom: Electrolytes [Renal]
immunosuppressant complication: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]
lateral cerebellar lesion feature: Cerebellum [Neurology]
lithium side effect: Lithium [Psychiatry]
sulfonamide toxicity: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
types of: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
Trendelenburg sign and gait: Hip [Musculoskeletal]
treponemal test: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
Treponema pallidum: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]; Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
Treponema spp.: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
triamcinolone: Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs [Immunology]
triamterene: Diuretics [Renal]
tricarboxylic acid cycle. See TCA cycle
triceps muscle: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
triceps reflex: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
Trichinella spp.: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
trichinosis: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
Trichomonas vaginalis: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
Trichophyton spp.: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
tricuspid atresia: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
tricuspid murmurs: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
tricuspid regurgitation
causes of: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
murmur: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
during systole: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
venous pressure tracings of: Venous Pressure Tracings [Cardiology]
tricuspid stenosis
causes of: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
during diastole: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
murmur: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
venous pressure tracings of: Venous Pressure Tracings [Cardiology]
289
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
tricyclic antidepressants
action of: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
anticholinergic side effects: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
fibromyalgia treatment: Muscle Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
trifluoperazine: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
cavernous sinus syndrome and: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
deficits: Brainstem [Neurology]
development: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
function of: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
migraines and: Headaches [Neurology]
trigeminal nerve ganglia: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
trigeminal neuralgia: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
triglycerides
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
cortisol and: Adrenal Glands [Endocrinology]
familial dyslipidemias and: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
formation: Exercise and Starvation [Biochemistry]; Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
hyperlipidemia and: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
lipid metabolism and: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
omega-3 fatty acids and: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
treatment of elevated levels: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
trihexyphenidyl: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders
[Neurology] trimethoprim
action of: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
folate deficiencies and: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]
sulfamethoxazole (SMX) combined with: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
as teratogen: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
THF synthesis and: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). See TMP-SMX
trinucleotide repeat disorders: DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]; Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
triple blind: Clinical Trials [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
triple sugar iron (TSI) test: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious
Disease] triptans: Headaches [Neurology]
triquetrum: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome): Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Neuroembryology [Neurology];
Trisomies [Genetics]
trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome): Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Neuroembryology
[Neurology]; Trisomies [Genetics]
trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). See Down syndrome
trisomy disorders: Meiosis [Genetics]; Trisomies [Genetics]
tRNA: Translation [Cell Biology]
trochlear nerve (CN IV): Brainstem [Neurology]; Cranial Nerves [Neurology]; Eye Movements [Neurology]
Tropheryma whipplei: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
trophoblast: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]; Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]; Placenta [Reproductive]
tropical sprue: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
tropicamide: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]
tropocollagen: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
tropoelastin: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
tropomyosin: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
troponins: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]; Skeletal Muscle
290
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
[Musculoskeletal] Trousseau’s sign: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
Trousseau’s syndrome: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]
true negatives (specificity): Sensitivity and Specificity [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
true positives (sensitivity): Sensitivity and Specificity [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
truncal ataxia: Cerebellum [Neurology]
truncus arteriosus: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]; Immune Deficiency Syndromes
[Immunology]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
Trypanosoma brucei: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
Trypanosoma cruzi: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
Trypanosoma gambiense: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
Trypanosoma rhodesiense: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
Trypanosomes spp.: Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
trypanosomiasis: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
trypsin: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]; Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
trypsinogen: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
tryptase: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
tryptophan: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
deficiency: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]; Other Amino Acids
[Biochemistry] as essential amino acid: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
metabolic disorders: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
metabolism: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]; Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
niacin synthesis: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
tryptophan hydroxylase: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
tsetse fly: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
TSH. See thyroid-stimulating hormone
t-test: Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
T-tubules: Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Skeletal Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
tubal ligation: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]; Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
tubal pregnancy: Antimetabolites [Hematology]
tuberculin skin testing (TST): Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
tuberculoid leprosy: Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]
tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
acute interstitial nephritis cause: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
Addison’s disease cause: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
aspergilloma association: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
caseating granuloma and: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
caseous necrosis and: Necrosis [Pathology]
endometritis cause: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
granulomatous infection: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and: HIV [Infectious Disease]
infliximab precaution: Immunosuppressants [Immunology]; Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
osteomyelitis and: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
pathophysiology: Innate Immunity [Immunology]
pericarditis and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
prophylaxis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
as reportable illness: Confidentiality [Behavioral Science]
respiratory precautions for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
silicosis association: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
treatment: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
V/Q and: Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
tuberous sclerosis: Cardiac Tumors [Cardiology]; Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]; Renal and Bladder
291
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
Malignancies [Renal]
tubocurarine: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
tubular adenomatous polyp: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
tubular epithelial cells: Epithelial Cells [Dermatology]
tubulin polymerization: Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
tubuloglomerular feedback: Physiology I [Renal]
tubulointerstitial disorders: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
tularemia (rabbit fever): Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
tumor lysis syndrome: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). See TNF-α
tumor necrosis factor receptors: Apoptosis [Pathology]
tumors. See also specific tumors
antitumor antibiotics: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
bowel obstruction cause: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
bronchiectasis cause: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
cardiac: Cardiac Tumors [Cardiology]
cavernous sinus syndrome cause: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
gestational: Gestational Tumors [Reproductive]
hypercoagulability risk: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
intussusception and: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
lung auscultation: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
naming: Neoplasia [Pathology]
ovary: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]; Ovarian Stromal Tumors[Reproductive]
pleural: Pleural Disease [Pulmonary]
seizure cause: Seizures [Neurology]
tumor suppressor genes: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]; Genetic Principles [Genetics]; Neoplasia
[Pathology] tumor suppressors: Cell Cycle [Cell Biology]
tunica albuginea: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
tunica vaginalis: Hernias [Gastroenterology]; Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
Turcot syndrome: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
Turner syndrome: Genetic Principles [Genetics]; Turner and Klinefelter Syndromes [Genetics]
amenorrhea cause: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
aneuploidy: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
aortic dissection and: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]
aortic regurgitation and: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
coarctation of the aorta and: Coarctation of the Aorta [Cardiology]
cystic hygroma and: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
horseshoe kidney: Renal Embryology [Renal]
meiosis and: Meiosis [Genetics]
murmur diagnosis and: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
T waves
on high yield EKGS: High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
hyperkalemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
hypokalemia: Electrolytes [Renal]
ischemia: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
unstable angina: NSTEMI and Unstable Angina [Cardiology]
21α-hydroxylase deficiency: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]; Disorders of Sexual
Development [Reproductive]
22q deletion syndromes: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
twins: Twins [Reproductive]
low birth weight cause: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
292
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
polyhydramnios and: Maternal-Fetal Disorders [Reproductive]
theca-lutein cyst association: Ovarian Cysts [Reproductive]
2x2 table (risk estimation): Positive and Negative Predictive Value [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Risk
Quantification [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]; Sensitivity and Specificity [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
two-hit origin of cancer: Genetic Principles [Genetics]
tympanic membrane: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
tympanic membrane rupture: Auditory System [Neurology]
Type A blood: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
type and screen: Blood Groups [Hematology]
type I collagen: Bone [Musculoskeletal]
type I hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
allergic conjunctivitis: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
anaphylaxis: Blood Groups [Hematology]
to Aspergillus spp.: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
asthma: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
to penicillins: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
type II hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Vasculitis [Immunology]
acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR): Blood Groups [Hematology]
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
lupus as: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
rheumatic fever: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
type III hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
to Aspergillus spp.: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
hypersensitivity pneumonitis as: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
inherited C3 deficiency and: Complement System [Immunology]
lupus and: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Immunology]
to penicillins: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
rheumatoid arthritis and: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
type IV hypersensitivity reaction: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
celiac sprue (celiac disease): Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
granulomatous inflammation as: Granulomatous Inflammation [Pathology]
hypersensitivity pneumonitis as: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
multiple sclerosis as: Demyelinating Diseases [Neurology]
penicillin adverse effect: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
Sjögren’s syndrome as: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
typhoid fever: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
typhoid vaccine: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
typhus: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
tyramine: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
MAO inhibitors and: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
serotonin syndrome cause: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
tyrosinase: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
tyrosine: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
hormones with: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
melanin and: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
metabolism of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
phenylalanine conversion: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
phenylketonuria (PKU) and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
supplementation of: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
thyroid hormones and: Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
tyrosine hydroxylase: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
tyrosine kinase
293
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
glycogen metabolism and: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
hormone signaling pathway: Signaling Pathways [Endocrinology]
insulin and: Endocrine Pancreas [Endocrinology]
myeloproliferative disorders and: Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]
Philadelphia chromosome and: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]
tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Chronic Leukemia [Hematology]; Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
Tzanck smear (HSV test): Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
U ubiquinone: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]; Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
ubiquitination: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Translation [Cell Biology]
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UGT): Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious
Disease] ulcerative colitis: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology];
Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]; Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; T-cells [Immunology]
ulceroglandular tularemia: Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
ulcers: Skin [Dermatology]
anthrax infection: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
aspirin adverse effect: Antiplatelets [Hematology]
cutaneous leishmaniasis feature: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
defined: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
diabetic foot disease and: Diabetes [Endocrinology]
duodenal: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
esophagitis: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
gastric: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
genital: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
GERD sequela: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
herpes simplex virus and: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
H. pylori: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
intestines: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
peptic: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
treatment: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
ulcerative colitis and: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma) and: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
ulna: Shoulder and Elbow [Musculoskeletal]
ulnar artery: Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
ulnar claw: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
ulnar deviation: Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
ulnar nerve: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Hand [Musculoskeletal]; Shoulder and Elbow
[Musculoskeletal]; Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
ulnar paradox: Hand [Musculoskeletal]
ultimobranchial body: Pharyngeal Pouches and Clefts [Reproductive]
ultrasound
of cholestasis: Bile [Gastroenterology]
gallstones and: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
thyroid cancer imaging: Thyroid Cancer [Endocrinology]
of varicocele: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
umbilical blood vessels: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]; Placenta [Reproductive]
umbilical cord: Placenta [Reproductive]; Placental Complications [Reproductive]
umbilical hernias: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
umbilicus: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]
UMP synthase: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
294
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
uncal herniation: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
uncircumcised penis: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
unconjugated bilirubin: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]; Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
unconscious defense mechanisms: Ego Defenses [Psychiatry]
unconscious patients: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1): Electron Transport Chain [Biochemistry]
undescended testes: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [Endocrinology]; Disorders of Sexual Development
[Reproductive]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Scrotal Disorders [Reproductive]
unfractionated heparin: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
ungual fibromas: Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
unhappy triad (knee injuries): Knee [Musculoskeletal]
unicameral bone cysts: Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
unicornuate uterus: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
uniparental disomy: Imprinting [Genetics]; Meiosis [Genetics]
unregulated solutes (Cr/Urea): Physiology II [Renal]
unstable angina: Antiplatelets [Hematology]; Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; NSTEMI and Unstable Angina
[Cardiology] untranslated regions, of mRNA: Transcription [Cell Biology]
upper motor neurons: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
damage: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]; Cranial Nerves [Neurology]; Nerve Damage [Neurology]
disorders of: Brainstem [Neurology]; Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
Friedreich’s ataxia and: Cerebellum [Neurology]
upper respiratory infection (URI)
asthma trigger: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [Pulmonary]
gram negative bacteria: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
nephritic syndrome association: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
nephrotic syndrome association: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
pericarditis and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
rheumatic fever association: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
Stevens Johnson syndrome association: Vasculitis [Immunology]
viral: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
urachal cyst: Placenta [Reproductive]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
urachus: Placenta [Reproductive]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
uracil: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
urate nephropathy: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
urate transporter-1 (URAT1): Gout [Musculoskeletal]
urea
ammonia conversion to: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
metabolism of: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
physiology: Nephron Physiology [Renal]
urea breath test: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
urea cycle: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
disorders: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]; Rheumatoid Arthritis
[Immunology] enzymes of: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
fumarate and: TCA Cycle [Biochemistry]
regulation of: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
urease-positive organisms: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
uremia: Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]; Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]; Renal
Failure [Renal]
ureter: Renal Embryology [Renal]
ureteric bud: Renal Embryology [Renal]
295
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
ureteropelvic junction: Renal Embryology [Renal]
ureters: Renal Anatomy [Renal]
urethra: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
urethritis: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
uric acid
alcohol use and: Ethanol Metabolism [Biochemistry]
diuretics and: Diuretics [Renal]
gout and: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
purine breakdown and: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
purine metabolic disorder: Purine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
tumor lysis syndrome and: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
uric acid stones: Kidney Stones [Renal]. See also kidney stones
uridine: DNA structure [Biochemistry]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
uridine-MP (UMP) synthase: Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
urinalysis
for carcinoid syndrome: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]
hematuria: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
hemolysis findings: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]
rhabdomyolysis: Rhabdomyolysis [Renal]
urinary infection diagnosis: Urinary Infections [Renal]
urinary antigen test: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
urinary buffers: Acid Excretion [Renal]
urinary catheter: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
urinary chloride: Eating Disorders [Psychiatry]; Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]; Metabolic
Alkalosis [Renal]
urinary incontinence: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
urinary osmolality: Renal Failure [Renal]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
urinary phosphate wasting: HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]
urinary retention: ANS Drugs: Acetylcholine [Neurology]; Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
urinary sodium: Renal Failure [Renal]; Sodium Disorders [Renal]
urinary sugars
galactosemia and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
hereditary fructose intolerance and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
inborn errors of metabolism and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
organic acidemias and: Inborn Errors of Metabolism [Biochemistry]
urinary tract infections (UTIs): Urinary Tract Infections [Renal]
Berger’s disease association: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
diabetes and: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
E. coli: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
gram negative rods: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
hematuria cause: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
staphylococci: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
streptococci: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
struvite stone association: Kidney Stones [Renal]
treatment: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Sulfonamides
[Infectious Disease] urine
anion gap: Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
concentration: Nephron Physiology [Renal]; Physiology II [Renal]
dark: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
drug excretion: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
eosinophils: Tubulointerstitial Disorders [Renal]
interstitial nephritis signs: Penicillins [Infectious Disease]
296
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
ketones in: Ketone Bodies [Biochemistry]
multiple myeloma findings: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
net acid excretion: Acid Excretion [Renal]
phenylketonuria (PKU) and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
porphyrias and: Porphyrias [Hematology]
port-wine colored, causes of: Porphyrias [Hematology]
tea-colored, causes of: Porphyrias [Hematology]
urine flow rate: Physiology II [Renal]
urine pH: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]; Renal Tubular Acidosis [Renal]
urine pregnancy tests: Pregnancy [Reproductive]
urine protein-to-creatinine ratio: Glomerular Disease Principles [Renal]
urobilin: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
urobilinogen: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
urogenital folds: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
urogenital sinus: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]; Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
uroporphyrin: Porphyrias [Hematology]
uroporphyrinogens: Porphyrias [Hematology]
ursodeoxycholic acid: Biliary Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
urticaria: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]; Hypersensitivity Disorders [Dermatology]; Skin [Dermatology]
uterine atony: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
uterine curettage: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
uterine didelphys: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
uterus
adhesions: Hypogonadism [Reproductive]
anatomy: Endometrial Disorders [Reproductive]
contractions: Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
contractions of: Pituitary Gland [Endocrinology]
disorders of sexual development and: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
embryology: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
embryology abnormalities: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
endometriosis and endometrial disorders of: Endometriosis [Reproductive]
hypertrophy, during pregnancy: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
rupture: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
utricle: Vestibular System [Neurology]
UVA and UVB radiation: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
uvea: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
uveitis: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
ankylosing spondylitis feature: Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
causes: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
Crohn’s disease and: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
open angle glaucoma association: Glaucoma [Neurology]
rheumatoid arthritis and: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]; Rheumatoid Arthritis [Immunology]
sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis [Pulmonary]
ulcerative colitis finding: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
uvula: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
U waves: EKG Basics [Cardiology]; Electrolytes [Renal]
V vaccinations
as COPD chronic therapy: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
mechanism of: B-Cells [Immunology]
meningitis: Meningitis [Neurology]
for Neisseria: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
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for RNA viruses: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
for tuberculosis: Tuberculosis [Pulmonary]
types of: Virulence [Infectious Disease]
viral: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
vaccinia virus: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
vagina
adenosis: Teratogens I [Reproductive]; Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
atrophy: Menstrual Cycle [Endocrinology]
cancer: Teratogens I [Reproductive]; Vaginal Cancer [Reproductive]
colonization of: Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
disorders of sexual development and: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
embryology: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
normal flora of: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
vaginitis
causes: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
treatment: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
vagotomy: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
vagovagal reflexes: Exocrine Pancreas [Gastroenterology]
vagus nerve (CN X): Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
blood pressure regulation: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
blood pressure regulation and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
deficits: Brainstem [Neurology]
gastric secretion regulation: Gastrointestinal Secretions [Gastroenterology]
gastritis and: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
hormone regulation: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
inferior myocardial infarction and: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [Cardiology]
muscarinic antagonists: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
pharyngeal arch innervation: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
valacyclovir: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; Meningitis [Neurology]
valganciclovir: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]; Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
valgus knee deformity: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
valine: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
as branched amino acid: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
as essential amino acid: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
metabolism of: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
sickle cell anemia substitution: Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
valproic acid
bipolar disorder treatment: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
migraine prevention: Headaches [Neurology]
mood disorder treatment: Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]
neural tube defect risks: Neuroembryology [Neurology]; Teratogens I [Reproductive]
seizure treatment: Seizures [Neurology]
teratogenicity of: Seizures [Neurology]
Valsalva maneuver: AVNRT [Cardiology]; Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]; Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
[Cardiology]; Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
valsartan: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
valve disease: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
anatomy: Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]; Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
carcinoid tumors: Carcinoid Tumors [Gastroenterology]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy comparison
lesions: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
regurgitant lesions: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
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regurgitation, defined: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
restrictive cardiomyopathy and: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
stenosis, defined: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
stenotic: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
Swan-Ganz catheter and: Shock [Cardiology]
treatments: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
valvular atrial fibrillation: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
valvular disease: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
valvuloplasty: Valve Disease [Cardiology]
vancomycin
action of: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
cultures: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]
resistance: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
side effects: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
uses: Meningitis [Neurology]; Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]; Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE): Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci
[Infectious Disease] vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Other Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
[Infectious Disease]; ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
van den Bergh reaction: Bilirubin [Gastroenterology]
vanillymandelic acid (VMA): Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
vardenafil: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
varenicline: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
variables
correlation between: Correlations [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
types of: Tests of Significance [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
variance: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
variant (Prinzmetal) angina: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
varicella zoster virus: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
dermotome rash: Dermatomes and Reflexes [Neurology]
maternal infection-fetal abnormalities: TORCH Infections [Reproductive]
meningitis cause: Meningitis [Neurology]
Reye’s syndrome and: Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]
varices (bleeding): Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
varicocele: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]; Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]; Scrotal
Disorders [Reproductive]
varicocelectomy: Male Reproductive Hormones [Endocrinology]
variola virus: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
varus knee deformity: Knee [Musculoskeletal]
vas (ductus) deferens: Genital Embryology [Reproductive]
vasa previa: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
vasa vasorum: Aortic Dissection [Cardiology]; Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF): Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]; Wound Healing and Scars
[Pathology] vascular lesions: Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
vascular permeability: Inflammation [Pathology]
vascular resistance: Physiology I [Renal]; Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
vascular smooth muscle: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]; Smooth Muscle [Musculoskeletal]
vascular wall calcification: Electrolytes [Renal]; Pathologic Calcification [Pathology]
vasculitis: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]; Vasculitis [Immunology]
vasculitis syndrome: Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
vas deferens: Renal Embryology [Renal]
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
299
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
vasoconstriction
autonomic effects: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
baroreceptors and: Regulation of Blood Pressure [Cardiology]
blood flow mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
coagulation and: Coagulation [Hematology]
heart failure and: Heart Failure Basics [Cardiology]
response to exercise: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
total peripheral resistance and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
vasodilation
autonomic effects: Autonomic Nervous System [Neurology]
blood flow mechanics: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
calcium channel blockers and: Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
inflammation feature: Inflammation [Pathology]
response to exercise: Cardiovascular Response to Exercise [Cardiology]
superantigens and: T-cells [Immunology]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]
total peripheral resistance and: Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
vasodilators
acute heart failure treatment: Acute Heart Failure [Cardiology]
chemical stress tests: Stimulants [Psychiatry]
Starling curves shifts: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
vasogenic (cerebral) edema: Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]
vasogenic edema: Blood Brain Barrier [Neurology]
vasopressin. See antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
vasopressors: Shock [Cardiology]; Starling Curves [Cardiology]
vasovagal syncope: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
vastus intermedius muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
vastus lateralis muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
vastus medialis muscle: Lumbosacral Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
Vaughan-Williams antiarrhythmic drug classification: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
VDJ rearrangement: B-Cells [Immunology]
VDRL test, hepatitis diagnosis: Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
vecuronium: Neuromuscular Blockers [Neurology]
VEGF inhibitors: Other Cancer Drugs [Hematology]
vein of Galen enlargement: Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
velamentous umbilical cord: Placental Complications [Reproductive]
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
venlafaxine: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
venous return (VR): Cardiac Physiology [Cardiology]
venous return curve: Starling Curves [Cardiology]
venous thromboembolism: Ovarian Epithelial Tumors [Reproductive]
ventilation: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]; Pregnancy [Reproductive]; Pulmonary Physiology
[Pulmonary]; Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio: Hypoxia [Pulmonary]; Ventilation & Perfusion [Pulmonary]
ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): Pneumonia [Pulmonary]; Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
ventral hernias: Hernias [Gastroenterology]
ventral pontine syndrome: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
ventricles (brain): Ventricles and Sinuses [Neurology]
hemorrhages of: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
schizophrenia and enlargement of: Psychotic disorders [Psychiatry]
tumors of: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
ventricles, of heart: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]; Cardiac Anatomy [Cardiology]; Cardiac Tumors
[Cardiology] ventricular aneurysm: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
300
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
ventricular fibrillation: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
ventricular hypertrophy: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]; Heart Sounds [Cardiology]
ventricular pseudoaneurysm: Cardiac Ischemia [Cardiology]
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
congenital anomaly: Shunts [Cardiology]
deletion syndrome association: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
Eisenmenger’s syndrome and: Shunts [Cardiology]
fetal alcohol syndrome: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
fetal alcohol syndrome and: Shunts [Cardiology]
infundibulum and: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
maternal diabetes and: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]; Teratogens II [Reproductive]
murmur: Heart Murmurs [Cardiology]
trisomy disorder association: Trisomies [Genetics]
truncus arteriosus and: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]
ventricular septum: Cardiac Embryology [Cardiology]
ventricular tachycardia
amiodarone for: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
antiarrhythmic drugs for: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
beta blockers and: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
EKG reading: AV and Bundle Branch Blocks [Cardiology]; High Yield EKGs [Cardiology]
restrictive cardiomyopathy: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [Cardiology]
systolic heart failure and: Chronic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
venous pressure tracings of: Venous Pressure Tracings [Cardiology]
venules: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
verapamil
action of: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]; Antihypertensives [Cardiology]
for angina: Stable Angina [Cardiology]
for atrial fibrillation: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
for AVNRT: AVNRT [Cardiology]
cardiac effects: Cardiac Action Potentials [Cardiology]; Cardiac Muscle [Musculoskeletal]; Cardiac
Physiology [Cardiology]
drug interactions: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
vermiform appendix: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
verrucae (warts): Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
verrucous lesions: Fungal Pneumonias [Infectious Disease]
vertebrae
intervertebral discs: Lumbar Radiculopathy [Musculoskeletal]
osteomyelitis of: Staphylococci [Infectious Disease]
vertebral artery: Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]; Vertebrobasilar Strokes [Neurology]
vertebral compression fractures: Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]
vertebrobasilar stroke syndromes: Vertebrobasilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
vertical nystagmus: Vestibular System [Neurology]
vertigo: Vestibular System [Neurology]
brainstem disorder feature: Brainstem [Neurology]
causes: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
cerebellar symptom: Cerebellum [Neurology]
Meniere’s disease feature: Vestibular System [Neurology]
vesicles: Cell Structure [Cell Biology]; Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]; Skin [Dermatology]
vesicourachal diverticulum: Placenta [Reproductive]
vesicoureteral reflux: Renal Embryology [Renal]
vessels
compliance and resistance of: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
flow properties of: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
301
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
types of: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
vestibular nerve: Vestibular System [Neurology]
vestibular neuronitis: Vestibular System [Neurology]
vestibular nuclei: Brainstem [Neurology]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]; Vestibular System
[Neurology] vestibular system: Vestibular System [Neurology]
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Brainstem [Neurology]; Cranial Nerves
[Neurology]; Vestibular System [Neurology]
vibration perception: Diabetes [Endocrinology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Spinal Cord [Neurology];
Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
Vibrio cholerae: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Virulence [Infectious Disease]; Wound Healing
and Scars [Pathology]
Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
Vibrio spp.: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and Stains [Infectious Disease]
Vibrio vulnificus: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
vilazodone: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
villi: Gastrointestinal Tract [Gastroenterology]
villous adenomas: Colon Cancer [Gastroenterology]
vimentin: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
vinblastine: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]; Microtubule Inhibitors
[Hematology] vinca alkaloids: Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
vincristine: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]; Microtubule Inhibitors [Hematology]
vinyl chloride exposure: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]; Vascular Lesions [Dermatology]
VIPomas: Gastrointestinal Hormones [Gastroenterology]
viral cultures: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
viral gastroenteritis: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]; RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
viral hepatitis: Cirrhosis [Gastroenterology]; Liver Disease [Gastroenterology]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious
Disease] viral infections
acute inflammation timeline: Acute and Chronic Inflammation [Pathology]
aplastic anemia cause: Other Anemias [Hematology]
apoptosis cause: Apoptosis [Pathology]
of eye: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
inflammation and: Inflammation [Pathology]
nephrotic syndrome association: Nephrotic Syndrome [Renal]
Reye’s syndrome risk factor: Vasculitis [Immunology]
viral load: HIV [Infectious Disease]
viral meningitis: Meningitis [Neurology]
Virchow’s node: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
Virchow’s triad: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]; Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
viridans group strep: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Streptococci [Infectious Disease]
viridans streptococci: Bacterial Identification [Infectious Disease]; Endocarditis [Cardiology]
virilization: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
virulent phages: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
viruses. See also specific viruses
acute pancreatitis cause: Acute Pancreatitis [Gastroenterology]
adaptive immunity and: T-cells [Immunology]
antiviral drugs: Antiviral Drugs [Infectious Disease]; HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]. See also specific drugs
bacterial DNA methylation and: DNA structure [Biochemistry]
bacterial transduction and: Growth and Genetics [Infectious Disease]
CD8 T-cells and: T-cells [Immunology]
droplet precautions for: Quality and Safety [Behavioral Science]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and: Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure [Cardiology]
pericarditis and: Pericardial Disease [Cardiology]
pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
structure: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
types of: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Herpes Viruses [Infectious Disease]; HIV [Infectious Disease];
RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Viral Hepatitis [Infectious Disease]
vaccines for: Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
visceral larva migrans: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
visceral leishmaniasis: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
viscosity: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
vision: The Lens [Neurology]; The Pupil [Neurology]; The Retina [Neurology]
cranial nerve function: Cranial Nerves [Neurology]
glaucoma and: Glaucoma [Neurology]
vision loss and blindness
causes: Helminths [Infectious Disease]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
chlamydia infections and: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
conversion disorder symptom: Somatic and Factitious Disorders [Psychiatry]
endocarditis and: Endocarditis [Cardiology]
retinal disorders: The Retina [Neurology]
teratogen exposure: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
transient: Visual Fields [Neurology]
varicella zoster virus and: Herpes Virus [Infectious Disease]
visual agnosia: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]; Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
visual cortex: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
visual field defects: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
visual fields: Visual Fields [Neurology]
visual hallucinations: Alcohol and CNS Depressants [Psychiatry]; Mood Disorders [Psychiatry]; Psychosis
[Psychiatry] visual symptoms and disorders. See also cataracts
browning of vision: Antipsychotics [Psychiatry]
cerebral cortex and: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
with hyperviscosity syndrome: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
PCA stroke and: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
vital capacity: Pulmonary Physiology [Pulmonary]
vitamin A
acne treatment: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
contraindications: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
deficiency: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]; Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]; Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry];
Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
excess: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
functions of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
measles treatment: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
sources of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
vitamin B1. See thiamine
vitamin B2: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
vitamin B3. See niacin
vitamin B5: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
vitamin B6
amino acid breakdown and: Ammonia [Biochemistry]
deficiency: Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]; Microcytic Anemias [Hematology]
dopamine synthesis: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
GABA synthesis and: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]
303
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
glycogen breakdown: Glycogen [Biochemistry]
histidine metabolism: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
homocysteine metabolism and: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
niacin synthesis: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
tryptophan metabolism: Other Amino Acids [Biochemistry]
vitamin B7. See biotin
vitamin B12: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; B Vitamins [Biochemistry]
vitamin B12 deficiency
helminth infection feature: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
methylmalonic acid: Fatty Acids [Biochemistry]
proton pump inhibitor side effect: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
tropical sprue association: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
vitamin C
collagen synthesis and: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
deficiency: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology [Gastroenterology]
excess of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
free radical inactivation: Free Radicals [Pathology]
hemochromatosis precaution: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
kidney stone risk factor: Kidney Stones [Renal]
for methemoglobinemia: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
therapeutic use of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
tyrosine metabolism and: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine [Biochemistry]
wound healing and: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
vitamin D
activation of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
cystic fibrosis treatment: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
deficiency: Bone Disorders [Musculoskeletal]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
effects: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
function of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
hypercalcemia and: Electrolytes [Renal]
osteoporosis treatment: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
renal effects: Renal Endocrinology [Renal]
vitamin E: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
abetalipoproteinemia and: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
Alzheimer’s disease treatment: Delirium and Dementia [Neurology]
cystic fibrosis treatment: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
deficiency of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
excess of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
free radical inactivation: Free Radicals [Pathology]
vitamin K: Hemolysis Basics [Hematology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
anticoagulant drug reversal with: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
clotting factors and: Coagulation [Hematology]
cystic fibrosis treatment: Cystic Fibrosis [Pulmonary]
deficiency of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
function of: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
neonatal hemorrhage prevention: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
warfarin and: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
vitamin K deficiency: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
cephalosporin adverse reactions and: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
coagulation cascade affected by: Coagulation [Hematology]
vitamin K dependent factors: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
vitelline duct anomalies: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]
vitiligo: Pigment Disorders [Dermatology]
304
Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
vitreous humor inflammation: Structural Eye Disorders [Neurology]
VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)
familial dyslipidemias and: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
function of: Lipid Metabolism [Biochemistry]
omega-3 fatty acids for: Lipid Drugs [Biochemistry]
volatile acids: Acid Excretion [Renal]
voltage-gated calcium channel: Neuromuscular Disorders [Musculoskeletal]
volume loss: Physiology I [Renal]
hypernatremia causes: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
hypokalemia cause: Electrolytes [Renal]
lithium risk factor: Lithium [Psychiatry]
water and sodium balance: Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]
volume of distribution (Vd): Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
volume status SIADH: Sodium Disorders [Renal]
voluntary behavior: Conditioning and Transference [Psychiatry]
volvulus: Gastrointestinal Embryology [Gastroenterology]; Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
vomiting. See nausea/vomiting
von Gierke’s disease: Glycogen [Biochemistry]; Gout [Musculoskeletal]; Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[Biochemistry] von Hippel-Lindau disease: Brain Tumors [Neurology]; Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]; Vascular
Lesions [Dermatology]
von Recklinghausen disease (neurofibromatosis I): Neurocutaneous Disorders [Dermatology]
von Willebrand disease: Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
von Willebrand factor: Coagulation [Hematology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
deficiency of: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
desmopressin and: Coagulopathies [Hematology]
platelet disorders and: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
platelet granules and: Platelet Activation [Hematology]
voriconazole
action of: Antifungal Drugs [Infectious Disease]
aspergillosis treatment: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
candida infection treatment: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
vortioxetine: Antidepressants [Psychiatry]
vulnerable child syndrome: Child Abuse and Neglect [Psychiatry]
vulva cancer: Antitumor Antibiotics [Hematology]
vulvovaginal candidiasis: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
vulvovaginitis: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
W WAGR syndrome: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]
waiter’s tip injury: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
waivers, informed consent guidelines: Informed Consent [Behavioral Science]
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: Amyloidosis [Hematology]
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma ): Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
Waldeyer’s ring: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]
walking pneumonia: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
Wallenberg’s syndrome: Brainstem [Neurology]; Vertebral Basilar Stroke Syndromes [Neurology]
Wallerian degeneration: Nerve Damage [Neurology]
wall tension: Blood Flow Mechanics [Cardiology]
Warburg effect: Neoplasia [Pathology]
warfarin: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
cardioversion treatment: Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter [Cardiology]
cephalosporin adverse reactions and: ß-Lactam Antibiotics [Infectious Disease]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
DVT treatment: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
heparin and: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]
metabolism of: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
microglides’ interactions with: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
pregnancy class D: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
pulmonary embolism treatment: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
stroke treatment: Management of TIA/Stroke [Neurology]
sulfonamide toxicity and: Sulfonamides [Infectious Disease]
therapeutic index of: Dose Response [Basic Pharmacology]
vitamin K and: Coagulation [Hematology]; Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
volume of distribution (Vd) for: Pharmacokinetics [Basic Pharmacology]
warfarin embryopathy: Teratogens I [Reproductive]
warfarin skin necrosis: Anticoagulant Drugs [Hematology]; Hypercoagulable States [Hematology]
warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia: External Hemolysis [Hematology]
Warthin’s tumor (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum): Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
warts
papillomavirus and: DNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
pathologic hyperplasia: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
of penis: Penile Disorders [Reproductive]
WAS gene: Platelet Disorders [Hematology]
washout period: Bias [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
acute adrenal insufficiency and: Adrenal Disorders [Endocrinology]
meningitis association: Meningitis [Neurology]
Neisseria spp.: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
watershed area infarct: Cerebral/Lacunar Strokes [Neurology]
watershed areas: Gastrointestinal Blood Supply [Gastroenterology]
water-sodium balance: Sodium and Water Balance [Renal]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
watery diarrhea: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
antibiotic-induced: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]
causes: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
E. coli: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
infectious: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
Legionella spp.: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]
legionella symptom: Pneumonia [Pulmonary]
protozoa infections: Protozoa [Infectious Disease]
“webbed neck”: Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]
Weber syndrome: Brainstem [Neurology]
Weber test: Auditory System [Neurology]
Wegener's granulomatosis: Vasculitis [Immunology]
interstitial lung disease association: Restrictive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
Weibel-Palade bodies: Coagulopathies [Hematology]; Platelet Activation [Hematology]
weight gain
insulin side effect: Insulin [Endocrinology]
sulfonylureas side effect: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
thiazolidinediones side effect: Treatment of Diabetes [Endocrinology]
weight loss
cholesterol gallstones risk factor: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
emphysema feature: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
GERD and: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
malabsorption symptom: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
osteoarthritis treatment: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
sleep apnea treatment: Sleep Apnea [Pulmonary]
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Whipple’s disease symptom: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
Weil’s disease: Spirochetes [Infectious Disease]
Wells score: Pulmonary Embolism [Pulmonary]
Wenckebach AV block: Antiarrhythmic Drugs [Cardiology]
Werdnig-Hoffman disease: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: B Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic [Neurology]
glucose and: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
pathology: Cognitive Disorders [Psychiatry]
thiamine deficiency and: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [Biochemistry]
transketolase and: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
Wernicke’s aphasia: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
Wernicke’s speech area: Cerebral Cortex [Neurology]
Western blot: Blotting [Cell Biology]
HIV diagnosis: HIV [Infectious Disease]
muscular dystrophy diagnosis: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
West Nile virus: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]
meningitis cause: Meningitis [Neurology]
wet gangrene: Necrosis [Pathology]
wet macular degeneration: The Retina [Neurology]
Wharton jelly: Placenta [Reproductive]
Wharton’s duct: Salivary Glands [Gastroenterology]
wheal: Skin [Dermatology]
wheat sensitivity: Malabsorption [Gastroenterology]
wheezes: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
wheezing (asthma)
asthma feature: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
chronic bronchitis feature: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
type I hypersensitivity symptoms: Hypersensitivity [Immunology]
whiplash injuries: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]
Whipple procedure: Chronic Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer [Gastroenterology]; Malabsorption
[Gastroenterology] whispered pectoriloquy: Lung Physical Exam [Pulmonary]
white blood cells
disorders: Acute Leukemia [Hematology]; Amyloidosis [Hematology]; Chronic Leukemia [Hematology];
Hodgkin Lymphoma [Hematology]; Myeloproliferative Disorders [Hematology]; Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
[Hematology]; Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]. See also specific disorders
gout diagnosis: Gout [Musculoskeletal]
osteoarthritis and: Osteoarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
whiteheads: Skin Disorders I [Dermatology]
white infarcts: Atherosclerosis [Pathology]
white matter, tumors of: Brain Tumors [Neurology]
white pulp, of spleen: Lymph Nodes & Spleen [Immunology]
whole sialometry: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
whooping cough: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
Wickham striae: Skin Disorders II [Dermatology]
wide-based gait: Cerebellum [Neurology]
Wiggers diagram: Venous Pressure Tracings [Cardiology]; Wiggers Diagram [Cardiology]
wild type gene/allele: Genetic Principles [Genetics]; Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
Williams syndrome: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Deletion Syndromes [Genetics]; Valve Disease
[Cardiology] Wilms’ tumor: Renal and Bladder Malignancies [Renal]; Renal Embryology [Renal]
Wilson’s disease: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]; Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders
[Neurology]; Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
as autosomal recessive disorder: Pedigrees [Genetics]
basal ganglia damage and: Basal Ganglia [Neurology]
free radical generation and: Free Radicals [Pathology]
hypocalcemia and: Parathyroid Glands [Endocrinology]
pathophysiology: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
treatment: Wilson’s Disease and Hemochromatosis [Gastroenterology]
tumors associated with: Liver Tumors [Gastroenterology]
wing-beating tremor: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Movement Disorders [Neurology]
Winter’s formula: Acid Base Problems [Renal]; Acid-Base Principles [Renal]; Metabolic Acidosis [Renal]
wire looping (capillaries): Nephritic Syndrome [Renal]
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]; Platelet Disorders [Hematology];
Transplants [Immunology]
wnt genes: Embryonic Genes [Reproductive]
wobble (DNA mutation): DNA Mutations [Cell Biology]
Wolff-Chaikoff effect: Thyroid Disorders [Endocrinology]; Thyroid Gland [Endocrinology]
Wolffian duct: Renal Embryology [Renal]
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease [Cardiology]; Wolff-Parkinson White
[Cardiology] woolsorters’ disease: Other Gram Positives [Infectious Disease]
word salad: Psychosis [Psychiatry]
worms. See helminths
wound healing: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]; Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
woven bone: Bone [Musculoskeletal]; Bone Tumors [Musculoskeletal]
Wright stain: Malaria [Infectious Disease]
wrinkles (aging): Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
wrist: Brachial Plexus [Musculoskeletal]; Osteoporosis [Musculoskeletal]; Wrist [Musculoskeletal]
wrist sign: Connective Tissue [Cell Biology]
Wuchereria bancrofti: Helminths [Infectious Disease]
X xanthine oxidase: Antimetabolites [Hematology]; Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Gout Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
xanthochromia
subarachnoid hemorrhage and: Cerebral Aneurysms [Neurology]
subarachnoid hemorrhage feature: Intracranial Bleeding [Neurology]
xanthomas
familial dyslipidemias and: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
hyperlipidemia and: Hyperlipidemia [Biochemistry]
xenograft: Transplants [Immunology]
xeroderma pigmentosum: DNA Repair [Cell Biology]
xerophthalmia
metaplasia and: Cell Adaptions [Pathology]
vitamin deficiencies and: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
xerosis: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
xerostomia: Sjögren’s syndrome [Immunology]
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton’s): Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
X-linked disorders
dominant and recessive: Ammonia [Biochemistry]; Pedigrees [Genetics]
G6PD deficiency: HMP Shunt [Biochemistry]
Hardy-Weinberg law and: Hardy-Weinberg Law [Genetics]
muscular dystrophies: Muscular Dystrophy [Genetics]
trinucleotide repeat disorders: Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders [Genetics]
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID): Immune Deficiency Syndromes [Immunology]
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Boards and Beyond: Topic Index
X-ray findings
bowel obstruction: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
chest: Chest X-rays [Pulmonary]
free radical generation and: Free Radicals [Pathology]
of gallstone ileus: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
lytic lesions: Plasma Cell Disorders [Hematology]
necrotizing enterocolitis: Intestinal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
for perforated ulcers: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]
pigment stones visible on: Gallstones [Gastroenterology]
during pregnancy: Teratogens II [Reproductive]
ulcerative colitis: Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Gastroenterology]
XX disorder of sexual development: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
XY disorder of sexual development: Disorders of Sexual Development [Reproductive]
Y yawning: Opioids [Psychiatry]
yeast infections
opportunistic: Opportunistic Fungal Infections [Infectious Disease]
skin: Fungal Skin Infections [Infectious Disease]
yellow fever: RNA Viruses [Infectious Disease]; Virus Structure [Infectious Disease]
Yersinia enterocolitica: Gram Negative Rods [Infectious Disease]; Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]
Yersinia pestis: Special Growth Requirements [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Yersinia spp.: Other Gram Negatives [Infectious Disease]; Seronegative Spondyloarthritis [Musculoskeletal]
yolk sac: Placenta [Reproductive]
yolk sac tumors: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors [Reproductive]; Testicular Tumors [Reproductive]
Z zafirlukast: Obstructive Lung Disease [Pulmonary]
zaleplon: Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
zanamivir: Antivirals [Infectious Disease]
Z-disks: Cytoskeleton [Cell Biology]
Zenker’s diverticulum: Esophageal Disorders [Gastroenterology]
zero order elimination: Drug Elimination [Basic Pharmacology]
zidovudine: Folate and Vitamin B12 [Biochemistry]; HIV Drugs [Infectious Disease]; Other Anemias
[Hematology]; Pyrimidine Metabolism [Biochemistry]
Ziehl-Neelsen stain: Bacterial Culture [Infectious Disease]; Mycobacteria [Infectious Disease]; Shapes and
Stains [Infectious Disease]
zileuton: Treatment of COPD & Asthma [Pulmonary]
zinc: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
zinc copper superoxide dismutase deficiency: Spinal Cord Syndromes [Neurology]
zinc deficiency: Wound Healing and Scars [Pathology]
zinc fingers: Other Vitamins [Biochemistry]
zoledronate: Osteoporosis Drugs [Musculoskeletal]
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Gastric Disorders [Gastroenterology]; Gastrointestinal Hormones
[Gastroenterology]; MEN Syndromes [Endocrinology]
zolpidem: Neurotransmitters [Neurology]; Sleep Disorders [Psychiatry]
zonules: The Lens [Neurology]
zoonotic infections: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [Infectious Disease]; Zoonotic Bacteria [Infectious Disease]
Z-score: Basic Statistics [Biostatistics/Epidemiology]
zygomatic bone: Pharyngeal Arches [Reproductive]
zygote: Embryogenesis [Reproductive]
zymogens: Coagulation [Hematology]
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